The document provides background information on the origins of the Cold War between the United States and Soviet Union following World War II. It discusses the formation of the United Nations near the end of WWII to prevent future global wars. Tensions rose as the Soviet Union failed to withdraw from Eastern Europe and instead imposed communist control over countries like Poland and East Germany. The ideological differences between capitalism in the West and communism in the East, as well as mutual distrust between the US and USSR, marked the beginning of the Cold War that lasted from 1945-1991.

1. Part I
The Truman Years

2. The Truman Years
• Harry S Truman
• 1945-1953
• Democrat
• Foreign Policy
• - Containment
• Domestic Policy
• - Fair Deal
• Successes?
• Failures?

3. •Goals?
•Events
•Handling
•Assessment?
•Criteria?

4. The Cold War 1945-1991

5. 5
CONCEPTUAL UNIT
QUESTION
• Did the polarization of the
world by the two superpowers
benefit or harm global
development?

6. Truman and Foreign Policy
•Immediate Postwar Concerns
•The U.S. Role This Time?
•Alone or Collectively?
•Isolationist or Internationalist?
•United Nations
•Background
•Wartime Conferences?
•San Francisco Conference
•Oct, 1945 – a Reality
•Senate Ratified, 89-2

7. I. Post-WWII outcomes?
1) United Nations- formed near end of WWII as a body of
nations to prevent future global wars.
What organization had been formed at the end of
WWI to prevent global war?

8. United Nations

9. Major Organs

10. THE COLD WAR
Fifty countries joined
together to form the
United Nations. It is
based in New York
City. The Charter
pledged to “save
succeeding generations
from the scourge of
war.”

11. UN GENERAL ASSEMBLY (town meeting concept)
1. Membership -188 nations each with one vote
a. First World - US and its Allies mostly industrialized
b. Second World - USSR and its Allies many also developed
c. Third World - 99/193 mostly developing nations - non-aligned
(60% Poverty)
agricultural
high illiteracy
2. Support from non-aligned nations
a. Before 1960 overwhelmingly pro-US
b. After 1960 turned increasingly against US
c. 1984 (13% - US / 84% - USSR)
3. Powers
a. discussion
b. elect members
c. amending the Charter requires a 2/3 vote
d. influencing world opinion
4. Current US Ambassador = Samantha Power
Recent US Ambassadors
Jean Kirkpatrick
Madeleine Albright
John Bolton – critic of UN current ambassador

12. •Maintaining World Peace
•Promoting Self-Determination
•International Cooperation
•Respect for Human Rights

13. UN SECURITY COUNCIL
1. Membership - 15 members
Permanent members - five
US, USSR, Great Britain, France, China
(1971 change from Nationalist to Communist)
Each has VETO power
(similar to Lodge's reservation about League)
Temporary members - ten - rotated every 2 yrs.
9/15 vote required for action if there is no veto
Powers
Investigation
Military or economic action

14. SECRETARIAT
Consists of the Secretary General and his staff
(20,000)
Purpose - runs the day to day affairs of the UN
Former Secretary Generals
Trygve Lie - Norway - 1946-1952
Dag Hammerskjold - Sweden - 1953-1961 (died)
U-Thant - Burma - 1961-1971
Kurt Waldheim - Austria - 1972-1981
Javier Perez de Cuellar - Peru - 1982-1991
Boutros Boutros-Ghali - Egypt - 1992-1996
Kofi Annan - Ghana – 1996-2006
Ban Ki-moon – South Korea – 2007-Present

16. Goals - based on Social Darwinism
1. National Security - self defense
peace
Avoid Another World War
2. Trade - Promotion of world trade and to better our economic opportunities at home
markets
resources
places to invest
create a favorable balance of trade
3. Nationalism - pride in your country - the desire to spread our ideas - our culture around the
world
A sense of mission in encouraging freedom around the world and
promoting "self government" - democracy
national self-determination Russians - Totalitarianism
promoting capitalism Communism
promoting - Freedom of Religion Atheism
Protestant Christianity - missionary work
4. Social Gospel - "do the right thing"!
Morality
Altruism
Humanitarianism
5. Improving our image at home and abroad – tough guy or nice guy?
6. Those goals had to be weighed against the cost
in terms of money
and lives

17. THE COLD WAR

18. •Definition?
•Who Started It?
•What Caused It?
•How to Fight It?

19. 4) Origins of Cold War
Is this what we mean by the Cold War???
I. Post-WWII outcomes?

20. Cold War- 45 year competition about values.
(end of WWII-collapse of Soviet Union in 1991 — 8 presidents)
OR
COLD WAR
U.S.
and West
Soviet Union
and East
-Democracy
-Individual Freedom
-Market economy
-Totalitarianism
-Socialism: state centered
-Communist
II. Cold War: Defined

21. 1949 Soviet Union
successfully explodes an atomic
bomb
1952 1st
Hydrogen Bomb tested
*Much more powerful than the
Atomic Bombs dropped on
Hiroshima and Nagasaki
*Precision Missile Launch
THE STAKES ARE HIGH
(BOTH U.S. and Soviet Union hold capability to destroy each other)
II. Cold War: Defined

22. 23
A newspaper columnist, Walter Lippmann
argued that the policy of containment could
not work because he did not think the U.S.
could contain the Soviet Union everywhere.
He published his columns about containment
in a book he titled, The Cold War.
Lippmann came up with the term Cold War
to describe a kind of war that did not include
bloodshed.
The “Cold War”

23. Uneasy peace between the U.S. and the Soviet Union.
Competition for world dominance and global power.
Fought on political and economic fronts rather than on military
battlefields---------Even though the threat of war was always present.
Defined America’s foreign policy from 1946 to 1989.
It affected domestic politics and how Americans viewed the world
and themselves.
Constant state of military preparedness and arms race
Propaganda war----Democracy vs Totalitarian Dictatorship
Capitalism vs. Communism
US policy: Support nations threatened by Communism
coldwar

24. TheThe Bi-PolarizationBi-Polarization ofof
Europe:Europe: The Beginning of theThe Beginning of the
Cold WarCold War
map/cold war
Soviet Union/China and
Allies……..
Democracy vs. Communism
Bi-Polarization of the World
US, Allied Nations
and Allied colonies.
1950’s

25. US and USSR were allied in WWII against Fascism but
the common enemy had been defeated the reason for
co-operation was gone
Why?
What?
The Cold War = War of words and military posturing
between the United States and the Soviet Union:
When?
1945-1991

26. 1945-United Nations Formed
1946- Churchill “Iron Curtain” Speech
1947- Truman Doctrine and Marshall Plan
1948- Soviets blockade Berlin-US launches Airlift.
1949-NATO formed
1953-Stalin dies
1955-Warsaw Pact formed
1956-Kruschev and de-Stalinization in USSR
Soviets crush uprising in Hungary
1960- U-2 Incident heightens tensions
1961-Berlin Wall goes up
Cold War Time Line

27. An extremely powerful nation with greater
political, economic, or military power than
most other nations.
After WWII the United States and the Soviet
Union emerge as the world’s Superpowers
What is a Superpower?

28. YALTA (in the USSR)YALTA (in the USSR)
Date: Feb 1945Date: Feb 1945
Present: Churchill,Present: Churchill,
Roosevelt and StalinRoosevelt and Stalin

29. At the Yalta and Potsdam Conferences, before WWII was over,
basic philosophical differences became glaring: Democracy and
the free enterprise system versus dictatorship and communism
Beginning of the Cold War 1945-1948
Yalta
Churchill, Roosevelt, Stalin
Potsdam
Atlee, Truman, Stalin

30. POTSDAM (Germany)POTSDAM (Germany)
Date: July 1945Date: July 1945
Present: Churchill,Present: Churchill,
Truman and StalinTruman and Stalin

31. •What Did Cause It?
•Mutual Mistrust
•WWI
•Nazi-Soviet Pact
•No Second Front
•Yalta, Potsdam
•Different Visions of the Future
•Opposing Ideologies…

32. The Soviet Union feared the capitalist West.
The United States feared communism.
After World War II, the United States and Great
Britain wanted the Eastern European nations
to determine their own governments.
Stalin feared that the Eastern European nations
would be anti-Soviet if they were allowed free
elections.
Seeds of fear and distrust

33. THE COLD WAR
The Soviet Union (USSR) was supposed to withdraw from the
Eastern European lands she occupied during WWII—she did
not.
At the Yalta Conference the Soviet Union agreed to allow free
elections in occupied but there was only one candidate on
the ballot.
The Soviet Union continued to expand its influence, indicating a
desire to take over as much of the world as possible.
The first elections to demonstrate that these elections were not
free were held in Poland.
East Germany became a communist state controlled by the Soviet
Union. So did East Berlin.

34. United States and Great Britain wanted self-determination
for Eastern European nations.
Self-determination embodies the right for all peoples to
determine their own economic, social and cultural
development.
Self-determination

35. Satellite State
 When a nation is under the control of another.
 Ex. Part of Germany was under the control of the
Soviet Union.
 Other examples: Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary,
Romania and Bulgaria

36. At the Potsdam Conference in 1945, it was
decided by the four victorious powers of World
War II - Great Britain, France, the Soviet
Union, and the United States of America that
the territory of the former
German Empire defined by the
borders of 1937 was to be divided
into four zones of occupation.
What to do with Germany?

37. THE COLD WAR
The struggle between the United States (and its allies - First World)
and the Soviet Union (and its allies – Second World)
to control the world (neutral countries = Third World)
was called the Cold War.
Politically it was a struggle between
Totalitarian dictatorship and democracy,
free market (capitalism) and
command economies (communism).
It was cold because no shots were directly
fired between the two nations.

38. The Initial Adversaries
Harry Truman Joseph Stalin

39. 40
Post WWII/Cold War Goals for US
• Promote open markets for US
goods to prevent another depression
• Promote democracy throughout
the world, especially in Asia
and Africa
• Stop the spread of communism
–“Domino Effect”

40. 41
Post WWII/Cold War Goals for USSR
•Create greater security for itself
– lost tens of millions of people in WWII and
Stalin’s purges
– feared a strong Germany
•Establish defensible borders
•Encourage friendly governments on its borders
•Spread communism around the world
“From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the
Adriatic an iron curtain has descended across
the Continent. Behind that line lie all the
capitals of the ancient states of Central and
Eastern Europe. Warsaw, Berlin, Prague,
Vienna, Budapest, Belgrade, Bucharest and
Sofia, all these famous cities and the
populations around them lie in what I must call
the Soviet sphere, and all are subject in one
form or another, not only to Soviet influence but
to a very high and, in some cases, increasing
measure of control from Moscow.”
Excerpt from Winston Churchill’s
“Iron Curtain Speech.”

41. Soviet
Expansion

42. Yalta Conference
between FDR and Stalin - we were still allies
FDR then went home and died
Russians agreed to free elections in Eastern Europe
Agreed to temporarily divide Germany until we could create a
government we could trust
We agreed to divide the capital of Berlin as well
Morganthau Plan - deurbanize Germany create an agricultural nation
Russian agreed to aid us against Japan in exchange for territory
Elections in Poland
Actions by Russia that violated the Yalta Agreements
Russians sealed the borders
eliminated free speech
arrested and shot critics
Stalin placed only communists on the ballots in Poland
similar elections will occur throughout Eastern Europe

43. Satellites / Puppets - nations that appear to be free, but are actually ruled by another
nation
Yugoslavia - Marshall Tito
failed to follow Stalin's orders
Is communism monolithic?
Are all communist the same?
Do they all take orders from Stalin?
Are they all part of a plot to take over the world?
Should we treat them all the same?
Could we divide and conquer instead?
Russian motives - world domination or self-defense?
History of attacks from the West
Napoleon - France
WWI - Germany
WWII - Germany
USSR lost 10% of its population during the WWII (US - .03%) and had large losses in
previous wars
Destruction of Russia by the scorched earth policy in those three wars was extensive
Wanted East Europe (buffer); to protect its frontiers by extending USSR's boundaries!
Wanted to keep Germany weak
feared "capitalist encirclement"
The next war would not be fought on Russian soil

44. Buffer States Satellite States
Buffer between East and West.
Eastern Europe became
Soviet satellite nations.
Pro-Soviet.
These people were no longer
free.

45. 46
Iron Curtain
From Stettin in the Balkans, to Trieste in the
Adriatic, an iron curtain has descended across
the Continent. Behind that line lies the ancient
capitals of Central and Eastern Europe.
-- Sir Winston Churchill, 1946

46. 47
Iron Curtain Cartoon

47. 48

48. Soviet View of
the Postwar World…

49. The Way We
Saw Things...

50. •What Weapons to Use?
•Why Not Use the UN?
•Initial Areas of Disagreement?
•1946 – Truman Asked for More
Information on the USSR

51. Iron Curtain Speech - 3/15/46 - Winston Churchill - Fulton,
Missouri
Described the invisible barrier separating East and West keeping us in
the dark
It ran from Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic
Magazines, newspapers, books, movies, radio broadcasts and travel are
restricted in this area
Pointed to broken promises of free elections made at Yalta by Stalin
Offended USSR who announced a military buildup to defend itself
US balanced by refusing to share the bomb
we had reduced the size of our army from 12 to 3 million yet
outnumbered 20 to 1
Stirred up anti-Russian feeling in the US as we moved back towards
isolation

52. The “Iron Curtain”The “Iron Curtain”
From Stettin in the Balkans, to Trieste in the Adriatic, anFrom Stettin in the Balkans, to Trieste in the Adriatic, an
iron curtain has descended across the Continent. Behindiron curtain has descended across the Continent. Behind
that line lies the ancient capitals of Central and Easternthat line lies the ancient capitals of Central and Eastern
Europe.Europe.
-- Sir Winston Churchill, 1946-- Sir Winston Churchill, 1946

53. Winston Churchill
•“…an iron curtain
has descended
across the continent.
Behind that line lie
all the capitals of the
Ancient states of
Central and Eastern
Europe…All are subject
in one form or another,
not only to Soviet
influence, but to a
very high and increasing
measure of control from
Moscow.” March-1946

54. Iron Curtain Map

55. Weapons of the Cold War
1. Propaganda - win the hearts and minds of the Third World including UN
1. Which side has the best record of performance?
2. Which side has the best goals?
2. Diplomatic Moves - international conferences and military alliances
1. Which side seems most sincere and honest?
2. Which side is most concerned with the needs of the rest of the world? Least selfish?
3. Scientific competition - nuclear development, space race
1. Which side can provide the best future?
2. Which side would be the most dangerous to offend?
4. Economic Competition
1. Which country best provides for its own people?
2. Which country is most willing to share its wealth, through aid, with the rest of the world?
5. Espionage
1. Used to stay ahead of the other side
2. Used to embarrass the other side
6. Subversion - to weaken and overthrow governments that support the other side
1. Has been used by both the US and the USSR in about equal numbers since WWII
2. Secrecy is important because this action makes you look bad
propaganda and espionage come into play

56. Cold War Europe Map

57. 58
In 1947, the United States adopted the policy of
containment: keep communism within its existing
boundaries and prevent further Soviet aggressive
moves.
Containment
UNITED STATES VS USSR

58. Major Developments
•George Kennan
•“Long Telegram” in
Feb. 1946
•Explained the Why
of Their Behavior
•Offered a Solution:
Containment

59. Containment Policy - George F. Kennan - Architect - 7/47 -Officially
defined
Stop the spread of communism
Meet Soviet economic and political challenge - long term
Meet every crisis with equal reaction
through confrontation - peace through strength
Feb 22, 1946 - State Dept asked its Moscow delegation to report on
Soviet behavior
George Kennan (spent 5 years there) sent the "long telegram"
(8000 word response) - Behavior was due to mistrust of West
their insecurity (several attacks from West);
WWII losses (20m dead, 25% industry destroyed)
Soviets wanted "hegemony" in central Europe (buffer)
Soviets had no real timetable for world conquest
they would test us
Russians respected strength - if we matched them they would back down
If we showed weakness they would expand

60. Kennan would serve as the intellectual source of subsequent US foreign
policy
our policy would evolve rather slowly, reacting to Soviet actions
George Kennan - July, 1947
(Foreign Affairs article,"The Sources of Soviet Conduct")
advocated a long-term, patient, but firm and vigilant "containment"
based on the use of counter-force as the best means of stopping the
spread of communism
Containment Policy
assumed that collective force at Russia's perimeters would convince
Russia to back down
(surely didn't want another war)
must strengthen the non-communist world (economically and militarily)
Where would we draw the line to stop the Communist menace?
What "weapons" would we use to fight the "cold war"?
diplomacy, scientific and economic competition
espionage, propaganda, world opinion, threats, other)

61. NATIONAL SECURITY ACT - 7/47
Created the Department of Defense
(Army, Air Force, Navy) + Joint Chiefs of Staff
Created the CIA - intelligence
Created the National Security Council
a. Pres.
b. Cabinet
c. Joint Chiefs of Staff
Purpose - to broaden the power of the US government to fight
communism

63. Postwar Europe

64. Postwar Europe
Here…

65. 3) Europe:
-Lay in ruins
-Soviet controlled East Europe
-Germany divided into
East (Communist) and
West (Democratic)
Divided Berlin
I. Post-WWII outcomes?

66. ***CONTAINMENT- do not let Communism
spread, resist it!
(Truman Doctrine- help “free peoples” resist
Communism)
III. Cold War: Harry Truman --- Foreign Policy
Harry Truman
(1945-1953)

67. 69
ENDURING
UNDERSTANDING
• The Cold War led to the
creation of global alliances
that continue to impact the
world today.

68. 70
• The United States was compelled to assist "free
peoples" in their struggles against "totalitarian
regimes" because the spread of authoritarianism
would "undermine the foundations of international
peace and hence the security of the United States."
• The Truman Doctrine committed the United States
to actively offering assistance to preserve the
political integrity of democratic nations when
such an offer was deemed to be in the best interest
of the United States.
Truman Doctrine 1947

69. 71
Truman Doctrine: Legacy
• In the words of the Truman Doctrine, it
became "the policy of the United States
to support free peoples who are resisting
attempted subjugation by armed
minorities or by outside pressures."
The Truman Doctrine effectively
reoriented U.S. foreign policy, away
from withdrawal and isolation to one of
possible intervention in far
away conflicts.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wmQD_W8Pcxg&feature=PlayList&p=2287E59C541E7692&index=5

70. What If Russia Got Control?

71. The Truman Doctrine - 3/12/47 first use of Containment
"It must be the policy of the US to support free peoples who are resisting
attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures."
Advisors told Truman "to scare hell" out of American people, and appeal
to our morality
US gave $400 million in aid to Greece and Turkey to prevent
communist takeover
Sec of State Dean Acheson warned that the fall of Greece and Turkey
might open 3 continents to Soviet penetration!
How could we respond without appearing overly aggressive; creating an
isolationist backlash?
Remember, the world is watching/evaluating the Cold War development!
Truman was criticized for bypassing the UN
(could have funneled money through it, perhaps)
by 1950, US spent $659 million
Soviets wanted control of the Dardanelles - they could have dominated

72. After WWII, Soviets putting pressure on Turkey for access to the
Dardanelles (warm water port);
US ambassador, Edwin Wilson warned that Turks could not withstand
much pressure!
We gave weapons and sent troops to practice war games
US sent in the navy to threaten war - Dean Acheson
(49% public supported)
Simultaneously, civil war between Br-backed Greeks and Soviet-
backed rebels in Greece
(getting aid from Tito in Yugoslavia)
(because it was a civil war, UN could not interfere)
British told US that they could no longer afford to back the Greek
government!
Greeks could not afford to pay back a loan
What would the US do?
British pulled their troops out of Greece
communist guerillas would have taken over without US action
(56% public supported)

73. 75
• Greek Government vs Greek
Communists
• Truman requested that Congress provide
$400,000,000 worth of aid to both the
Greek and Turks to stave off
communism in the region
• Truman argued that a Communist
victory in the Greek Civil War would
endanger the political stability of
Turkey, which would undermine the
political stability of the Middle East.
• This could not be allowed in light of the
Truman Doctrine: Background

74. 76
Truman Doctrine•1947: British help Greek government
fight communist guerrillas.
–They appealed to America for aid,
and the response was the Truman
Doctrine.
– America promised it would
support free countries to help fight
communism.
– Greece received large amounts of
arms and supplies and by 1949 had
defeated the communists.
•The Truman Doctrine was significant
because it showed that America, the
most powerful democratic country, was
prepared to resist the spread of
communism throughout the world.

75. Evaluate using the goals of US foreign policy as criteria - Was it the
right decision?
US bypassed UN and was accused of being imperialist
Early version of the domino theory
US gave $400 million in military assistance to Greece and Turkey -
succeeded
Strain on our resources and resolve
Antagonized Soviets (further tension)
It would become the "model" for much of the Cold War foreign
policy...with worldwide implications
Still, it was much cheaper than war!
This gained public and Congressional support for Containment no
turning back
Hardened debate over German reunification and reparations
Turned back threat to the Mediterranean - permanent naval presence

76. The Solution?
•The Truman Doctrine—March ‘47
•Aid to countries wanting to resist
Communism-pledged the U.S.
would fight comm. worldwide
•“It Will Be the Policy of the U.S.
to Support Free People Who Are
Resisting Attempted Subjugation
by Outside Pressures”
--Greece and Turkey

77. How to Reconstruct W. Europe?
•The Marshall Plan—gave European
nations American aid to rebuild
their economies
--Would Congress/the Public Support
the Plan?
•Economic Recovery Act Passed…

78. N
A
T
O
Communistic
Warsaw Pact
Communistic
Warsaw Pact

79. Truman Doctrine [1947]Truman Doctrine [1947]
1.1. Civil War in Greece.Civil War in Greece.
2.2. Turkey under pressure from the USSR for concessionsTurkey under pressure from the USSR for concessions
in the Dardanelles.in the Dardanelles.
3.3. The U. S. should support free peoples throughout theThe U. S. should support free peoples throughout the
world who were resisting takeovers by armed minoritiesworld who were resisting takeovers by armed minorities
or outside pressures…We must assist free peoples toor outside pressures…We must assist free peoples to
work out their own destinies in their own way.work out their own destinies in their own way.
4.4. The U.S. gave Greece & Turkey $400 million in aid.The U.S. gave Greece & Turkey $400 million in aid.

80. 83
• “The U. S. should provide aid to all European
nations that need it. This move is not against any
country or doctrine, but against hunger, poverty,
desperation, and chaos.” ~ George Marshall
Marshall Plan 1948: Rebuild War-torn Europe

85. Marshall Plan [1948]Marshall Plan [1948]
1.1. ““European RecoveryEuropean Recovery
Program.”Program.”
2.2. Secretary of State,Secretary of State,
George MarshallGeorge Marshall
3.3. The U. S. should provide aid toThe U. S. should provide aid to allall
European nations that need it.European nations that need it.
This moveThis move is not against any countryis not against any country
or doctrine, but against hunger, poverty,or doctrine, but against hunger, poverty,
desperation, and chaos.desperation, and chaos.
1.1. $12.5 billion of US aid to Western Europe extended$12.5 billion of US aid to Western Europe extended
to Eastern Europe & USSR, [but this was rejected].to Eastern Europe & USSR, [but this was rejected].

86. The Marshall Plan - 6/5/47 - Secretary of State – George Marshall
US had offered relief to prevent starvation immediately after WWII
US worked through World Bank ($2.5b in loans)
wiped out wartime loans
still not enough to recover Europe (harsh winters)
stagnation and mass starvation was a possibility
Worldwide Depression could return
Spring 1947 - Churchill described Europe as a
"rubble heap", a "breeding ground for pestilence and hate"
such conditions fostered the growth of communism;
US had to help, but how?
Communists making big gains in Italy and France
Kennan suggested a broad aid program, free of ideological overtones
to be offered to any country in need to help it recover
June 5, 1947 - Sec of State, George Marshall outlined the European
Recovery Program (ERP)
"Our policy is directed not against country or doctrine, but against
hunger, desperation, and chaos“

89. 92
Marshall Plan Aid to Europe 1948-1952

90. Told war-torn to submit a bill for its needs!
16 European nations formed the Committee of European Economic
Cooperation
submitted a plan calling for some $22b in US aid!
US even offered aid to Soviets (refused)
US offered economic aid to all of Europe to help them recover
Knew the Communists would turn it down
some satellites wanted to accept ordered not to - image
Purpose - improve standard of living in Western Europe so that it would
not become communist
USSR would be much more dangerous with W. European technology
$16-24 billion over 3 years (48-51) to 16 nations
Congress was hesitant at first voted NO
too expensive
Set off a storm of debate at home; during the debate
Soviets offered aid to its satellites, to be used against US imperialism

91. Marshall Plan- massive financial aid to rebuild Europe.
George
Marshall
www.americanrhetoric.com/speeches/georgecmarshall.h
III. Cold War: Harry Truman --- Foreign Policy

92. April, 1947 – Soviets rid Hungary of anticommunists in its government
Soviets rigged elections in Hungary 8/31/47
Czechoslovakia subverted - 2/48
Both US and USSR withdrew 1945
Elections in 1946 gave communists only 38%
2/25/48 President Edward Benes resigned
Jan Masaryk was assassinated 2 weeks later
all resistance to the communist coup ended!
Convinced Congress to support Marshall Plan
(up public support to 57%)
April 3, 1948 Congress passed the Economic Cooperation Act
(Marshall Plan); appropriated $13 billion
By 1951, West Europe was booming!
Trade between US and Europe increased some 25%
The threat of communist coups in Western Europe was ended!
Precedent?
It increased tensions between US and USSR!

93. 96
• A great humanitarian effort.
• Secretary of State Marshall became
the only military general ever to
receive a Nobel Prize for peace.
• The Marshall Plan also
institutionalized and legitimized the
concept of U.S. foreign aid programs,
which have become a integral part of
U.S. foreign policy.
Marshall Plan: Legacy

94. 97
Marshall Plan
• In 1947, US Secretary of State Marshall announced
the Marshall Plan.
–This was a massive economic aid plan for Europe to
help it recover from the damage caused by the war.
•There were two motives for this:
– Helping Europe to recover economically would
provide markets for American goods, so benefiting
American industry.
– A prosperous Europe would be better able to resist the
spread of communism. This was probably the main
motive.
A poster promoting the Marshall Plan
Secretary of State George
Marshall.

97. * The U.S. gave over $12 billion in aid to European countries
between 1948 and 1952, helping to improve their economies
and lessen the chance of communist revolutions.

98. THE COLD WAR
0
500,000,000
1,000,000,000
1,500,000,000
2,000,000,000
2,500,000,000
3,000,000,000
England
2,826,000,000
France
2,445,000,000
Italy
1,316,000,000
West Germany
1,297,000,000
Netherlands
877,000,000
Austria
561,000,000
Belgium
547,000,000
THE MARSHALL PLAN

100. Before After
Another Cornerstone?

101. German unification was delayed by USSR
Original US plan was
to turn Germany into an agricultural community - Morganthau Plan
Removal of industry to fulfill this plan was to be used as reparations to
rebuild USSR
Despair and poverty perfect for communist takeover
US decided to build it up instead to oppose communism
we had to get Europe to accept this
Let Germany have Marshall Plan aid
Improve US economy
Europe could produce practically nothing, nor buy anything
US could produce, couldn't sell
we needed Europe as a bastion against communism and as a trading
partner

102. Could Stalin Block It?

103. It increased tensions between US and USSR!
What other means would we use to stop communism?
How far would we go?
Encouraged economic unity which led to the Common Market - 1957
Stalin accused US of economic imperialism to control Western Europe
Communist support in Western Europe declined
Marshall Tito exiled 1948 from the communist block for accepting
Marshall Plan aid when the Soviets could not overthrow him
set an example others might follow - we ignored this

104. The Marshall Plan
Rebuild European nations and stop the spread of communism

105. map/cold war
Soviet Union/China and
Allies……..
Containment: Stop the
expansion of Communism
in Asia and Europe
US, Allied Nations
and Allied colonies.
1950’s

106. Communist ExpansionCommunist Expansion
A Chronology of Events
Communist ExpansionCommunist Expansion
A Chronology of Events
China
1949
Soviet
Union
1918
Korean
War
1950 to
1953
Eastern
Europe
1946
CONTAINMEN
T
Marshall Plan
Berlin Airlift
Berlin
Blockade
1947-8

107. Post-WWII Germany

108. The three western sections of Germany and Berlin and
created a West German government and announced a
new currency.
Stalin responded on June 24, 1948 by attempting to force
the western allies out of Berlin altogether. He cut off
rail and road access to the western side of the city and
turned off electricity.
Berlin Blockade: 24 June 1948 -12 May 1949

109. 112
The Berlin Crisis: June 1948-May 1949
• 1948: three western controlled zones of Germany united; grew in prosperity due to
the Marshall Plan
• West wanted East to rejoin; Stalin feared it would hurt Soviet security.
• June 1948: Stalin decided to gain control of West Berlin, which was deep inside the
Eastern Sector
– Cuts road, rail and canal links with West Berlin, hoping to starve it into
submission
• West responded by airlifting supplies to allow West Berlin to survive
• May 1949: USSR admitted defeat, lifted blockade
Map of Germany divided into
zones after WWII
Map of Berlin divided into
zones after WWII
A plane flies in supplies during the Berlin Airlift.

110. Standoff in Berlin - 6/24/48 - threatened to turn the Cold War hot!
At Yalta, the decision to divide Germany was made
Allies wanted to make Germany powerless, so it could not again do what it did!
Rid Germany of Nazism (Nuremburg Trials)
Reparations "in-kind" could be taken from zones of occupation
Soviets took much industrial equipment, farm goods, even laborers
By June, 1948
Soviets had established a communist government in their sector
US, GB, Fr formed "Trizonia"
announced plans to convene a constitutional assembly
to establish a democratic republic for West Germany
began currency reform and rebuilding Germany's economy so it could "stand alone"!
USSR could not allow it!
Stalin tried to use Berlin as a bargaining lever to force unification of Germany
which would have given him a chance to spread communism into W. Germany
Blockade - cut road and rail traffic into W. Berlin to starve city and force us to abandon it
outnumbered us 10 to 1
located 60 to 100 mi. inside E. Germany
1st test of containment
Allies had to use force or abandon reunification plans
How could we avoid the use of force, and still feed the millions in West Berlin?
Lucius Clay wanted to invade and take Germany over

111. Focus on Berlin
• After World War II,
Germany was divided
into four zones,
occupied by French,
British, American, and
Soviet troops.
Occupation zones after
1945. Berlin is the
multinational area
within the Soviet zone.

112. · In June of 1948, the
French, British and
American zones were
joined into the nation of
West Germany after the
Soviets refused to end
their occupation of
Germany.
Soviet blockade:
West
Germany
East
Germany
West Berlin
East Berlin

113. Iron CurtainIron Curtain ––
A term used byA term used by
Winston ChurchillWinston Churchill
to describe theto describe the
separating ofseparating of
Those communistThose communist
lands of Eastlands of East
Europe from theEurope from the
West.West.

114. · In response, the
Soviets cut off West
Berlin from the rest of
the world with a
blockade.
Eventual site of the Berlin Wall

115. Next Crisis: Germany

116. Improve your knowledge
• The Russians took very high casualties to
capture Berlin in May 1945. They spent the
early occupation trying to take over all
zones of the city but were stopped by
German democrats such as Willy Brandt
and Konrad Adenauer. Reluctantly the
Russians had to admit the Americans,
French and British to their respective
zones.

117. III. Cold War: Harry Truman --- Foreign Policy
Berlin Airlift (1948-49)-
Soviets block access to
west Berlin. Truman orders
supplies airlifted.
*2.3 million tons of supplies

118. • The United States and
Great Britain mounted a
massive airlift to keep
the western sectors
supplied with the 5000
tons of food per day and
fuel that the city
needed…and chocolate
for children!
Berlin Airlift Begins: June 25, 1948
Lt. Halvorsen dropping
candy. He became known
as the “candy bomber”.

119. Berlin Airlift for almost a year was the solution
Operation Vittles - made us look like knights in shining armor
world press coverage
321 days
270,000 flights (plane took off every 3 minutes!)
$200m cost
2.5m tons of cargo dropped for the 2m Berliners
made Soviets look awful starving children and women
Russians couldn't afford to shoot down our planes
- risk WW III in Russia
Result
May 12, 1949 - Soviets lifted the blockade;
Berlin would remain a "trouble spot" in the future
In May, Germany was divided - West (Bonn) and East
(Berlin); Reunification in 1990

120. 123
Berlin Airlift
277,264
flights and
1.5 million
tons of aid.

121. Germany Divided and Occupied
• At the end of the war, the Allies had
decided on a joint occupation of
Germany and its capital, Berlin, with
each of the four powers controlling a
zone
• In 1948, the Western powers formed an
independent nation merging their three
zones of Germany, forming West
Germany

123. The Soviet Response
• Soviets respond by closing off Berlin
• They thought this move would force the
West to back down from its control of West
Berlin
• All transportation in or out of Berlin was
shut down
• Berlin was under siege

124. • Instead of sending troops through the land
corridor to Berlin, Truman ordered a
massive airlift of supplies to its people
• In May 1949, the Soviets lifted the
blockade

125. This picture shows a small
girl in West Berlin bringing
home a ration of bread to
her family. The bread was
made from American flour
that had been flown into
West Berlin during the
Berlin Airlift. Ironically the
bread was wrapped in a
Soviet newspaper. The
newspaper's headline was
demanding an end to the
airlift.

126. Help!!
Everything the Berliners
needed to survive – from
groceries to gasoline –
would come to them only
by air until the end of
September 1949. The airlift
lasted over 15 months and
cost more than $224
million.
During those many months
a U.S. or British plane
landed every few minutes
at Berlin's central
Tempelhof airfield and
another airport that had
been built just for the
airlift. Over two million
tons of goods were flown
into Berlin.

127. Post-War GermanyPost-War Germany

128. 131
Division of Germany and Berlin

129. 132
• The Federal Republic of Germany, or
West Germany, was formally created in
September 1949.
October 7th
1949 The German
Democratic Republic, East Germany was
set up by the Soviets
Germany-Two Countries - 1949

130. 133
Two Capitols: Bonn and Berlin

131. 134
Divided Berlin

132. 135
Berlin-Deep in Soviet Germany

133. Berlin Blockade & Airlift (1948-49)Berlin Blockade & Airlift (1948-49)

134. · President Truman
decided to avoid the
blockade by flying in
food and other supplies to
the needy people of West
Berlin.
Berlin Airlift
· At times, over 5,000
tons of supplies arrived
daily.

135. Berlin Blockade & Airlift (1948-49)Berlin Blockade & Airlift (1948-49)

136. Post-WWII Germany
•West Germany
formed in 1948
•Soviet response?
•Berlin Airlift
follows in June

137. Berlin Airlift
1948
•321 Days
•270,000 Flights
•2.5 Million Tons

138. Operation Toy Drop

139. Wiesbaden, Germany, July 6, 1948: Minus an propeller and trailing hay
from its damaged fuselage, a C47 transport sits in a field after an
accident on its way back from delivering food to Berlin. The pilots
escaped with minor injuries after the plane grazed some trees and
crashed as it approached the Wiesbaden airfield in bad weather. It was
the first crash in the Berlin airlift, but by no means the last; by the time
the effort to overcome the Soviet blockade of the city's Western section
ended in September, 1949, 31 American and 39 British participants
had been killed. However, the airlift's 278,228 flights succeeded in
bringing 2,326,406 short tons of cargo into Berlin.

140. THE COLD WAR USSR
Blockade ends
Airlift wins
The Soviet Union admitted defeat
And lifted the blockade in May, 1949

141. Military Cooperation in Europe - NATO - 7/49 – Dean Acheson
During the Berlin crisis, several things happened
US sent B-29s to GB
CIA trained agents sent to Germany and even Russia
Tito broke with Stalin
Collective security scheme developed
In March, 1948 Brussels Pact (GB, FR, and Benelux countries) signed,
creating a defensive alliance
From that idea, sprang the idea for a larger organization
North Atlantic Treaty Organization
April, 1949 signed (ratified in July, 82-13)
an "entangling alliance", an attack on one, an attack on all!
12 original members (US, Canada, Iceland and several Western
European nations)
In Oct, 1949 (after we learned that the Soviets had the bomb),
Congress appropriated $1.5b to arm NATO
D.D. Eisenhower recalled to active duty to command it
Sent two divisions to Europe

142. The Berlin blockade provided compelling evidence that in
order to deter the Soviets from further aggression, an
alliance was necessary between nations of Western
Europe and the United States.
Why was NATO created?

143. NATO- North Atlantic Treaty Organization
Defensive alliance between U.S. and Western Europe
(1st
time U.S. entered into peacetime military alliance)
II. Cold War: Defined

144. North Atlantic Treaty Organization
4 April 1949
Military Alliance to counter Soviet expansion
 Netherlands
 Norway
 Portugal
 1952: Greece &
 Turkey
 1955: West Germany
 1982: Spain
 1990: Reunited Germany
 Former Soviet Republics
 Canada
 Denmark
 France
 Iceland
 Italy
 United States
 Belgium
 Britain
 Luxemburg
Article 5: "an armed attack against one or more of the
European signatories or the North American signatories, would
be considered an attack against all of them".

145. Warsaw Pact, 1950- Defensive alliance between Soviet Union and
Eastern European Countries.
II. Cold War: Defined

146. NATO

147. Warsaw Pact - (began 1948-49 unofficially)
1955 - Soviet response to NATO
(disbanded Mar 31, 1991)
Should the US still protect Western Europe?
Up until this point the US had relied on the Bomb and now
discovered that it was not enough
Key questions
cost ($1.5 billion initially) - actually designed to save us
money in the long run by having allies defer some of the cost
entangling alliances
rearming the Germans
Cold War heated up

148. 151
NATO vs. Warsaw Pact 1949-1990

149. Warsaw Pact 1955
Warsaw Pact: organization of communist states in Central and Eastern Europe.
Established May 14, 1955 in Warsaw, Poland
USSR established in in response to NATO treaty
Founding members:
Albania (left in 1961 as a result of the Sino-Soviet split)
Bulgaria
Czechoslovakia
Hungary
Poland
Romania
USSR
East Germany (1956)

150. North Atlantic Treaty Organization
--April 1949-mutual defense alliance
to come to members aid if attacked
•Soviet Response?
•The Warsaw Pact…military alliance
of Eastern Europe countries

151. •What Grade Would You Give…
•Establishment of the UN?
•Containment Policy?
•Truman Doctrine?
•Marshall Plan?
•Berlin Airlift?
•Establishment of NATO?
•Why – What’s Your Criteria?

152. Truman’s Second
Term
•Cold War Escalates…
•Soviets Get the Bomb
•1950-1953 - $5Ob Yearly!
(2/3 of Our Entire Budget)
•A Better Bomb!

153. atomic bomb
•The world would now live with the threat of
nuclear war.
•Arms race between Soviet Union and U.S.
who could build the most nuclear weapons.
•U.S. would use nuclear weapons as a
“deterrent”
•Peace through strength……
•“nuclear diplomacy”

154. The Arms Race:The Arms Race:
A “Missile Gap?”A “Missile Gap?”
} The Soviet UnionThe Soviet Union
exploded its firstexploded its first
A-bomb in 1949.A-bomb in 1949.
} Now there wereNow there were
two nucleartwo nuclear
superpowers!superpowers!

155. An H-Bomb Explosion
What Next?

157. The Fall
of China
Containment Shifts to Asia
Rebuilding
Japan
Hot War
in Korea
Indochina
How Would It Work There?

158. (1949)- Mao Zedong leads Communist takeover in
China
(rival to Soviet Union)
REACTION:
Increased fears of
communist domination
U.S. spent $3 million
in support of Nationalist,
Chiang Kai-shek, only
to have failed!
III. Cold War: Harry Truman --- Foreign Policy

159. Cold War – Asia
Revolution in China – shifted balance of power in Asia
Chinese Civil War breaks out again
Mao Zedong vs. Chiang Kai-shek
US hoped to see Chiang Kai-shek win over Mao Tse-tung
By 1947, full-scale civil war again
We decided we could not save Chiang
General George Marshall recommends aid to Chiang - myth that aid could have saved Chiang
Truman refused to send combat troops
would have been unpopular at home
would have been too late
would have threatened Europe
Hoped Chiang would agree to "share" power with Mao
Oct, 1949 - Mao - Peoples' Republic of China
Chiang fled to Formosa (Taiwan) – Nationalist China
Jan, 1950, USSR and PRC signed a 30 year mutual aid treaty
blocked Red China's entry into the UN
antagonizing a country with the largest market in the world
US was prepared to abandon Chiang - then Korea
Republicans accused Truman of giving China away
We stepped up aid to "friendly" nations in Asia
(Formosa, Vietnam, Philippines, Korea, Japan)

160. Mao’s Revolution: 1949Mao’s Revolution: 1949
Who lost China? – A 2Who lost China? – A 2ndnd
}} Power!Power!

161. • Chiang Kai-shek was the leader of the
anticommunist Nationalists, supported by the United
States
• Chiang Kai-shek signing the UN charter
Spread of the Communism: China

162. 165
• Communist Mao Zedong was victorious over
Chiang Kai-shek
• Establishment of the People's Republic of China
• Maoist Phase 1949 – 1976
Spread of the Communism: China
毛泽东
Chairman
Mao
and his
Little Red
Book

163. Chiang Kai-shek Mao Zedong
The Fall of China
•Background
•Renewal of Civil War
•The Problem?

164. People have come together to support the Communist Party.
Spread of the Communism: China

165. •The Solution?
•Effect?
Chiang
Fled…
P.R.C.
U.S. Response?

166. THE COLD WAR SE ASIA
The US would justify its foreign
policy in SE Asia during the
Cold War with the Domino
Theory—if one country fell to
Communism others would
follow.

167. THE COLD WAR SE ASIA

168. NSC-68: U.S. National Security Report, 1950
*emphasizes Soviet aggression
*calls for massive U.S. military buildup
*US becomes Policeman of the World
NSC 68 - 1/30/50
Full-scale buildup to stop the spread of communism
we should become - Policeman of the World
spend as much as we can afford on defense
if the Russians try to keep up they will go broke first
20% of GNP - kept secret
Recommended - Korean War made it a reality
How is NSC-68 different from the Marshall Plan?
How is NSC-68 the same as the Marshall Plan?
III. Cold War: Harry Truman --- Foreign Policy
“The U.S.S.R.’s desire for World Domination requires not
only this Republic but civilization itself to take a stand”

169. Truman's First Decision - should he recognize the new country of Vietnam under the leadership
of Ho?
September 2, 1945 - Ho Chi Minh declared Vietnam independent after Japan defeated
Ho Chi Minh quoted from US Declaration of Independence - Why?
Ho Chi Minh asked for US aid to maintain independence
1. National self-determination - US allies
2. Containment Policy - are the Vietnamese communists?
State Department urged President Truman to assure France that we would not oppose the
recreation of French Indochina
needed their help against USSR in Western Europe
Truman agreed - took a position of pro-French neutrality
The French and Vietnamese negotiated for more than a year without getting any closer
French recognized Ho Chi Minh who sought compromise
promised free elections, but changed their mind
Would non-violence have worked against the French? i.e. - Gandhi
First American to die - A. Peter Dewey (9/26/45)
June 1946 - Ho Chi Minh asked US to help keep the French out
offered to open Vietnam up to US investment
offered naval base at Cam Ranh Bay
We rejected offer - was this the right decision? Should we have valued national self-
determination over our fear of communism? Was French aid that critical in 1946?

170. First French Indochina War (1946-1954)
Truman chose to maintain neutrality after the war began
12/19/46 - the French had returned and the war for independence from the French continued
Some in the US disapproved the French return - Why?
Ho Chi Minh retreated into the countryside and avoided major engagements preferring to wear the
French down while building support among the people and fighting a guerrilla war
*The US took a neutral stand at 1st trying to encourage the French to make concessions
Bao Dai was put back on the throne as a puppet - 6/5/48 - no popular appeal
Ho Chi Minh received little/no aid from the communist countries
Three Events in 1949
Berlin Crisis - Blockade/Airlift - 1948-49
USSR detonated the bomb
Mao defeated Chiang - China became communist
Monolithic Communism
Key Assumption made throughout Vietnam was that all communist nations take their orders
from Moscow. All were part of a communist plot to take over the world.
Was Ho Chi Minh a Russian puppet, taking orders from Moscow?
We continued to act based on this assumption.
Domino Theory
If Vietnam falls Laos, Cambodia, Thailand, Burma, Pakistan, India, Afghanistan, Iran and the Middle
East, North Africa, and the Mediterranean would follow
If Vietnam falls Malaya, Burma, the Philippines, Indonesia, Australia, New Zealand and Japan would
follow

171. Truman's Second Decision - The Recognition of Bao Dai and the extension of
military aid to France
Why did Truman switch from neutrality to support for the French?
China and the Soviet Union recognized the Viet Minh in 1/50
Secretary of State - Dean Acheson - found confirmation of monolithic communist
takeover
February 1950 - Truman - recognized Bao Dai
May 15, 1950 - made the decision to extend military aid to the French
when formally requested to do so by France
$15 million in the 1st month
Korean War was expanded to include China 11/50
Evidence of communist conspiracy?
significance - beginning of US involvement
Should we have remained neutral? Should we have sided with Ho? Was this the key
commitment to Vietnam? Was it the point of no return? Was it a good decision?

172. Japan
•What to Do about Japan?
•U.S. Occupation – 1945 – 1951
•General McArthur in charge
•Rebuilt Japan—rapid recovery

173. 2) Japan:
-Occupied by American forces
-Adopts democratic form of government (MacArthur
Const.)
-Resumed self-gov’t
-Ally of U.S.
Look on the bottom of your grandparent’s figurines to see if
they were made in “occupied Japan.”
I. Post-WWII outcomes?

174. Building a New Japan
(Sep. 1949) - As China was falling,
we learned that the Soviets had developed an atomic bomb
the whole complexion of the Cold War changed!
US built up Japanese economy as counterweight to communism in Asia
Truman decided not to allow Soviets any say in reconstruction
1951 - treaty with Japan
US troops under MacArthur, who ran the country ending occupation in 1952
ended occupation, but got right to a base in Okinawa and reserved the right to station
in Japan if needed
in 1956 - Japan joined UN
Today we still have 50,000 troops in Japan
Helped them to further develop peaceful industry (i.e. autos etc.)
Showcase what free enterprise can do in Asia - success surprised even US
We provided protection out of fear of Japanese imperialism
In Europe, containment worked well, in Asia it was more expensive and less
effective
V-J Day found Asia in shambles! Communists poised all over!

175. Korea
•At War’s End – Divided at 38th
Parallel—was Japan’s before
•By Late 40s…
•Two Koreas:
•North – Kim Il Sun (Comm.)
•South – Dr. Sygnman Rhee

176. War in Korea
•Limited War
•Strategy?
•Key Events?
•Results?

177. •1950 to 1953, North
Korea invades South
Korea.
•North Korea was a
communist nation and
South Korea was a
democracy.
•First war of
“containment”“containment” policy to
stop communism
•““Police Action”Police Action” not a
declared war
•President Truman leads
United Nations.
•General Douglas
MacArthur commands US
and UN troops.
•Called “forgotten war”.

178. (June, 1950)
Communist North Korea
invades across the
38th
parallel, attacking
democratic South Korea
III. Cold War: Harry Truman --- Foreign Policy
Apply Cold War policy:
What should be the main
objective in the Korean War?
Korean War (1950-1953):

179. U.N. troops (made up of
90% Americans)
defend South Korea
Led by
Douglas MacArthur
III. Cold War: Harry Truman --- Foreign Policy

180. Truman vs. MacArthurTruman vs. MacArthur
•Truman fires General
MacArthur when he
advises Truman he would
use nuclear weapons
against the Chinese.

181. U.N. Security Council meets to discuss Korean Crisis
Who is accused of aiding the North Koreans?
What are some of the key questions before the U.N.?

182. •Stalemate by 1953.
•Pres. Eisenhower
negotiated an end to
war
•Divided at 38th
parallel
•Communism contained
•Remains divided today

183. 300,000
Communist Chinese
troops come into war
on side of North Korea
III. Cold War: Harry Truman --- Foreign Policy

184. Results of
Korean War:
Stalemate at 38th
parallel
54,000 Americans die
Billions of Dollars spent
THINK:
Was the objective of the
Korean War achieved?
Should more have been done?
III. Cold War: Harry Truman --- Foreign Policy

185. Korea Divided
Controlled by Japan 1910-1945
38th parallel - boundary at the end of WWII
Douglas MacArthur - Supreme Allied Commander in the Pacific
including S. Korea
N. Korea was under Soviet influence
1948 - 2 separate governments - UN could not unite
S. Korea - Syngman Rhee - elected (dictatorship) recognized as the
legal government by the UN
Kim Il-Sung head of communist N. Korea (dictatorship)
Both wanted to reunite N and S - by force
Border skirmishes began
Both US and USSR withdrew their own troops after training and
arming armies
1/12/50 The US announced that Korea was not in our defense perimeter -
an invitation to invade

186. 192
• The Korean War: when the Cold War
became a global conflict.
• Mindful that a full-scale nuclear
exchange would be a disaster for both
sides, the superpowers fought each
other through a variety of proxy wars
and "shadow struggles" in Korea,
Vietnam, Afghanistan, and dozens of
other places.
• No global third world war has yet to
take place.
Spread of the Cold War: Proxy Wars

187. 193
• In 1945, Korea
was freed from the
Japanese.
• The country was
split in half at the
38th parallel.
• The two countries
hated each other.
North Korea
Kim Il Sung
Communist
South Korea
Syngman Rhee
Capitalist
Spread of the Communism: Korea

188. 194
• The Korean War began when the
Communist government of North Korea,
allied with the Soviet Union and tried to
take over South Korea.
U.N. Police Action In Korea: 1950-1953
Chinese Soldiers

189. 195
• The first military clash of the Cold War
and the first United Nations-sanctioned
conflict
• Technically American troops weren’t
fighting the Korean War-The United
Nations sent troops from its member
states to ‘keep peace’.
• The U.S. was the most important and
richest country in the U.N. so it sent the
most troops and supplied most of the
U.N. Police Action In Korea: 1950-1953

190. 6/25/50 N. Korea invaded with USSR support
Stalin wanted to embarrass China
Stalin wanted to warn Japan to stay neutral
Truman called a special meeting of the UN Security Council
UN Security Council voted to call for a cease fire and then a
police action quickly - saved them
USSR was boycotting because Communist China was not
admitted to the UN

191. June, 1950 – N. K. Invaded S.K.
•What to Do?
•United Nations Decision?
•The First “Limited War” or
International “Police Action”
Peace treaty signed in July 1953
-35,000 U.S. soldiers dead
-spread comm. fight to Asia
-caused major military buildup in US

192. Hot War in Korea…

194. Gen. Douglas MacArthur
•Commander of
UN Forces
Fired by Truman
•Why?
•Impact?

195. •Not Popular

196. 202

197. 203
• The United Nations
sent troops from its
member states to
‘keep peace’.
• Declared a ‘police
action’ because US
operated under the
UN.
• The US sent the most
troops and supplied
most of the weapons.
Korean War: A UN Police Action

198. 204
• General Douglas MacArthur -
Supreme Commander of UN Forces
Korean War

199. 205
A grief stricken American infantryman whose buddy has been killed in
action is comforted by another soldier. In the background a corpsman
methodically fills out casualty tags,
Haktong-ni area, Korea. August 28, 1950. Sfc. AlChang. (Army)
Korean War

200. 206
China Enters the Korean War

201. 207
Korean War: A Police Action
• Back and forth across
the 38th
Parallel
• The ‘see-saw’ of the
Korean War.

202. 208
KoreanWar1950-53

203. Uneasy Peace:
The Korean War

204. The Korean War, dubbed the
“Forgotten War” by some historians
and veterans, was one of the bloodiest
in modern history.
Over just three years, one million
South Korean civilians were killed,
while millions more became homeless.
Another half million U.N. troops died;
casualties of Communist troops
topped 1.6 million more….

205. Buddies aid wounded man of 24th Infantry Regiment

206. After numerous attempts to arrive at a permanent
peace treaty, negotiations broke down in 1954
without a plan.
A peace treaty has never been signed
as of today.
And the division of a
Communist North Korea
and a democratic South Korea
remains a troubling status quo for
Asian and world politics…

207. The Beginning:
• The Korean peninsula had been controlled by
Japan since 1895,
but with the defeat of Japan in
World War II, the United States
and the Soviet Union occupied the area until
elections could be arranged for the
establishment of an independent
Korean nation…

208. However, the Soviets refused to
conduct elections in the
northern half of the country,
which they occupied.
The elections went on, as scheduled
in the south, with the creation of the
Republic of South Korea in 1948.

209. The Korean Conflict
• In June of 1950, North
Korean troops invaded
South Korea
• President Truman
appointed General
MacArthur to command all
UN troops in Korea and
ordered U.S. military forces
to Korea without asking
Congress to declare war

210. Corporal John Simms of
Bradbury Heights,
Maryland, is shown
bidding his wife, Ann,
and their 8 month old
son, John Jr., goodbye
as he leaves for Korea,
1950.

211. Leatherneck machine gun crew dug in for the night in Korea.

212. Men of the 4.2 mortar crew, 31st Heavy Mortar Company fire at
enemy position, west of Chorwon, Korea.

213. Private First
Class Roman
Prauty, a gunner
with 31st
Regimental
Combat Team,
with the
assistance of his
gun crew, near
Oetlook-tong,
Korea.

214. Men of the 24th Infantry Regiment move up to the firing line in Korea.

215. Catching up on his
letters to the folks at
home during a
break in action is
Private First Class
Dwight Exe, 5th
Cavalry Regiment.

216. MacArthur would be relieved
of his command.

217. Armistice
• years of fighting produced a stalemate in
Korea
• A cease-fire was declared in 1953 that left
the country as divided as before the war

218. • Results:
– U.S. lost more than 54,000 troops
– caused many neutral nations to draw closer to
the U.S.

219. A grief stricken American infantryman whose buddy has been
killed in action is comforted by another soldier.
In the background a corpsman fills out casualty tags, Haktong-ni,
Korea.

220. Chaplain Kenny
Lynch conducts
services north of
Hwachon, Korea,
for men of 31st
Regiment.

221. Marines of the First Marine Division pay their respects to fallen buddies during
memorial services at the division's cemetery at Hamhung, Korea.

222. Seemingly endless file of Korean refugees slogs through snow
outside of Kangnung.

223. An aged Korean woman pauses in her search for salvageable materials among
the ruins of Seoul, Korea.

224. Homeless, this
brother and sister
search empty cans
for morsels of food,
and try to keep
warm beside a
small fire in the
Seoul, Korea,
railroad yards.

225. With her brother on her back a war weary Korean girl tiredly
trudges by a stalled M-26 tank.

226. He returns…..again…..
• UN forces were pushed all
the down the Korean
peninsula until MacArthur
staged a surprise landing at
Inchon
• MacArthur was given
authority to unite all of
Korea and he ordered troops
to push North
• Chinese troops come to aid
the North Koreans

227. Troops of the 31st Infantry Regiment land at Inchon Harbor.

228. 234

229. 235
• Heavy fighting continued throughout the first half of
1953
• The Armistice was suddenly signed on July 27th
, 1953.
• U.S. signed the peace deal with North Korea and
China
• North and South Korea have never officially signed
any peace pact, it is only considered a truce.
• Technically, the Korean War is still going on today.
Korean War Ends (or does it?)

230. 236
• South Korea remained free of communism
• Containment had worked
• US continued presence: DMZ: Demilitarized Zone
• Still two separate nations today. Kim Jung Il leads an impoverish and
backward country where his people are starving and freezing to death.
• About 28,500 U.S. troops are currently stationed in South Korea.
Efforts are underway to recover thousands of US MIAs
• According to a 2003 agreement, US troops will eventually be will be
moved farther south
Korean War: Who Wins?

231. 237
The Human Cost

232. 238
What is this?

234. Cold War - Middle East / Third World
Iran Ultimatum 3/6/46
Soviet troops were there to protect lend-lease shipments
were suppose to withdraw by the end of 1946 - they did not
Nov, 1945 - USSR initiated a revolt over Azerbaijan (wanted oil concessions)
wanted guarantee of oil shipments
At first US used UN as a vehicle to thwart Soviet actions
Jan - Iran protested to UN (it urged them to settle it)
Mar - withdrawal deadline passed, Soviets still had troops
US protested to UN, world opinion went against Soviets
US threatened USSR and the UN publicized Soviet refusal to leave they left
This lacked public support at home - too much of a risk of war
May - Soviets withdrew troops
however, it got autonomy for Azerbaijan and oil concessions
we convinced Iran to take back the oil concessions which led to Soviet
resentment!
Lesson - take a firm stand, Soviets will back down!

235. Creation of Israel - 1948
1. Palestine - 5/14/48 - British gave to Jews reluctantly
2. US and USSR recognized immediately to prevent UN action
3. Arabs invaded - Egypt, Jordan, Lebanon, Syria, Iraq, Saudi
Arabia
defeated by Israel
Palestine disappeared - Palestinian refugee problem created
Arabs humiliated - will want revenge
source of current Middle East problems with Israel
4. Ralph Bunche - UN truce 1949 - Noble Peace Prize
5. British withdrew 6/56

236. • 44’: Bretton Woods, NH – IMF &
World Bank (we’re taking charge!)
– Currency regulated based on the $
standard
– Development funds for “third-world”
countries
• 45’: S.F., CA (we rule!) – the U.N.
Charter
– N.Y. HQ set up; Big 5 Security
Council
– Peace-keeping, world wars never
again, WHO, etc.
– How about nukes?
• 48’: Israel and the 15 min. window
1944+ - New Int’l Ties/Frames/Paradigms
(we no longer hate the world!)
World Bank HQ;

237. THE COLD WAR
One of the early acts of the UN was
to establish the world’s only
Jewish state, Israel, in 1947.
It was formed out of what had been
Palestinian (Arab) territory.
Jews and Arabs had
been foes since Biblical times.

238. THE COLD WAR
The Palestinian’s, who were Arabs,
were given the smaller area.
The Arabs rejected the plan.
This formed the basis of bad
feelings in the Middle East that
continues today.

239. Point Four Program - 1/49
In his Second Term inaugural address, Truman announced a
broad foreign policy plan, based on four points
The United Nations
The Marshall Plan
NATO
Point Four - a plan for giving technical and economic aid to
developing nations all over the world to make them less
susceptible to communism
economic, and technical aid to 3rd world to prevent
communism
$400 million - primarily LA

240. In his inauguration speech on January 20, 1949, President Truman stated
the fourth objective of his foreign policy as follows:
the Point Four Program:
1.UN 2. Marshall Plan 3. NATO 4. Point Four – Aid to Third World
"we must embark on a bold new program for making the benefits of our
scientific advances and industrial progress available for the improvement
and growth of underdeveloped areas. More than half the people of the
world are living in conditions approaching misery. Their food is
inadequate. They are victims of disease. Their economic life is
primitive and stagnant. Their poverty is a handicap and a threat both to
them and to more prosperous areas. For the first time in history,
humanity possesses the knowledge and skill to relieve suffering of these
people. The United States is pre-eminent among nations in the
development of industrial and scientific techniques. The material
resources which we can afford to use for assistance of other peoples are
limited. But our imponderable resources in technical knowledge are
constantly growing and are inexhaustible."

241. The Point Four Program = a technical assistance program for
"developing countries.”
The Truman administration came up with the idea for a technical
assistance program as a means to win the "hearts and minds“ of the
developing world. By sharing US know-how in various fields, especially
agriculture, industry and health, officials could help "third world"
nations on the development path, raise the standard of living,
and show that democracy and capitalism could provide for the welfare
of the individual.
This was not a call for economic aid--on the order of the Marshall Plan,
but for the US to share its "know-how" and help nations develop with
technical assistance. The program was approved by Congress on
June 5, 1950 in the Foreign Economic Assistance Act, which allotted to
the program a budget of $ 25,000,000 in its first year.

242. Describing the new program, Truman noted that,
"Communist propaganda holds that the free nations are incapable of
providing a decent standard of living for the millions of people in
under-developed areas of the earth. The Point Four program will be one
of our principal ways of demonstrating the complete falsity of that
charge.“
Congress approved on October 27, 1950
The Technical Cooperation Administration (TCA) was established within
The Department of State to run the Point Four program.
Required bilateral agreements with the US government in order to receive
Aid under the program.
The first government to receive aid was Iran, on October 19, 1950.
Point Four Program was different from other programs in that it was not
confined to any specific region.
Point Four Program was the first US plan for
international economic development.

243. Evaluation
•Add to Your List…
•NSC #68?
•China?
•Japan?
•Korea?

244. •The Second Red Scare
•The Evidence?

245. •About 80,000 Communists in U.S.
•Truman’s Actions?

246. •Loyalty Review Board--FBI
(3m Investigated, 212 Dismissed,
2,000 Resigned under pressure)
•Never Found a Spy Network
•HUAC Hearings (House
Un-American Activities Comm.)
– to Find Commies in the govt. and
to “De-Communize” Hollywood

247. HUAC at Work...

248. •1947 investigation led to prison sentences for
contempt known as the Hollywood Ten.Hollywood Ten.
•Blacklisted:Blacklisted: a list of persons who are under
suspicion, disfavor, or censure, or who are not to be
hired, served, or otherwise accepted.
red scare3

249. The Hiss Case
Alger Hiss

250. Busted in 1950!

251. •Klaus Fuchs (Brit)
•Atomic Spy
•He Named Names
•Including…
Also in
1950…

252. NATO
•Soviets detonate theirSoviets detonate their
first atomic bomb…..first atomic bomb…..
•The question is raised,
where did they get the
technology the bomb?
•Ethel and Julius
Rosenberg would be
accused of giving away
atomic bomb secrets.
•Charged with
espionage they would
be found guilty and
executed in 1953.

253. Julius and Ethel Rosenberg

255. Propaganda
Campaign
•Book Burnings
•Hysteria…
•New Laws…
•And More!

257. •Communists Had to Register (A.G.)
•Barred from Working in Some Jobs
•Had to Publish All Records
•Could arrest and detain Comm. or
Comm. sympathizers
•Truman vetoed it but still passed

258. McCarthyism
 Claimed 205 communists
working for State
Department
 Attacked wealthy &
privileged—popular appeal
 Even Eisenhower wouldn’t
challenge him
 Army hearings in 1954
televised
McCarthy exposed as a bully
(“reckless cruelty”

259. •Joseph McCarthy
Headed a Senate
Committee
•“McCarthyism”
-damaged
reputations with
vague and
unfounded charges
*People afraid to
challenge him—why?

260. •Red ScareRed Scare was Americans
response to the fear of
Communism
•Senator Joseph McCarthyJoseph McCarthy
accused 205 US Govt. officials
of being Communist.
•McCarthyismMcCarthyism to destroy or
assassinate one’s character
without proof and it ruined the
careers of many Americans.
red scare
Became a witch huntwitch hunt that led to Americans
pledging a “loyalty oathloyalty oath” to the United States…….

261. Later He Would Claim
That the Army Was
Infiltrated…Army-McCarthy
Hearings—1954

262. The Domestic Cold War
•The Second Red Scare
•Loyalty Review Board
•HUAC
•The Hiss Case
•The Rosenbergs
•The McCarran Act
•McCarthyism

263. Joseph McCarthy at Work

265. 274
• The Nuremberg Trials took place
November 21, 1945 to October 1,
1946 Determined the
fates of 22 Nazi officials who played
a role in the holocaust.
War Crimes Trials

266. 275
• The Nuremberg trials had a great
influence on the development of
international criminal law such as:
• Universal Declaration of Human Rights,
The Geneva Convention, and many
others.
War Crimes Trials Legacy

267. 276
• Issued by the United Nations in 1948
The first global
expression of rights to which all
human beings are entitled
Universal Declaration of Human Rights

268. THE COLD WAR
In June, 1945, just after the German surrender but before V-J
Day, the United Nations was formed. This time the US led
the way.
The main purpose of the UN
was to promote world peace
and protect member nations
from aggressors.

269. THE COLD WAR USSR
The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
GOALS
 Shield itself from future invasions
 Keep Germany divided
 Rebuild its economy
 Spread communism
 Control Eastern Europe
 Balance of power with the US

270. THE COLD WAR USSR
IRON CURTAIN SPEECH
“…an iron curtain has descended across
the continent. Behind that line lie all
the capitals of the ancient states of
Central and Eastern Europe…” Winston
Churchill, 1946
In the Iron Curtain speech, the US was
warned by Churchill that the Soviet
Union was taking over Eastern
Europe as part of a plot to take over
the world.

271. THE COLD WAR USSR
Iron Curtain became the
term for the division
of Europe into the
Democratic Western
Europe and
Communist controlled
Eastern Europe.
Churchill saw it coming
but the US did not.

272. THE COLD WAR USSR
The Soviet Union eventually controlled many
satellite nations including:
Czechoslovakia
East Germany
Poland
Yugoslavia

273. THE COLD WAR USSRThe US responded to Soviet expansion with a policy of
containment—preventing the spread of Communism in the
world by blocking Soviet influence.
Weapons of the Cold War
 Propaganda
 Technology
 Threat of force
 Economic aid

274. THE COLD WAR
TRUMAN DOCTRINE
“I believe it must be the policy of the
United States to support free people
who are resisting attempted
subjugation by armed minorities or
outside pressures” Truman, 1947
The US would support free people
who were resisting communism in
Greece and Turkey and anywhere
else.

275. THE COLD WAR
The Marshall Plan
A program of economic aid to
help many European nations
recover from the war and
avoid another depression

276. THE COLD WAR USSR
The USSR was determined to keep Germany weak and divided
US, France and England withdrew their forces from Germany and the
nation of West Germany was formed from their sector.
Berlin was still divided.
In 1948, the USSR tried to force out the US and its allies by
blockading West Berlin and not letting food or supplies get in.

277. THE COLD WAR USSR
Stalin hoped this would frighten the west into giving up their side
of Berlin and not try to reunite the country.
To break the blockade, the US and Britain began the Berlin Airlift.
For 11 months, planes landed and took off every 3 minutes. There
were 277,000 flights that brought in food, fuel, medicine and
Christmas presents.

278. THE COLD WAR USSR
Order of Events in Berlin
Blockade
Airlift
Berlin Wall
Building of the Berlin Wall

279. THE COLD WAR USSR
In response to the growing Soviet aggression, the North Atlantic
Treaty Organization (NATO) was formed to protect
Western Europe from invasion by Russia.

280. THE COLD WAR USSR
The Soviet Union viewed this
as a threat and created a
military alliance of its
own including its Eastern
European allies called the
Warsaw Pact.

281. THE COLD WAR USSR
The Cold War heated up when the USSR developed the atomic
bomb in 1949.
A nuclear arms race began with both nations developing ever
more powerful weapons.
In addition to the US and USSR,
India, Pakistan and China would
develop nuclear weapons.

282. THE COLD WAR CHINA
Communists Triumph in China
Before WWII, the Chinese were engaged in a Civil War.
The Long March pushed the Communists to northwestern China.
With the help of the peasants, the Communists won on the
Mainland of China.
Mao Zedong was the first dictator
of Communist China.

283. THE COLD WAR CHINA
The Nationalists, non-
communists,
established a
homeland on the
island of Taiwan and
were led by Chiang
Kai-Shek.
There were now two
Chinas: The People
Republic of China
(Communist) and
Nationalist China.
Taiwan – Nationalist China
China - PRC

284. THE COLD WAR SE ASIA
At the end of WWII, Korea
became a divided nation.
Japanese in the north
surrendered to the Soviets
and North Korea became a
communist nation. The
dictator of N. Korea for
almost 50 years was Kim
II Sung.
Japanese in the south
surrendered to the US and
South Korea became a
republic.

285. THE COLD WAR SE ASIA
The dividing line was
the 38th
parallel.
38th
parallel
From 1950 to 1953 the UN
(including the US) fought
a war to keep the
Communists from taking
over South Korea.
Douglas MacArthur was the
commander of the UN forces

286. THE COLD WAR SE ASIA
The Korean War ended with an
armistice and a stalemate.
General Douglas MacArthur
was discharged by President Truman for
insubordination.
He tried to use the press and Congress
to go over the President’s head to get
approval for
the use of nuclear weapons against
China.

287. THE COLD WAR
During the 1950’s and 1960’s, many colonies in Africa
and Asia became independent.
These were underdeveloped and were called Third
World nations.
They were often unaligned and both the US and the
Soviet Union tried to gain influence.

288. THE COLD WAR SE ASIA
Viet Nam was a French colony.
Ho Chi Minh turned to the
communists to help lead revolts.
Like Korea, Viet Nam became a
divided country with the
Communists in control of the
north and a republic, supported by
the US, in the south.

289. NNorthorth AAtlantictlantic TTreatyreaty OOrganizationrganization
(1949)(1949)
 United StatesUnited States
 BelgiumBelgium
 BritainBritain
 CanadaCanada
 DenmarkDenmark
 FranceFrance
 IcelandIceland
 ItalyItaly
 LuxemburgLuxemburg
 NetherlandsNetherlands
 NorwayNorway
 PortugalPortugal
 1952: Greece &1952: Greece &
TurkeyTurkey
 1955: West Germany1955: West Germany
 1983: Spain1983: Spain

290. Warsaw Pact (1955)Warsaw Pact (1955)
} U. S. S. R.U. S. S. R.
} AlbaniaAlbania
} BulgariaBulgaria
} CzechoslovakiaCzechoslovakia
} East GermanyEast Germany
} HungaryHungary
} PolandPoland
} RumaniaRumania

291. Premier Nikita KhrushchevPremier Nikita Khrushchev
About the capitalistAbout the capitalist
states, it doesn'tstates, it doesn't
depend on youdepend on you
whether wewhether we
(Soviet Union) exist.(Soviet Union) exist.
If you don't like us,If you don't like us,
don't accept ourdon't accept our
invitations, and don'tinvitations, and don't
invite us to comeinvite us to come
to see you. Whetherto see you. Whether
you like it our not, history is on ouryou like it our not, history is on our
side.side. We will bury youWe will bury you. -- 1956. -- 1956
De-StalinizationDe-Stalinization
ProgramProgram

292. An Historic Irony: SergeiAn Historic Irony: Sergei
Khrushchev, American CitizenKhrushchev, American Citizen
Who buried who?Who buried who?

293. The Korean War: A “PoliceThe Korean War: A “Police
Action” (1950-1953)Action” (1950-1953)
Syngman RheeSyngman Rhee
Kim Il-SungKim Il-Sung
““Domino Theory”Domino Theory”

294. Truman Doctrine [1947]Truman Doctrine [1947]
1.1. Civil War in Greece.Civil War in Greece.
2.2. Turkey under pressure from theTurkey under pressure from the
USSR for concessions in theUSSR for concessions in the
Dardanelles.Dardanelles.
3.3. The U. S. should support freeThe U. S. should support free
peoples throughout the world whopeoples throughout the world who
were resisting takeovers by armedwere resisting takeovers by armed
minorities or outside pressures…Weminorities or outside pressures…We
must assist free peoples to work outmust assist free peoples to work out
their own destinies in their own way.their own destinies in their own way.
4.4. The U.S. gave Greece & TurkeyThe U.S. gave Greece & Turkey
$400 million in aid.$400 million in aid.

295. Marshall Plan [1948]Marshall Plan [1948]
1.1. ““European RecoveryEuropean Recovery
Program.”Program.”
2.2. Secretary of State,Secretary of State,
George MarshallGeorge Marshall
3.3. The U. S. should provideThe U. S. should provide
aid toaid to allall European nationsEuropean nations
that need it. This movethat need it. This move
is not against any country or doctrine,is not against any country or doctrine,
but against hunger, poverty, desperation,but against hunger, poverty, desperation,
and chaos.and chaos.
4.4. $12.5 billion of US aid to Western$12.5 billion of US aid to Western
Europe extended to Eastern Europe &Europe extended to Eastern Europe &
USSR, [but this was rejected].USSR, [but this was rejected].

297. Origins of the Cold War
• U.S.-Soviet Relations to 1945
• Allies in World War II
• Postwar Cooperation – the U.N
• Satellite States in Eastern
Europe
• Occupation Zones in Germany
• Iron Curtain

298. NATO
•Mao Tse Tung, defeats Chang Kai
Shek in the Chinese Civil War…..
•China became a communistic country.
•Chang Kai Shak is exiled to Taiwan.
•Mao Tse Tung becomes the
Communistic leader of China.
•US believed there was a communistic
plot to rule the world
Mao Tse Tung
Chang Kai Shek

299. 308
The Cold War 1945-1990
US vs. Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
Democracy vs. Communism
Capitalism vs. Socialism

300. 309
US/USSR Relationship during WWII
• 1939: Stalin (USSR) makes a deal with Hitler (Germany).
• 1941: Hitler breaks deal and attacks USSR.
• Stalin changes sides and fights with US and other allies.

301. 310
US/USSR Relationship during WWII
• Before the end of the World War II,
Stalin, Churchill and Roosevelt met at
Yalta to plan what should happen when
the war ended. They agreed on many
points:
1. The establishment of the United Nations
2. Division of Germany into four zones
3. Free elections allowed in the states of
Eastern Europe
4. Russia’s promise to join the war against
Japan
No agreement was reached on Poland.
Winston Churchill (England), Franklin Roosevelt
(US) and Joseph Stalin (USSR) meet in Yalta in 1945
to decide the fate of post-war Europe.

302. 311
Cold War Characteristics
• Political, strategic and ideological struggle between the
US and the USSR that spread throughout the world
• Struggle that contained everything short of war
• Competing social and economic ideologies

303. 312
Key Concept: How did the Cold War affect the domestic and
foreign policies of the United States?
Domestic Policies:
•1. McCarthyism
•2. HUAC
–House Un-American Activities
Committee
•3. Loyalty oaths
•4. Blacklists
•5. Bomb shelters
Foreign Policies:
•1. Korean War
•2. Arms Race
•3. Truman Doctrine
•4. Eisenhower
Doctrine
Actors and writers protest the Hollywood Blacklist. A 1950s era bomb shelter

304. 313
Key Concept: What were the six major strategies of
the Cold War?
The six major strategies were:
•1. Brinkmanship,
•2. Espionage,
•3. Foreign aid,
•4. Alliances,
•5. Propaganda,
•6. Surrogate wars.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
1.

305. 314
Senator Joe McCarthy (1908-1957)• McCarthy, a Republican senator from Wisconsin,
did the most to whip up anti- communism during the
‘50s.
• On February 9, 1950, he gave a speech claiming to
have a list of 205 Communists in the State
Department.
• No one in the press actually saw the names on
the list.
• McCarthy continued to repeat his groundless
charges, changing the number from speech to speech.
• During this time, one state required pro wrestlers to
take a loyalty oath before stepping into the ring.
• In Indiana, a group of anti-communists indicted
Robin Hood (and its vaguely socialistic message
that the book's hero had a right to rob from the
rich and give to the poor) and forced librarians
to pull the book from the shelves.
• Baseball's Cincinnati Reds renamed themselves
the "Redlegs."
Cincinnati Redlegs primary
logo in use from 1954-1959

306. 315
McCarthy’s Downfall
• In the spring of 1954, the tables turned on McCarthy
when he charged that the Army had promoted a dentist
accused of being a Communist.
• For the first time, a television broadcast allowed the
public to see the Senator as a blustering bully and his
investigations as little more than a witch hunt.
• In December 1954, the Senate voted to censure him for
his conduct and to strip him of his privileges.
• McCarthy died three years later from alcoholism.
• The term "McCarthyism" lives on to describe anti-
Communist fervor, reckless accusations, and guilt by
association.
Movie poster for the 2005 film Good
Night and Good Luck about the fall of
Joseph McCarthy
Arthur Miller’s play The Crucible was on
the surface about the Salem Witch Trials.
It’s real target, though, was the hysterical
persecution of innocent people during
McCarthyism. (poster for 1996 film
version)

307. 316
Arms Race
• Cold War tensions increased in
the US when the USSR exploded
its first atomic bomb in 1949.
• Cold War tensions
increased in the USSR
when the US exploded
its first hydrogen bomb

308. Two sides of Cold War
• NATO – North
Atlantic Treaty
Organization
• USA, France, Great
Britain, West
Germany
• CAPITALISMCAPITALISM
• Warsaw Pact – pro
Soviet countries –
USSR, and all
countries controlled
by the USSR.
• COMMUNISM

309. Cold War
• The Cold War was a time after WW2 when
the USA and the Soviet Union were rivals
for world influence.

310. NATO – North Atlantic Treaty
Organization

312. Marshall Plan
USA’s plan to send food,
blankets, fuel to Europe to
help them. AND to keep
them from turning
communist.

314. Berlin blockade led to Berlin
Airlift

315. Truman Doctrine
The Truman Doctrine in
March 1947 promised
that the USA “would
support free peoples who
are resisting”
communism.
This led to containment –
policy of containing
communism where it is.

316. Domino Theory
Communism spreads like a disease

317. Korea and Vietnam
• USA tried to contain
communism. In both wars,
communist troops fought
armies trained and funded by
the USA.

318. Communists
invaded
from the
north.
China sent a
million
troops to
help reds.

319. Korean War
• After the failure of the promise of Korean
independence by the Allied nations, on June
25, 1950, communist North Korean troops
invaded South Korea. Poorly armed, the
South Koreans were no match for the North.
The United Nations ordered North Korea to
withdraw its troops. General MacArthur
was appointed to command all UN troops in
Korea. After three years of fighting a
stalemate, more than 54,000 American
troops perished.

320. What is the United Nations?

321. United Nations
• International
Organization
where countries
try to find
peaceful
solutions

322. United Nations
• It has no army but uses troops from other
countries.

324. The Division of Berlin

325. The Bipolarization of Europe

326. George Kennan [“X Article”]:
CONTAINMENT
Goals Means Actual Application
1.Restoration
of the balance
of power
2.Reduction of
Soviet ability
to project
outside power.
Encouragement
of self-
confidence in
nations
threatened by
Soviet expansion.
Exploitation of
tensions in
international
communism.
Long-term
program of U.S.
economic
assistance
[Marshall Plan]
Cooperation with
communist regimes;
[supporting Titoism
in Yugoslavia]

327. 3.Modification
of the Soviet
concept of
international
relations.
Negotiating
settlement of
outstanding
differences.
Using “carrots &
sticks’;
containing
Germany with an
embrace and
Russia at arms
length.
George Kennan [“X Article”]:
CONTAINMENT
Goals Means Actual Application

328. National Defense Budget [1940-1964]

329. Korean War
[1950-1953]

330. Korean War
[1950-1953]
Syngman Rhee
Kim Il-Sung
“Domino Theory”

331. The Shifting Map of Korea
[1950-1953]

332. Reconstructing the World & The
Cold War’s Fiery Start: 1944-61’ (at
least w/me, but really to 89’? 91’?
Present?)
It seems like we’re always trying to
reconstruct something

333. • 44’: Harry Truman, the A-
bombs, and the 46’ Atomic
Energy Act?
• Or, 43’ and FDR at Tehran;
W. African campaign?
• Or, how about 1919, the
White Army in Murmansk
and Archangel?
So, Where do We Begin?

334. • The Soviet Dream
– 20 mil. dead, 2 devastating wars
– Satellites, buffers, spheres of
influence, and a cordon-sanitaire
• The American Vision
– A free world based on democratic
principles
– Open markets and free people
Get Ready for the Clash of the
Titans!
The New World, but for Whom?

335. • Nuremberg Trials (45’-6)
– 12 of 22 lynched?
• Reparations vs.
Rehabilitation/Reconstruction
– Austria & Germ. divided into 4
military zones (Fra., G.B., U.S.,
S.U.)
– S.U. also receives Poland and
Hungary
– 48’: Berlin cut off (Send in the
bombers! For food?)
– 49’: Airlift ended, both Germ. gov’ts
formalized
– The Cold War is here to stay
What do We do w/Germany?

336. • 46’: George Kennan, Containment,
& the Long Telegram (8k words!)
from the Soviet embassy
– Article X
– The S.U. - paranoid, nationalistic,
aggressive, & expansionist by nature
– Contain their movements at every
opportunity
• 47’: The Truman Doctrine (new
doctrine, but the same themes)
– Official econ./pol. aid to anyone
resisting armed minorities or outside
pressure
• 47’+: Let’s play dominoes!
Friend/Foe: What do We do w/the
Soviet Union?

337. • Civil war: monarchists (N.) v.
Greek Communists (S.)
– Puppetmaster Josip Tito (Yugo.,
not S.U.)
• 47’: G.B. K.O. (way to go Mr.
Heasman)
– Mar. 12, 47’- Truman’s request
for $400 mil. to “support free
peoples who are resisting
attempted subjugation by armed
minorities or by outside
pressures…”
• The dominoes at work
– Polarization of the world? Too
harsh? Competition the only true
path?
Case Study #1: Greece & Turkey
(Let the Proxy Wars Begin!)
ELAS Soldiers
(Comm.)
I’d be happy too…

338. • Truman & Euro. Interests
– Sec. of State George Marshall
offers aid at Harvard
Commencement (47’) – P.R.
move of the century
• Paris meeting immediately
– $13 bil. over 4 yrs to 16 countries
– Approved in 48’ after Czech. coup
» Euro. Prosperity (Ita. & Fra.
Commie party , econ. output
in W. Euro.  pre-war lvls)
• 48’: Smith-Mundt Act
– Voice of America, Radio for
Europe
– Information Agencies & Museums
Now, What do We do w/the Rest of
Europe?

339. • 49’: The Official End of
Isolationism
– Signing of NATO to unify
W. Euro. w/U.S. (orig. 12)
• Military defense pact
(promised military aid, attack
on one is attack on all)
• Militarized & polarized a
large portion of the world
– Soviet Response? Warsaw Pact
A Ring to Bind Them All (Really a
Pact)

340. • Japan & MacArthur (the hope
of the East)
– 46’ - New Constitution
• Prohibited arms buildup, U.S.
would be shield, ceremonial
emperor, U.S. funds
reconstruction
• Japan becomes a superpower;
credit – USA (point for us!)
– 49’ - The “Fall” of China
• Mao v. Jieshi ($510 mil. for the
leader of Formosa?)
– ~1/4 of world pop. “lost”
– Immediate Soviet ties
– Non-recognition until 73’
Let’s Not Forget Asia
Emperor Hirohito and the

341. • China goes Red
• Soviets go atomic!
• 52’ – Forced Hydrogen Bomb
dev. (9x power)
– Nuclear Fallout, the “Un”Lucky
Dragon, & the Atoll Islands
– 53’ - Soviets go hydronic?
– Houston, we’ve reached MAD
• 54’: 8K Nukes & Beyond!
• 57’ ICBM w/H-bomb capacity
dev. by S.U.
• How do you learn to love the
bomb? Dr. Strangelove (64’)
49’ (A Bad Year) & the Nuclear
Race
First Soviet Test,
aka Joe #1
An H-bomb at
work

342. • 47’: The Nat’l Security Act
– CIA formed
• Int’l AND domestic
spying/operations
– Dept. of Defense formed
• New Sec. of Defense & civilian
heads of Air Force, Navy, etc.
– Nat’l Security Council formed
(the new braintrust)
• 48’: Selective Service
reinstated (happy 18th
men!)
The Fiery (not Cold) Domestic
Front: Militarization & Fear

343. • 38’: HUAC formed to investigate “un-Amer.
activities)
– Led by Richard Nixon (crook?) (CA-S)
– Paranoia, blacklisting, & the Hollywood 10
• Amer. fears - spies, espionage, commies,
books, homosex. (the new witch hunt)
– McCarren Int’l Security Bill (50’)
• Over Truman’s veto
• Arrest of suspicious w/o evidence in emergencies
(familiar?)
– Julius & Ethel Rosenberg (53’)
• ‘47: Truman’s Loyalty Program
– Loyalty Review Board & oaths (~8k fed.
casualties)
– Expanded to state & local lvls
• UC and CSU protests
The Hunt Begins: Second Coming of
the Red Scare

344. • 46’: Lowly Wisc. Jr. Senator (R!)
– Aggressive, paranoid, abrasive,
manipulative, & all-around fun-
loving guy
• Devils w/in the Walls:
capitalizing on Hiss-Chambers
(50’) case
– Wheeling, WV (50’) – “I have in
my hand…” an envelope of
commies w/in the state dept. 205
574
– Attacking Dean Acheson &
George Marshall
– Kept by Rep. for pol. value
(reasserting authority)
The Greatest of Them All: Joseph
McCarthy
Vs.

345. • Good ole-fashioned
American patriotism!
– The drafting of aide Schine -
you don’t mess w/the army
– The power of television and
blundering fools (clips!)
– 54’ censure
– 3 years to cirrhosis and death
What Finally Took McCarthy
Down?

346. • 45’: Korea split at 38th
parallel w/Japanese
surrender (N. accepted by S.U., S. by U.S.)
• Both out by 49’
• Jun. 25, 50’ - Kim il Sung rolls S. against
Syngman Rhee w/Soviet tanks
– Action now = less aggression later, right?
(Truman acts!)
– U.N. declaration w/Kim as aggressor
(capitalizing on the Soviets’ absence, score!)
– MacArthur (Inchon, stalemate, stupidity, no sub.
for victory, see you later!)
• NSC-68
– Civilization at stake
  defense spending 4x ($50 bil.), 3.5 mil.
servicemen
– Tying together of industry, economy, & military
• 53’: Treaty & Casualties (nukes in action, $10
bil. drain, 30k dead Amer., 17k U.N. casualties,
2 mil. dead Koreans
• FTW?
Case Study #2: Korea

347. • Ho Chi Minh’s nat’lists v.
Japan in WWII
– Indep. of Dem. Rep. of
Vietnam (45’)? All men
created equal? (Not on
France’s watch! Or ours!)
• 54’: Dienbienphu & our $1
bil. investment
• Separation at the 17th
(Minh in
Hanoi, Diem in Saigon)
• 56’: No elections for you!
– 61’: 675 “advisers” in
waiting
Case Study #3: Stirrings in
Indochina

348. Cold War Beginnings
• Following WWII the US and USSR were
the only two superpowers left
• Soon after WWII these two powers were in
a Cold War (Icy Tensions)
• Why?- different economic systems,
strategic interests, Stalin’s Speech, Iron
Curtain Speech, Atomic Weapons

349. Pre Cold War distrust
• US
– Communism antithesis of
Democracy/Freedom/Capitalism
– Stalin’s Purges
– Non-Aggression Pact
– USSR emphasis on Worldwide communism
• USSR
– US attempted to undo Revolution
– Delayed attack on Western Front during WWII
– Believes peace will come from worldwide
communism

350. Yalta Conference 1945
• Big 3 – Roosevelt, Churchill, Stalin
• Germany Split into 4 Occupied Zones
• Soviet vs. Western Allies (Tension for Four
Decades)
• Agreement to create United Nations

351. Potsdam- 1945
• Big 3 – Truman, Churchill, Stalin
• Meeting more tense (Truman’s style, plus
knowledge of da bomb)
• Presses Stalin for free elections in Eastern
Europe
• Stalin later gives speech saying Capitalism
and Communism cannot exist in same
world

352. United States 1946
• Churchill Warns of an “Iron Curtain” in
Europe
• Stalin calls speech an act of war, beginning
of the Cold War

353. Truman Doctrine- 1946
• Turkey and Greece faced Communist
revolutions
• Truman asks for and recieves 400 million to aid
fight against communism
• Beginning of Containment Policy (not allow
communism to spread)
– Becomes guiding US policy into 1970’s

354. Western Europe 1947
• The Marshall Plan gives aid to European
Nations
• Rebuilt Western Europe, threatened
Communism

355. Berlin, Germany
• Stalin cuts off access to Berlin, US sends
airplanes with supplies
• Stalin backs off, Victory for West

356. Western Europe/ North America
1949
• NATO- North Atlantic Treaty Organization
• USSR creates Warsaw Pact in 1955

357. USSR/China- 1949
• USSR develops A-Bomb
• Arms race develops between US and USSR
• China falls to the Communists

358. Korea
• Communist North Korea Invades South
Korea
• UN and West aid South Korea while Soviet
Union and China aid North Korea
• 1950-1953

359. 38th Parallel

360. Inchon Landing

361. Yalu River

362. Truman Fires Macarthur

363. Introduction to
the Cold War

364. What is the Cold War?
The Cold War is the conflict that existed
between the United States and Soviet Union
from 1945 to 1991. It is called “cold”
because
the two sides never went to war directly with
each other.

365. If the US & USSR Never Fought
Directly, why do we call it a war?
• Many wars WERE fought between
Communists (supported by the USSR)
and anti-Communists (supported by
US)
• The US and USSR competed for power
by using their political, economic, and
military clout throughout the world
• Both sides felt their national survival
was at stake

366. Presentation Outline
I. Significance of the Cold War
II. Causes of the Cold War
III. Historical Background
IV. Events of the Cold War

367. Part I. The Significance of the
Cold War
Why should we study the Cold
War?

368. How has the Cold War affected US History ?
• Brought the world to the brink of nuclear
destruction
• Was the direct cause of the US wars in
Korea and Vietnam
• Led to the 1969 moon landing
• Is largely responsible for the US
national debt
• Shaped the post-World War II era

369. 1. To the brink of nuclear
destruction
The US & the USSR
raced to be ahead of
one another in atomic
warfare, building
thousands of nuclear
weapons much more
powerful than those
used in World War II.

370. 2. War in Korea & Vietnam
The US fought 2 wars
to contain the spread of
Communism. The
spread of Communism
was seen as a growth
in the power of the
USSR. Over 100,000
Americans were killed.

371. 3. To the Moon
The Soviets and
Americans competed
to develop new
technology.
When the Soviets were
the first to launch a
satellite, the US
raced to be the first
to the moon.

372. 4. We’re still paying...
The Soviet Union
collapsed in 1991. 1
reason is that it
could not keep up
with the US in
defense spending.
The US went heavily
into debt to beat the
Soviets.

373. 5. Shaping the World
Why is there a North
and South Korea?
Why was there an
East and West
Germany? Why did
the US support some
dictators and oppose
some free elections?
Answer: Cold War

374. Part II: What Caused the Cold
War?
The US and USSR fought against
a common enemy in World War II.
The alliance did not last long.
What caused the US and USSR
to turn from allies to enemies?

376. Cause #1: Mistrust
• The 2 nations simply did not trust each
other. Each felt that the other was out to
undermine them. When disagreement
arose, both sides assumed the worst. For
example:
• The Soviets remembered the attempt by US
forces to overthrow the Communist
Government during their civil war.
• The US felt that Stalin had broken promises
about free elections in Eastern Europe after
World War II.

377. Cause #2: Competition for
Power
• The US and USSR emerged from
World War II as the most powerful
nations in the world.
• Both wanted to create a “new world
order” that would protect their interests.
• Often, the 2 sides would disagree on
what that should be. This produced
conflict.

378. Cause #3: Competing
Ideologies
• An ideology is a way of looking at the
world or a system of beliefs.
• The Soviets had a communist
dictatorship and opposed capitalism.
• The Americans had a capitalist
democracy and opposed communism.

379. IN DEPTH: Why did the
United States Hate & Fear
Communism?
A) What is communism?
B) Why did the US feel threatened
by it?

380. Communism: What is It?
• Karl Marx wrote the
Communist
Manifesto in 1848.
• In this book, he
explained his ideas
on Communism.
This became a
model for the
Communist
governments of the
1900s.

381. Quotes from Marx:
“Society as a whole is more and more
splitting into two great hostile
camps...:Bourgeoisie (the class of modern
Capitalists, owners of the means of
...production and employers of wage labor)
and Proletariat (the class of modern wage
laborers who, having no means of
production of their own, are reduced to
selling their labor in order to live)”

382. “The theory of Communists
may be summed up in a single
sentence: Abolition of private
property.”

383. “Communism abolishes all
eternal truths,
it abolishes all religion”

384. The Communists “openly declare that
their ends can be attained only by the
forcible overthrow of all existing social
conditions. Let the ruling class tremble
at a Communist revolution. The
proletarians have nothing to lose but
their chains. They have a world to win.
WORKING MEN OF ALL
COUNTRIES UNITE”

385. Summary
• Communism favors collective or
community ownership of property
• The government (acting for the people)
makes economic decisions
• “From each according to his capacity, to
each according to his needs.”
• Communists seek to overthrow existing
governments in revolutions.

386. And why did Americans dislike it?
• Many felt Communism discouraged hard
work and promoted laziness
• Communism took away personal freedom
and individuality
• Communism was opposed to religion
• The USSR was a brutal dictatorship--
people equated Communism with
dictatorship

387. Part III. Historical Background
A. The Russian Revolution
B. USSR (1917-1939)
C. Post-War Disagreement

388. A. Russian Revolution
• Until 1917, Russia has
been ruled by a Czar
(King-like dictator)
• In 1917, Russia
experienced 2
revolutions
• After a brief Republican
government, the
Communists took
control in October led
by Vladimir Lenin (left)

389. A Civil War Erupts
• Russia fought a Civil War from 1918-1921.
• On one side were the Communists or RED
Russians (also called Bolsheviks).
• On the other side were the anti-Communist
White Russians (nothing to do with race)
• A number of nations sent troops to the aid
of the White Russians, including the USA.
• The Communists won the war and firmly
established the Communist dictatorship that
would last 70 years.

390. B. USSR (1922-1991)
• The Union of Soviet
Socialist Republics
was created in 1922.
• It consisted of Russia
and eventually 14
other large Republics
• It spanned 11 time
zones and was the
world’s largest nation.

391. Stalin Comes To Power
• The US did not
establish relations with
the USSR until 1933
• After Lenin’s death,
Joseph Stalin was able
to take control of the
USSR.
• Stalin ruthlessly
created a totalitarian
regime.

392. C. Post-War Disagreement
• The challenge: the
US, USSR, and
Britain would have
to lay the foundation
for a stable and
peaceful post-war
world.

393. What did the US Want?
• The US wanted a
democratic world,
sharing “American”
values.
• The US wanted a
community of
nations committed
to free trade.

394. What did the USSR want?
• Stalin wanted
security.
• Believing that the
west was a threat to
any Communist
nation, he sought a
“buffer zone.”
• This meant control of
Eastern Europe.

395. Alliance Fades Into Conflict
• Why didn’t Truman tell Stalin when he
would use the atomic bomb on Japan?
• Who should control the lands
conquered during World War II?
[Germany, Eastern Europe, Japan,
Korea, etc.]
• Did Stalin promise free elections in
Eastern Europe and then break his
promise?

396. Summary
• The World War II alliance between the US
and the USSR should really be seen as a
temporary arrangement to defeat a
common enemy.
• Deep differences in politics, economics,
and history divided the nations.
• Disagreement over what the post-war
world should look like split the alliance into
to competing camps. They would compete
for 40 years.

398. Part IV. Significant Events

399. Feb. 1945 Yalta Agreement
• The “Big 3” Meet at Yalta
• The USSR agrees to enter the war in
the Pacific.
• Stalin demands control of Eastern
Europe but makes vague promises to
allow free elections in the future.

401. Feb. 1946 Early Tensions
• By 1946, Stalin had declared that there
would be no lasting peace with
capitalism. At this time, he controlled
Eastern Europe and refused to hold
elections in Poland.
• Truman, mindful of Munich, took a
tough approach to dealings with Stalin.

402. 1946 Kennan’s Telegram
• Early in 1946, Soviet expert George
Kennan sent a sixteen page telegram
from Moscow to Washington.
• He argued that the Soviets were
fanatical and that the US must act firmly
to CONTAIN Soviet aggression and
influence.
• Containment became the overall US
policy toward the USSR.

403. 1946: Iron Curtain Speech
• Former British Prime Minister
Winston Churchill gave a
speech at a small college in
Missouri in which he warned of
growing Soviet Power.
• Some consider this speech a
declaration of Cold War pitting
East vs. West.

404. 1947: Truman Doctrine
• In the Spring of 1947, it looked as
though Communist forces may
overthrow the governments of Greece
and Turkey.
• Truman asked congress for aid
packages to prevent this from
happening. This becomes known as
the Truman Doctrine.

405. Truman Doctrine
• “I believe that it must be
the policy of the United
States to support free
peoples who are
resisting subjugation by
armed minorities or by
outside pressures.”
--Harry S. Truman, 1947

406. 1947: Marshall Plan
• Convinced that all of Europe was
susceptible to Communism because of
the economies were in shambles, the
US pledged a massive aid program
totaling $17 Billion.
• It worked: Western Europe Recovered
and Communism did not take root.

407. CONTAINMENT
US Cold War policy in one word.

408. 1948: Berlin Airlift
• Germany had been split in half. Berlin
had also been split, but was in East
Germany. The West refused to give up
West Berlin.
• Stalin tried to force surrender by
blockading West Berlin.
• The West refused to give up and
airlifted supplies to West Berlin.

410. 1949: NATO Formed
• The North Atlantic Treaty
Organization consisting of
the US, Canada, and
Western Europe becomes
the first peace-time alliance
in US history.
• The USSR counters with
the Warsaw Pact in 1955.

411. 1949: Year of Fear
• Nationalists lose the
Civil War in China.
• Soviets explode
their first atomic
bomb.

412. 1949: NSC-68
• Top-secret report suggests that the
USSR is bent on “World domination”
and that the US should quadruple its
defense spending.
• The US follows this policy.

413. 1950-1953 Korean War

414. Key Events
• June, 1950—North Korea (communist)
invades South Korea (non-communist)
• UN supports a police action to protect
South Korea
• Douglas MacArthur, UN commander,
makes a brilliant landing at Inchon and
pushes the North Koreans back

416. Key Events (continued)
• MacArthur continues to push North,
provoking China’s entry into the war.
• A bloody stalemate develops
• Truman wants a negotiated peace,
MacArthur says “there is no substitute
for victory” and begins to openly criticize
Truman. Truman fires MacArthur.

417. Key Events (continued)
• A cease-fire is agreed to in 1953 which
places the border near the 38th
parallel
(as it was before the war).
• 40,000+ Americans and hundreds of
thousands of Koreans and Chinese are
killed.

418. Conclusion
• The Cold War continued until the late
1980s when Communism collapsed in
Eastern Europe. Events that we will study
in the coming weeks include:
Sputnik & Space Race
Cuban Missile Crisis
Vietnam War
Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan

420. The Cold War

421. Origins of the Cold War
• The cold war began with mistrust between the Soviet
Union (red) and the western democracies (blue).

422. Soviet Distrust of the West
• The Soviet Union felt
it had good cause to
distrust the west.

423. 1. Western Opposition to Bolsheviks
• In 1919, Russia’s
former World War I
allies (Britain, France
and the United States)
joined the "White
Russians" to fight off
the Bolsheviks
following the
revolution.

424. 2. The Result: USSR Suspicious of
West
– This intervention failed
and the Red Army of
the Bolsheviks secured
the power of the new
Soviet state. The young
USSR government
never quite trusted the
western democracies
after that.

425. 3. Disregard for Soviet Diplomatic Goals
– The western
democracies did not
invite the Soviet
Union to participate
in the World War I
peace talks or the
League of Nations.

426. 4. West Did Not Aid in Spanish Civil
War
– The west did not aid
the Republicans
fighting the fascists
in the Spanish Civil
War.

427. 5. USSR Not Invited to Munich Conference
• The west did not invite
the Soviets to the
Munich Conference
which decided the fate
of Czechoslovakia in
the years leading up to
World War II, even
though the Soviet Union
had a security pact with
Czechoslovakia.

428. Western Distrust of the Soviets
• The west, for its part,
never trusted the Soviet
Union.

429. 1. Fear of Socialism
– The avowed purpose of the
International Communist
Party was to secure world
wide communist
revolution. There was a
great fear of socialism in
Europe and America.

430. 2. Soviet Annexation of Eastern Poland
– The Soviets negotiated
an agreement with
Hitler and annexed
eastern Poland.

431. 3. Soviet Designs on Eastern
Europe
– By the end of the war
Britain and the
United States
distrusted the Soviet
motives in eastern
Europe.

432. Uneasy Alliance During World War II
• This mutual distrust was
suppressed during
World War II when for
practical reasons (the
common enemy of
Hitler's Germany) the
western allies and the
Soviet Union became
uneasy allies.

433. Western Delay in Opening 2nd
Front
• Stalin believed that
the western allies
were dragging their
feet in opening up
the "second front" in
Europe, so necessary
to take the pressure
off the struggling
Soviet forces in the
east.

434. Soviet Desire for Friendly Govt’s
• Stalin was open about wanting "friendly
governments" in Eastern Europe to protect
his country's western frontier from another
invasion like the invasion so recently
experienced by Germany.
• All of this was in the air when Stalin,
Churchill and Roosevelt met at the end of
World War II.

435. Decisions at Yalta
• The physical structure of the
cold war was put into place
at the end of World War II.
• Winston Churchill, Franklin
Delano Roosevelt and
Joseph Stalin agreed in
February of 1945 at Yalta to
divide Germany into four
occupation zones.

436. Soviet Influence in Eastern Europe
• It was agreed that the Soviet Union would
have the greatest influence in eastern
Europe, where Soviet troops were
concentrated.
– They already occupied Poland, Bulgaria,
Romania, Hungary and parts of Czechoslovakia
and Yugoslavia, and it would have been
difficult to come to an agreement which
involved removing these troops.
– Roosevelt agreed because he had little choice.

437. Governments Friendly to Soviets
• Finally, it was agreed that independent
governments would be established in these
lands, and that elections would be free, but
the governments would be "friendly to the
Soviet Union."
• This is the beginning of what Winston
Churchill would later call the "Iron Curtain"
which divided Europe for 45 years.

438. Churchill, Roosevelt, and Stalin at Yalta

439. Strained Relations at Potsdam
• When the allies met again at Potsdam in July of
1945, relations were more strained.
• Roosevelt had been replaced by Truman, who was
not inclined to humor Stalin once he found out
that there had been a successful test of the atomic
bomb.
• America no longer desperately needed Soviet help
in the war against Japan.
• America had halted aid to the Soviet Union
because of concerns over Russian behavior in the
East.

440. Truman and Stalin at Potsdam

441. Soviet Consolidation of Power
• Between 1945-1948 the Soviets under Stalin
consolidated their power in Eastern Europe.
– Poland, East Germany, Czechoslovakia, Romania,
Bulgaria, Hungary became part of the "Soviet
Bloc" – or "satellite system."
– Within the communist parties of these countries
there were purges to remove national communists
- one in four were removed.

442. Yugoslavia Remained Independent
• Yugoslavia under Tito
was an exception to
Soviet control. It
practiced "national
communism" and was
able to remain
independent largely due
to western economic
aid.

443. The Iron Curtain
• As early as 1946,
Winston Churchill saw
what was happening.
“An Iron Curtain has
descended upon
Europe”

444. Origins of the Truman Doctrine
• In 1947 The United
States responded to
what appeared to be a
clear Soviet attempt to
spread communism into
Eastern Europe. It
declared the Truman
Doctrine aimed at
stopping the further
spread of communism.

445. Provisions of the Truman
Doctrine
• "I believe that it must be the policy of the United
States to support free peoples who are resisting
attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by
outside pressures.
• I believe that we must assist free peoples to work
out their own destinies in their own way.
• I believe that our help should be primarily through
economic and financial aid which is essential to
economic stability and orderly political
processes."

446. The Marshall Plan
• The announcement of The Truman Doctrine
and The Marshall Plan (providing economic
aid to European countries, both east and
west) by the United States in 1947 caused
Stalin further doubt about the Western
Allies' intentions. It was in this atmosphere
that the Berlin crisis arose.

447. Berlin
• Berlin was located completely within the eastern side
of Germany which was occupied by the Russians.
Germany
Berlin

448. Unification of Western Zones
• Britain and the United States unified the western zones
of Berlin in 1948, and announced a new currency there.

449. Berlin Blockade
• Stalin responded on June 24 by attempting to force the
western allies out of Berlin altogether.
• He cut off rail and road access to the western side of
the city.

450. Berlin Airlift
• Between June 1948 and
May 1949, the Western
Allies mounted a
massive airlift to keep
the western sectors
supplied. This broke the
blockade. On may 12,
1949 Stalin lifted the
blockade and the Cold
War was underway.

451. Two Armed Camps
• In May 1949 the Federal Republic of Germany
was created.
• In September the Soviet-supported Republic of
Germany was established in the East.
• The establishment of NATO and The Warsaw Pact
(military organization) in the same year gave teeth
to this formal division. Europe was now two armed
camps.

452. Soviet Development of Atomic
Bomb
• The Soviets were not
far behind the US in
developing the atomic
bomb and
accomplished it in
1949

453. The Arms Race
• Once the Soviet Union
successfully tested the
atomic bomb, the arms
race was on.
• MAD (mutually assured
destruction) was
designed to keep both
sides from "pushing the
button," by giving both
sides equality in "kill
power."

454. American backyard fallout shelter 1960

455. Origins of the
Cold War

456. Development
of the Cold War
• The Cold War (1945-91) was one of perception
where neither side fully understood the intentions
and ambitions of the other. This led to mistrust and
military build-ups.
• United States
– U.S. thought that Soviet expansion would
continue and spread throughout the world.
– They saw the Soviet Union as a threat to their way
of life; especially after the Soviet Union gained
control of Eastern Europe.

457. Development
of the Cold
War
• Soviet Union
– They felt that they had won World War II. They had
sacrificed the most (25 million vs. 300,000 total dead)
and deserved the “spoils of war.” They had lost land
after WWI because they left the winning side; now
they wanted to gain land because they had won.
– They wanted to economically raid Eastern Europe to
recoup their expenses during the war.
– They saw the U.S. as a threat to their way of life;
especially after the U.S. development of atomic
weapons.

458. Cold War Mobilization
by the U.S.
• Alarmed Americans viewed the Soviet occupation
of eastern European countries as part of a
communist expansion, which threatened to extend
to the rest of the world.
• In 1946, Winston Churchill gave a speech at Fulton
College in Missouri in which he proclaimed that an
“Iron Curtain” had fallen across Europe.
• In March 1947, U.S. president Harry Truman
proclaimed the Truman Doctrine.

459. The Truman
Doctrine (1947)
• Reasoning
– Threatened by Communist influence in Turkey
and Greece
– “Two hostile camps” speech
• Financial aid “to support free peoples who
are resisting attempted subjugation”
• Sent $400 million worth of war supplies to
Greece and helped push out Communism
• The Truman Doctrine marked a new level of
American commitment to a Cold War.

460. The Policy
of Containment
• Definition:
– By applying firm diplomatic, economic, and
military counterpressure, the United States could
block Soviet aggression.
• Formulated by George F. Kennan as a way to stop
Soviet expansion without having to go to war.
• Ironically, the Soviets were looking for insulation
from the Capitalist West.

461. NSC-68
• The Containment Doctrine would later be
expanded in 1949 in NSC-68, which called for
a dramatic increase in defense spending
• From $13 billion to $50 billion a year, to be
paid for with a large tax increase.
• NSC-68 served as the framework for
American policy over the next 20 years.

462. The Marshall Plan
(1947-48)
• War damage and dislocation in Europe invited
Communist influence
• Economic aid to all European countries offered
in the European Recovery Program
• $17 billion to western Europe
• Soviets refused – The blame for dividing
Europe fell on the Soviet union, not the United
States. And the Marshall Plan proved crucial to
Western Europe’s economic recovery.

463. Dividing
Germany
• U.S., Britain, and France merged their zones in 1948 to
create an independent West German state.
• The Soviets responded by blockading land access to
Berlin. The U.S. began a massive airlift of supplies that
lasted almost a year. (7,000 tons a day) In May 1949
Stalin lifted the blockade, conceding that he could not
prevent the creation of West Germany.
• Thus, the creation of East and West Germany

465. North Atlantic Treaty Organization
& the Warsaw Pact
• Stalin’s aggressive actions accelerated the American
effort to use military means to contain Soviet
ambitions.
• The U.S. joined with Canada, Britain, France,
Belgium, the Netherlands, and Luxembourg to
establish NATO, a mutual defense pact in 1949.
• Pledged signers to treat an attack against one as an
attack against all.
• When West Germany joined NATO in 1955, the
Soviet Union countered by creating its own alliance
system in eastern Europe– the Warsaw Pact (1955)

467. The Cold War Heats Up:
Problems of the Atomic Age
• The most frightening aspect of the Cold War
was the constant threat of nuclear war.
– Russia detonated its first atom bomb in 1949.
– Truman ordered construction of the hydrogen
bomb.
• Call for buildup of conventional forces to
provide alternative to nuclear war.

468. Global Nuclear Confrontation
• The Soviet army had at its command over 260 divisions.
• The United States, in contrast, had reduced its forces by
1947 to little more than a single division.
– American military planners were forced to adopt a nuclear
strategy in face of the overwhelmingly superiority of Soviet
forces.
– They would deter any Soviet attack by setting in place a
devastating atomic counterattack.
• For the next quarter century, the U.S. and the USSR would
engage in a nuclear arms race that constantly increased the
destructive capability of both sides.

469. “Losing China”
• Truman was preoccupied with
Europe.
• Events in Asia would soon
bring charges from
Republicans that the
Democrats were letting the
Communists win.
• After “losing” China, the
United States sought to shore
up friendly Asian regimes.

470. The Korean War
(1950-53)
• Since World War II the
country had been divided
along the 38th parallel
– The North was controlled
by the Communist
government of Kim Il
Sung
– The South by the
dictatorship of Syngman
Rhee.

471. The Korean War
(1950-53)
• Soviet-backed troops
from North Korea
invaded U.S.-backed
South Korea in June
1950.
• The confrontation
between capitalist and
Communist blocs
turned into open
military struggle.

472. The Korean War (1950-53)
• Stalin had agreed to the North Korean attack, but
promised only supplies.
– He would eventually send pilots dressed in Chinese uniforms
and using Chinese phrases over the radio
• Having already “lost” China, it was decided that the
United States would fight the North Koreans.
– It would use enough force to deter aggression, but without
provoking a larger war with the Soviet Union or China.
– The U.S. would not declare war. The United Nations
sanctioned aid to South Korea as a “police action.”

473. The Korean War
(1950-53)
• The U.N. Security Council declared North Korea the
aggressor and sent troops from 15 nations to restore peace.
– Under the command of General Douglas MacArthur
– U.S. 350,000; South Korean 400,000; other UN members 50,000
– The move succeeded only because the Soviet delegate,
who had veto power, was absent because he was
protesting the UN’s refusal to recognize the Communist
government in China.

474. Side effects of the Korean War
• Energized America’s anti-Communist commitments
– No longer did elected officials hesitate about the need to
contain Soviet communism at any cost.
• NATO forces were rapidly expanding.
– By 1952, there were 261,000 American troops stationed in
Europe, three times the number in 1950.
– By 1953, NATO forces had reached 7 million.
• Truman also increased assistance to the French in
Indochina, creating the Military Assistance Advisory
Group for Indochina.
– This was the start of America’s deepening involvement in
Vietnam.

475. Military
Developments
• MacArthur pushed the
North Koreans back to
the 38th Parallel.
– He then decided to
invade the North in an
effort to unify Korea
– Chinese Communist
“volunteers” entered the
war and pushed U.S.
back.

476. Map of the
Korean War

477. Dismissal of MacArthur
• MacArthur wanted to blockade China and use
Taiwanese Nationalists to invade mainland China.
– He ordered China to make peace or be attacked.
• Truman removed MacArthur from all his commands
and replaced him with General Matthew Ridgway
who gradually pushed back almost to original line.

478. End of war
• Snags in negotiations.
• Truce talks lasted for two years.
• Truce signed on July 27, 1953
• Cost of the war
– U.S. – 33,000 deaths and 103,000
wounded and missing.
– S. Korean – 1 million
– N. Korean and Chinese – about 1.5
million

479. The Cold War 1947-1989…
1.What is it?
• Constant global confrontation between the
Soviet Union and United States.
• Avoidance of direct armed conflict between the
two “Superpowers”.

481. from www.SchoolHistory.co.uk

482. The Cold War begins 1945 -1948
Key issue:
• Why did the wartime alliance fall apart?
• What were the major points of difference?
• The importance of Yalta and Potsdam
conferences
• The roles of Stalin and Truman

483. 2. Yalta and Potsdam

484. YALTA (in the USSR)YALTA (in the USSR)
Date: Feb 1945Date: Feb 1945
Present: Churchill,Present: Churchill,
Roosevelt and StalinRoosevelt and Stalin

485. War Time Allies-The Big Three
Winston
Churchill
Franklin Roosevelt
Joseph
Stalin

486. POTSDAM (Germany)POTSDAM (Germany)
Date: July 1945Date: July 1945
Present: Churchill,Present: Churchill,
Truman and StalinTruman and Stalin

487. 3. From Allies to Enemies3. From Allies to Enemies
Following victory the
allies could not agree
over the spoils of war.
The U.S. wanted to
establish democracy in
war torn Europe, while
the U.S.S.R. hoped for
communism. They
agreed to occupy
Germany with the Allied
Control Council. The
Soviets had 2.5 million
troops in Eastern
Europe.
Potsdam July 1945

488. 4. The Iron Curtain
• Winston Churchill
– Speech at Westminster College in Fulton,
Missouri on March 5, 1946.
• “An iron curtain has descended across the
Continent.”
• Describes Soviet sphere of influence and
control in eastern Europe.

489. An Iron CurtainAn Iron Curtain
The "Iron Curtain"
speech defined postwar
relations with the Soviet
Union for citizens of
Western democracies.
Although it initially
provoked intense
controversy in the
United States and
Britain, criticism soon
gave way to wide public
agreement to oppose
Soviet imperialism.
Winston Churchill

490. 5. NATO
North Atlantic Treaty
Organization
Established in 1949.
– Military Alliance between U.S., Canada, and western Europe with
a formal command structure.
– Supreme Allied Commander, Europe (Brussels, Belgium)
• U.S. Commander in Chief, European Command
– Supreme Allied Commander, Atlantic (Norfolk, Virginia)
• U.S. Commander in Chief, Atlantic Command
– Warsaw Pact established by the Soviet Union to counter NATO in
1955 - includes eastern European communist states.

491. …KEEP THIS IN MIND
• Major point: The USSR lost around 20
million people in WW2
• Stalin was determined to make the USSR
secure in the future
• By contrast GB lost around 370,000 and the
USA lost 297,000 people.

492. 5. The rise of the superpowers
• Before WW2 there were a number of
countries which could have claimed to be
superpowers – USA, USSR,GB, France,
Japan, Germany.
• The damage caused by the war to these
countries left only two countries with the
military strength and resources to be called
superpowers…USA and USSR.

493. What they believed
• Don’t forget USA was capitalist and USSR
was communist
• They were complete opposites
• They had allied against Fascism ….. Now
the common enemy had been defeated
the reason for co-operation was gone
• Differences soon emerged

494. Europe at the end of WW2
• After the war, who would lead the countries
and form new governments?
• The USSR favoured the communist groups,
the USA favoured the non-communists
• Examples would be Greece and Yugoslavia
• This was one cause of tension between the
superpowers

495. Harry Truman gives Japan an
ultimatum to end the Pacific theatre
after the first atomic bomb explodes.
6. The Atomic Bomb6. The Atomic Bomb
Hiroshima August 1945Hiroshima August 1945

496. The atomic bomb dropped by the U.S.
to end W.W. II August 1945

497. Continued ExperimentationContinued Experimentation
The Bikini Atoll-The Bikini Atoll-
Marshall IslandsMarshall Islands.
A bomb test ,
July 1946.
The U.S.
relocated the
residents prior to
this test, but the
indigenous
people of this
island have not
been able to
return since.

498. ExperimentationExperimentation
in the Soviet Unionin the Soviet Union
August 29, 1949
The Soviets called
their first atomic
test “First Lightning.“
The weapons
laboratory in Russia
is in Kazakhstan.

499. Nov. 1, 1952, the first H-bomb Mike tested,
mushroom cloud was 8 miles across and 27 miles high;the canopy was 100 miles wide, 80 million tons
of earth was vaporized.
H-bomb exploded Mar. 1, 1954 at Bikini Atoll yielded 15 megatons and had a fireball 4 miles in
diameter.
USSR H-bomb yields 100 megatons.
H-bomb

500. 7. Capitalism & Communism
In other words
• United Nations established.
– Security Council - Veto power for permanent members.
– General Assembly.
• MacArthur commands U.S. army of occupation in Japan.
• U.S., Great Britain, France and the Soviet Union divide
Germany into zones of occupation.
– Federal Republic of (West) Germany - 1949.
• U.S. initially enjoys atomic bomb monopoly.
– Neglect of conventional military forces begins.
• Communist control of Eastern Europe.
– “Puppet” states dominated by the Soviet Union.

502. The coldThe cold
warwar
• The term “Cold War” was coined by
newspaper columnist, Walter Lippmann, to
refer to a state of war that did not involve
actual bloodshed.
• It came to be used to describe the icy
rivalry that existed between the U.S. and
Soviet Union

503. East – West suspicions
• once the common enemies of Germany and
Japan were defeated, the fragile alliance
between the democratic nations and the
Soviet Union fell apart
• Why?

505. Satellites
• As fighting ended, Soviet
troops occupied much of
Eastern Europe and
“encouraged” the
development of communist
governments in these
countries
– satellite nations
• Heightened American fears
of communism

506. The Iron Curtain
• In a speech in Fulton,
Missouri in March of
1946, Winston Churchill
warned that an “iron
curtain” had fallen
across Europe
• This phrase would be
used to describe Soviet
policy in Europe from
1945 - 1989

507. What’s so good about
COMMUNISM ??
• Promised to abolish poverty, privilege, and
private property
• Guaranteed work, shelter, education, health
care, and a classless society

508. Western response
• “get tough” policy of
meeting Soviet
challenge with force
if necessary
• The containment
policy was based on
the belief that
foreign policy goals
of Soviet leaders
included conquering
other nations

509. Aid to Europe
• Truman Doctrine: military support for
countries believed to be in danger of a
communist takeover
– first applied to Greece and Turkey

510. What was the Marshall Plan?
• American aid to Europe in the form of
money, supplies, and machinery
• How would this benefit the U.S.?

511. Cold war alliances
• NATO (1949)
• Military alliance between North America
and Western Europe against the Soviets
• Based on collective security

512. The Soviets Respond to NATO
• Warsaw Pact (1955)
• alliance between Soviet Union and its
satellites

513. COLD WAR
in ASIA
Ch. 20.2

514. U.S. goals
At the close of World War II, the aims of the
U.S. in Asia were to restore peace, help
Asian peoples to resist foreign rule, and
restore Asian trade with the world.
The U.S. felt it had a special commitment to
the Philippines, Japan, and China

515. Occupation of Japan
• The agreement regarding Japan
(Potsdam Declaration) provided that:
• Japanese militarists be punished
• Japan disarmed
• Japanese rule be restricted to their home
islands
• the Japanese be reeducated so that a
democratic Japanese nations could be
formed

516. OCCUPIED JAPAN
• These goals were overseen by General
Douglas MacArthur
• Japan gained back its independence in 1951

517. Communism in China
• Civil war between Nationalists and
Communists since 1930s but put on the
back burner during World War II to fight
the Japanese

518. Civil War in China
• After Japan surrendered, the conflict
flared up.
• As the Communists, led by Mao Zedong,
gained strength, the Nationalists
appealed to the U.S.
• the U.S. focused on containment in
Western Europe instead
• China fell to Communist forces

519. Invasion of Inchon, Korea.

520. Bob Hope, radio and screen star, sits with men of X Corps, as members
of his troupe entertain at Wonsan, Korea.

521. Marilyn Monroe sings several songs for men of the First
Marine Division.

522. • Truman would come head-to-head with
his Commanding Officer, MacArthur,
over the general’s outspoken criticism of
military decisions and insistence that
victory be attained by direct bombing
of Chinese cities.

523. Taft-Hartley Act
• intended to check the power of unions
• outlawed the closed shop
• Unions were forbidden to use their money
to support political campaigns
• required labor leaders to take loyalty oaths

524. 1948 election
• Split in Democratic party
1. Southern Democrats (Dixicrats)
supported South Carolina governor
Strom Thurmond

525. • Liberal Democrats supported Progressive
candidate former VP Henry Wallace
• Harry Truman was re-nominated only after
party leaders failed to persuade General
Eisenhower to run

526. • Republican candidate was Thomas Dewey
(Governor of New York)

527. • Truman won a close race by winning support
of labor, African Americans and farmers
(former New Deal coalition)

528. Fair Deal
• Truman called for a return to Roosevelt’s
New Deal policies.
• Congress blocked most of Truman’s
proposals

529. Fear of communism
• Cold war
• Korean war
• China
• Spies
• Atomic bomb

530. McCarthy’s Witch Hunt
• McCarthyism: use of indiscriminate,
unfounded political accusations to
destroy the character of one’s opponent

531. Seeing Red
McCarthyism was
mainly used against
Democrats associated
with the New Deal
policies introduced by
Franklin D. Roosevelt
in the 1930s.

532. Blacklisted!
The paranoid hunt for
infiltrators was
notoriously difficult on
writers and entertainers,
many of whom were
labeled communist
sympathizers and were
unable to continue
working.

533. The power of television
In 1954, Senator Joseph McCarthy went too
far when he took on the United States Army,
accusing it of promoting communists. The
Senate held special hearings, known as the
Army-McCarthy hearings, which were among
the first to be televised nationally.

534. The end of the witch hunt
Before the year was out McCarthy, whose
charges had first hit the headlines in February
1950, was censured by his colleagues for
"conduct unbecoming a senator."

535. Truman’s legacy
• Seen as “soft” on communism
• Corruption in his administration
• Most of the Fair Deal measures he called
form eventually became law
• Containment policy was continued by
other Presidents

536. Postwar Society and Economy
Some Generalizations
Economy
•“Boom” Times
•Age of Affluence
•GNP - $500 Billion
•Reasons
•Keynesian Eco.
•Flaws
Society
•Population Boom
•200 Million of Us
•Greater Mobility
•Homogenization
•Social Change
•The Other America

537. In the Arena of Politics…
•America’s Rise to Globalism
•Waging the Cold War
•Domestic Politics – Key Issues
•The State of the Economy
•Liberalism v. Conservatism
•Social Fabric Issues
Two Presidents Governed During Our Crucial Decade: Harry Truman
and Dwight Eisenhower

538. Why or Why Not?

539. •Goals?
•Truman’s Policies?
•Assessment?

540. Liberalism and Reconversion
•The “Twenty-One Points”
•The Employment Act
•“Reconversion” Issues
•What to Do with the Army?
•What to Do with Controls?
•Inflation Concerns
•The “Wage-Price Spiral”
•Postwar Labor Unrest
•1946 – 5,000 Strikes!

541. •1946 Midterm Elections
•“Had Enough?”
•“To Err is Truman”
•The 80th Congress
•Tax Cut
•Taft-Hartley Act
•22nd Amendment
•1947 – Pres. Secession Act

542. The 1948 Election
•Issues
•Candidates
•Dem’s: Truman
•S. Dem’s: Thurmond
•Progressives: Wallace
•Rep’s: Dewey

543. Thomas Dewey Harry Truman

544. What’s Wrong with This Picture?

545. The Results…

546. The Fair Deal
Some Gains
•Liberalism Continued
•Minimum Wage
•Social Security
•Farm Subsidies
•Low Income Housing
Shortcomings
•Retreat from Lib.
•Health Care
•Aid to Education
•No Repeal of T-H
•Civil Rights Laws

547. Truman and
Civil Rights
•Ex. Commission
•“To Secure
These Rights”
•Recommended
Legislation
•No Action
•Truman?
•New FEPC
•Exe. Orders…

548. In 1945 Winston Churchill said that the United States stood at the summit of the
world. Discuss the developments in the thirty years following Churchill's speech
which called the global preeminence of the United States into question.
Why did United States foreign policy after the Second World War (1945-1960) take a
different direction from that after the First World War (1918-1939)?Give approximately equal
attention to both periods.
Analyze the influence of TWO of the following on American-Soviet relations in the
decade following the Second World War.
Yalta Conference
Communist revolution in China
Korean War
McCarthyism
"Harry S. Truman was a realistic, pragmatic President who skillfully led the American
people against the menace posed by the Soviet Union."
Assess the validity of this generalization for President Truman's foreign policy from
1945-1953.

549. Analyze the ways in which THREE of the following called into question United States
preeminence as a global power.
The postwar reconstruction of Germany and Japan
Nuclear proliferation
The Vietnam War
The Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)
How do you account for the appeal of McCarthyism in the United States in the era
following the Second World War?