This document discusses several key concepts in discourse analysis. It defines a discourse community as a group that shares basic values, assumptions, and ways of communicating about common goals. It also discusses language as a social and local practice that varies between situations and communities. Additionally, it explains that gender is constructed through discourse and symbolic activities like style of dress and consumption patterns. The document also defines pragmatics as how meaning depends on context, and discusses the relationship between language, context, and discourse and how they shape culture. Finally, it outlines several speech acts - declaratives that alter reality, representatives that assert truth, expressives that convey emotion, and directives that try to make the hearer do something.

1. Discourse
Analysis
Midterm exam
English Education, semester 6

2. 1. Discourse Commuities
A discourse community is a group of people who share a set of
discourses, understood as basic values and assumptions, and ways
of communicating about those goals. Linguist John Swales defined
discourse communities as "groups that have goals or purposes, and
use communication to achieve these goals."
Discourse
Analysis

3. 2. Language as social and local practice
Language is used as local and social practice in any community, for
instance a speaker might use multiple languages or verities of
languages in different situations and among different discourse and
speech communities
Discourse
Analysis

4. 3. Discourse Gender
Discursive psychologists insist that gender is constructed in and
through discourse. Gender is “the activity of managing situated
conduct in light of normative conceptions of attitudes and activities
appropriate for one’s sex category. Gender activities emerge from
and bolster claims to membership in a sex category. Discourse in
terms of gender refers to “a whole range of different symbolic
activities, including style of dress, patterns of consumption, ways of
moving, as well as talking”
Discourse
Analysis

5. 4. What Is Pragmatics?
Pragmatics as the study of how the meaning of spoken and written
discourse is related to the context in which that speech and writing
occurs. Pragmatics is specifically concerned with how speakers'
shared interests and purposes shapes discourse. The role of
Pragmatics and Discourse is central to the research of various
faculty in the department, from a variety of perspectives, including
syntax, semantics, typology and sociolinguistics.
Discourse
Analysis

6. 5. What is the connection among Language, Context, and
Discourse?
Discourse
Analysis
Language and discourse are connected at a basic level where all
discourse is constructed with language. Language manipulation
affects how people interact and respond. Language and discourse
are fluid, as they shape and define the culture in which they are
present. Meanwhile, context is present for clarity of meaning.

7. 6. What is speech acts and discourse?
Speech act theory is a subfield of pragmatics that studies how
words are used not only to present information but also to carry out
actions. The speech act theory was introduced by Oxford
philosopher J.L. Austin in How to Do Things With Words and further
developed by American philosopher J.R. Searle. It considers the
degree to which utterances are said to perform locutionary
acts, illocutionary acts, and/or perlocutionary acts.
Discourse
Analysis

8. 7. Declaratives
Declaratives is a speech act that the speaker alters the external
status or conditions of an object or situation, solely by making the
utterance
Discourse
Analysis

9. 8. Representatives
Representatives is a speech act that the speaker asserts a
proportion to be true, using such verbs as : affirm, believe, conclude,
deny, report.
Discourse
Analysis

10. 9. Expressive
Expressive is a speech act that expresses on the speaker’s attitudes
and emotions towards the proportion, using such words as :
apologize, appreciate, congratulate, deplore, detest, regret, thank,
welcome.
Discourse
Analysis

11. 10. Directives
Directives is a speech act that the speaker tries to make the hearer
do something with such words as : ask, beg, challenge, command,
dare, invite, insist, request.
Discourse
Analysis