Cognitive development
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Cognitive dissonance is a state of tension that occurs when a person's attitudes and behaviors are inconsistent. Leon Festinger originally developed the theory of cognitive dissonance in 1951 to understand how conflicts between attitudes and behaviors influence human psychology. When cognitive dissonance occurs, the person experiences negative feelings and will typically change their attitudes or behaviors to resolve the dissonance and restore stability. Two common ways people resolve cognitive dissonance are changing their beliefs to align with their behaviors, or adjusting their attitudes to be more accepting of inconsistent behaviors.
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Institution: Walden University
Date: 11/05/2016
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Original Article
Need for Cognitive Closure and
Political Ideology
Predicting Pro-Environmental Preferences and Behavior
Angelo Panno,1 Giuseppe Carrus,1 Ambra Brizi,2 Fridanna Maricchiolo,1
Mauro Giacomantonio,2 and Lucia Mannetti2
1Department of Education, Experimental Psychology Laboratory, Roma Tre University, Roma, Italy
2Department of Social & Developmental Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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friendly behavior. Study 1: 279 participants completed the NCC, pro-environmental, and political ideology measures. Mediation analyses
showed that NCC was related to less pro-environmental behavior through more right-wing political ideology. Study 2: We replicated these
results with a nonstudent sample (n = 240) and both social and economic conservatism as mediators. The results of Study 2 showed that
social conservatism mediated the relationship between NCC and pro-environmental behavior. Finally, NCC was associated with pro-
environmental attitude through both social and economic conservatism.
Keywords: need for cognitive closure, political ideology, pro-environmental behavior, environmental attitude, conservatism, cognition
Ecosystems are under pressure worldwide due to global
phenomena and environmental changes such as global
warming, biodiversity loss, depletion of fresh water, and
population growth. Understanding how individuals react
to the environmental crisis and take a position regarding
environmental conservation policies is, therefore, a crucial
challenge for the current political, scientific, and environ-
mental agenda. To tackle the urgency of current environ-
mental global issues adequately, there is widespread
scientific and political consensus that individuals, groups,
and communities must reduce their environmental foot-
print in the very near term (e.g., Brewer & Stern, 2005;
Schultz & Kaiser, 2012). What is needed at the individ-
ual and societal level is, therefore, an increase in ecologi-
cally responsible behavior (e.g., Clayton & Myers, 2015;
Turaga, Howarth, & Borsuk, 2010). Empirical studies on
the antecedents of pro-environmental behavior and climate
change perception have outlined the role of several predic-
tors, including political ideology as well as some proxy of
conservative ideology such as social dominance (e.g.,
Carrus, Panno, & Leone, in press; Hoffarth & Hodson,
2016; Milfont, Richter, Sibley, Wilson, & Fischer, 2013;
Panno et al., 2018). To better understand the relation
between political ideology and environmentalism individ-
ual differences related to epistemic motivation should be
considered. The main aim of the present study is to exam-
ine the relationship between people’s need for cognitive
closure (NCC; ...
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Journal of Counseling & Development ■ Winter 2005 ■ Volume 83116
Trends
One of the most common disorders facing people today is
depression. By some estimates, roughly 10% to 25% of the
population experiences some form of depression. Accord-
ing to Murray and Lopez (1997), depression is the number
one cause of disability worldwide. It is clearly the most com-
mon disorder experienced by people who see mental health
practitioners (Gilroy, Carroll, & Murra, 2002). Also, it may be
the most common disorder of mental health workers them-
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mental health professionals had reported a significant epi-
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well-being in the U.S. has been increasing, every indicator of
subjective well-being is decreasing.
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state of treatment for depression. For counselors, it is quite
likely that for many of their clients, whether they present
with problems of mood disturbance or not, depression may
be involved. For professionals, who are at high risk for mood
disorders by the very nature of their work, the importance of
treatment and prevention in self-care is critical. Thus, this
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counselors will work with clients with depression, and it is
quite likely, given the empirical evidence, that counselors
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pression/mood disturbance themselves.
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of research on various treatment modalities, comparing the
effectiveness of the more widely used approaches—psycho-
dynamic therapy.
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ORIGINAL RESEARCHpublished 12 January 2018doi 10.3389.docx
ORIGINAL RESEARCH
published: 12 January 2018
doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.02324
Frontiers in Psychology | www.frontiersin.org 1 January 2018 | Volume 8 | Article 2324
Edited by:
Damien Brevers,
Université Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium
Reviewed by:
Charles W. Mathias,
University of Texas Health Science
Center San Antonio, United States
Caroline Quoilin,
Université Catholique de Louvain,
Belgium
*Correspondence:
Ana P. G. Jelihovschi
[email protected]
Specialty section:
This article was submitted to
Psychopathology,
a section of the journal
Frontiers in Psychology
Received: 22 December 2016
Accepted: 20 December 2017
Published: 12 January 2018
Citation:
Jelihovschi APG, Cardoso RL and
Linhares A (2018) An Analysis of the
Associations among Cognitive
Impulsiveness, Reasoning Process,
and Rational Decision Making.
Front. Psychol. 8:2324.
doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.02324
An Analysis of the Associations
among Cognitive Impulsiveness,
Reasoning Process, and Rational
Decision Making
Ana P. G. Jelihovschi*, Ricardo L. Cardoso and Alexandre Linhares
Fundacao Getulio Vargas, Brazilian School of Public and Business Administration, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Impulsivity may lead to several unfortunate consequences and maladaptive behaviors for
both clinical and nonclinical people. It has a key role in many forms of psychopathology.
Although literature has discussed the negative impact of impulsivity, few have
emphasized the relationship between cognitive impulsiveness and decision making. The
aim of this study is to investigate the effects of cognitive impulsiveness on decision
making and explore the strategies used by participants to solve problems. For this
purpose, we apply two measures of impulsivity: the self-report Barratt Impulsiveness
Scale (BIS-11) and the performance based Cognitive Reflection Test (CRT). Moreover, we
evaluate participants’ reasoning processes employed to answer CRT questions based on
the calculation expressions, data organization, and erasures they made while answering
the CRT (note that we utilized the instruments using pen and paper). These reasoning
processes are related to the role of executive functions in decision making, and its
relationship with impulsiveness. The sample consists of 191 adults, who were either
professionals or undergraduate students from the fields of business, management, or
accounting. The results show that cognitive impulsiveness may negatively affect decision
making, and that those who presented the calculation to answer the CRT questions
made better decisions. Moreover, there was no difference in the strategies used by
impulsive vs. nonimpulsive participants during decision making. Finally, people who
inhibited their immediate answers to CRT questions performed better during decision
making.
Keywords: impulsivity, BIS-11, reflectivity, CRT, executive functions, dual process, reasoning process, decision
making
1. INTRODUCTION
Cognitive impulsiveness may lead ...
ArticleAre parents identifyingpositive aspects to parent.docx
Article
Are parents identifying
positive aspects to parenting
their child with an intellectual
disability or are they just
coping? A qualitative
exploration
Carole Beighton
Kingston & St. Georges University of London, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
Jane Wills
London South Bank University, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
Date accepted: 30 May 2016
Abstract
Although acknowledging the stress of raising their child with intellectual disabilities, parents also
report that their child has brought about many positive changes in themselves and family. This
study reports what parents perceive to be a positive aspect of parenting their child, as currently
what constitutes a ‘positive’ is unclear. Seven key themes were identified; an increased sense of
personal strength and confidence, changed priorities, greater appreciation of life, pleasure in the
child’s accomplishments, increased faith/spirituality, more meaningful relationships and the positive
effect that the child has on the wider community. Interpretive examination of the themes reveals
that the positive aspects identified consist mostly of meaning-focused coping strategies. These
enable parents to adapt successfully to the stressful experiences of raising their child and therefore
could be amenable to meaning-focused therapeutic interventions for parents with newly diagnosed
children or for those unable to identify any positive aspects of parenting their child.
Keywords
intellectual disabilities, caring, meaning-focused coping, positive aspects, positive reframing
Corresponding author:
Carole Beighton, Faculty of Health, Social Care and Education, Kingston & St. Georges University of London, Cranmer
Terrace, London, SW17 0RE, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.
Email: [email protected]
Journal of Intellectual Disabilities
2017, Vol. 21(4) 325–345
ª The Author(s) 2016
Reprints and permission:
sagepub.co.uk/journalsPermissions.nav
DOI: 10.1177/1744629516656073
journals.sagepub.com/home/jid
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http://journals.sagepub.com/home/jid
http://crossmark.crossref.org/dialog/?doi=10.1177%2F1744629516656073&domain=pdf&date_stamp=2017-02-07
Background
Most children with intellectual disabilities live at home with their parents, with the majority of
parents providing lifelong support for their child (Emerson and Hatton, 2008). This support can
include direct care (helping with activities of daily living, i.e. washing or dressing), emotional care
(providing support and encouragement), mediation care (negotiating with others on behalf of the
individual, i.e. services) and financial care (Horowitz, 1985). In addition, the child will often
experience long-term chronic conditions and/or complex health-care needs that will also require
ongoing daily management, time and resources.
This need for lifelong support has led historically to research on parenting a child with intel-
lectual.
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This is Walden University course (DPSY 6111/8111) Assignment 10. It is written in APA format, includes references, and has been graded by an instructor (A). Most higher-education assignments are submitted to turnitin, remember to paraphrase. Let us begin.
Dyadic Coping and Attachment Dimensions in Young Adult Romantic Relationships
ABSTRACT: Dyadic coping conceives coping as a response in which partners support each other
and cope with stress as a couple rather than individuals, but little is known of the factors that lead to
dyadic coping. The present study aims to explore the relationship between dyadic coping and adult
attachment. That is, to examine whether an individual’s attachment style is a predictor of their own
dyadic coping style and their partner’s dyadic coping style. Online, survey data was collected from 74
childless couples, between the ages of 18 and 31, who had been in their relationships for over 6
months. Overall, analysis showed stronger associations between dyadic coping and attachment for
females, with minimal associations for males. The results of the present study are supportive of the
existing literature, though provide opportunities for further research.
KEYWORDS: dyadic coping, coping, attachment, romantic relationships, APIM
Personality, Regulatory Focus, and Political Ideology Paper
This study investigated the relationships between extroversion-introversion, regulatory focus (prevention vs. promotion focus), and political ideology. 98 college students completed surveys measuring these variables. Results showed that extroversion correlated with promotion focus, such that more extroverted participants also scored higher on promotion focus. Extroversion also correlated with stronger conservative ideologies. However, the correlation between regulatory focus and political ideology was not significant when controlling for personality type. This suggests personality influences regulatory focus and political views in a multidimensional way rather than a simple unidimensional relationship.
O Behave! Issue 20
1) The document discusses how environmental cues like the color of plates food is served on can influence people's perceptions of the food's taste, with salty popcorn tasting sweeter from a blue or red bowl compared to a white bowl.
2) It describes a study showing that completing a physical act of closure, like closing a menu, can increase satisfaction with choices even when the options were undesirable.
3) A field experiment found that giving people a tangible coin with weekly savings goals scratched off was more effective at encouraging savings than financial incentives or reminder text messages alone.
CheckPointGoal SelectionUsing the information presented in Ch. 7.docx
This document summarizes a chapter about personal goals and well-being. It discusses how goals provide purpose and direction for behavior. Well-defined, attainable goals are linked to well-being, while unrealistic or conflicting goals can cause distress. The chapter examines what goals are, how they are measured and organized, and how they relate to needs, values and culture. It explores how intrinsic and extrinsic goals may differently impact well-being. The "matching hypothesis" proposes that goals most contribute to well-being when a person's resources and strengths align with and support their goals. In short, this chapter analyzes how and why personal goals influence happiness and life satisfaction.
Social Comparison Theory.pdf
This document provides an overview of social comparison theory and its applications. It discusses Leon Festinger's 1954 theory that people have an innate drive to evaluate themselves against others. There are two types of social comparison: upward, where one compares to superior others to improve; and downward, where one compares to inferior others to feel better. Social comparison occurs in domains like health, where people gauge their abilities and risks. It can impact mental health and is common on social media. The document concludes by discussing uses of social comparison in health communication and providing references.
A Further Examination Of Financial Help-Seeking Behavior
This study examines factors associated with choosing to seek financial help from a professional versus non-professional source. Using data from faculty and staff, it found those who sought help from professionals tended to have higher financial risk tolerance and better financial behaviors. To a lesser extent, being a homeowner and having high financial satisfaction were also linked to seeking professional help. The results are conditional on those who first decided to seek financial help before choosing a source.
Factors of the Tripartite Influence Model & their Implications towards Body I...
Body image dissatisfaction (BID) has been described by Thompson et al. (1999) as a negative and subjective assessment that an individual makes about his or her body, developed by the interaction of affective, cognitive, and behavioral aspects (as cited in Rodgers & Chabrol, 2009). Siberstein et al. (1998) explains that BID has been labeled as “normative” due to its rise within Western culture and a key predictor of disordered eating (as cited in Johnson, Edwards & Gidycz, 2014; Chang, Lee, Chen, Chiu, Pan & Huang, 2012). As researchers investigate the origins of BID, one theory that has developed is the Tripartite Influence Model. With five sociocultural factors, the Tripartite Influence Model combines previous BID research and supports Thompson, Heinberg, Altabe, and Tantleff-Dunn (1999)’s understanding that body image is developed from an interaction of many factors, not in “isolation” (as cited in Sharp, Tiggemann & Mattiske, 2014). This paper will examine each of the Tripartite Influence Model’s factors, describe how the factors interact, and address other potential BID influences that are not recognized as factors within the model.
Cognitive, affective and contextual predictors of subjective wellbeing
This article analyzes the cognitive, affective, and contextual predictors of subjective wellbeing (SWB) using multiple SWB measures. The study assessed 303 adults at two time points. Results showed that:
1) Intrapersonal factors were the strongest predictors of global SWB, while contextual variables also significantly predicted SWB.
2) Global and specific SWB measures had different predictors, with global measures predicted more by affective factors and specific measures reflecting actual experiences.
3) Over a two-month period, contextual variables lost predictive power for SWB whereas trait affective and cognitive factors gained predictive power.
dissertation report final2
This document provides an abstract and introduction for a dissertation analyzing representations of individuals with facial disfigurements in newspaper articles using thematic analysis. The dissertation examines how media representations may influence public perceptions and behaviors towards those with facial disfigurements based on social learning theory. Previous research found biases towards facial disfigurements and stereotypical media portrayals. The dissertation aims to provide further understanding of these issues through a thematic analysis of newspaper articles.
1Positive Social ChangeName Christabel Ekec.docx
1
Positive Social Change
Name: Christabel Ekechukwu
Institution: Walden University
Date: 11/05/2016
Walden makes the implication that in order for social change to exist, there must be pragmatic efforts to cause the intended change, whether by taking action as an individual or as group. Therefore, in the effort to create environment and living conditions that produce a society of happy, healthy people, actions must support and reinforce environmental health and enable people to adopt and maintain healthy relationship with their environment for the sake of happiness and well-being of others and the sustainability of the environment. As a conservation psychologist, I endeavor to promote positive social change through encouraging a healthy and sustainable relationship between human and nature.
Typically, comprehending and promoting the linkage between humans and the natural world greatly boost sustainable behaviors such as recycling and hence, reinforcing on environmental development and sustainability. Ideally, I chose the role of the conservation psychologist due to the fact that, people are interwoven and inseparable with the natural ecosystem. It is imperative to understand the way people experience, think about, and relate with nature in order to promote environmental sustainability and human well-being.
In my course of advocating for healthy environment and human well-being, I do not concentrate on creating small behavior changes rather, I desire for people to re-evaluate, rethink and prioritize their relationship with nature. I educate people to develop positive attitude towards environment. They need to affirm their identities and push for protection of nature and be the steward own valued places. People need to be courageous to correct their own values, systems and lifestyle through self-validation and system justification by advocating for conservation of environment, and encouraging people to participate actively, I help them understand the complex sources of environmental attitudes and behavior. Paradoxically, encouraging human well-being and ignoring on the threats to the natural environment, lead to depletion of resources, which later people complain of the adverse effects. In this regard, I encourage people to establish a connection with the environment to represent a positive image of oneself. For instance, tendering a beautiful.
At an individual level, a person has to develop profound connections with natural environment. Of course, an individual loves some natural entity like a tree, an animal or a lake. This implies that the human connection to nature is an integral part of human existence. When a person has strong connection to the environment, he/she will be able to champion for it preservation and will not be bound by structured public policies that propagate indiscriminate exploitation of natural resources (Clayton, and Myers, 2015; Roth and Sweatt, 2011). Indeed, social structure often determine how ...
A minimum of 100 words each and References Response (#1 – 6) KEEP .docx
A minimum of 100 words each and References Response (#1 – 6) KEEP RESPONSE WITH ANSWER EACH ANSWER NEED TO HAVE A SCHOLARY SOURCE with a Hyperlink
Make sure the Responses includes the Following: (a) an understanding of the weekly content as supported by a scholarly resource, (b) the provision of a probing question. (c) stay on topic
1. In short, abnormal behavior, thoughts and emotions, are those that differ from society's definition of properly functioning, or the norm (Comer, 2018). These norms tend to differ between cultures which help to establish rules for proper conduct. What constitutes as abnormal behavior depends on specific circumstances and cultural norms (Comer, 2018). An example of abnormal behavior could be unusualness like a person who lives with many animals and isolates themselves from society. The behavior of this person is deviant and may be dysfunctional, but could be seen as eccentric rather than abnormal to a professional.
2. Abnormal behavior, in simple terms, is behavior outside of societal norms (Comer, 2018). Abnormalities differ based on what society you come from. Generally speaking, being considered normal means that you are complying by your society’s standards. Abnormalities arise when behavior is deviant, distressing, dysfunctional, or dangerous. An example of abnormal behavior would be manic behavior. A manic episode typically involves less sleep, risky behavior, irritability, increased talking, and even hypersexuality (Purse, 2019). This is typically deviant from the person’s normal behavior by definition. The manic behavior can be distressing for both the affected and their family or other loved ones. Risky behavior causes worry and distress. Irritability can create all sorts of distressing situations. When a person is manic, they are in a state of dysfunction. Memory and responsibilities often fall to the backburner while the manic episode rides its course. Of all the things that define abnormal behavior, a manic episode can be especially dangerous to both the person experiencing it as well as the others around them because it involves risky behavior—which implies many things from gambling to drugs. It often results in the person experiencing the episode being hospitalized.
3. “One common conceptualization of abnormality focuses on what is often called the Four Ds: deviance, distress, dysfunction, and danger (Topic 1 Resource, 2018).” An example of abnormal behavior is someone who hears voices telling them to do certain things. Some people may show this kind of abnormal behavior out of nowhere, or they have always heard these voices. This person can be deviant to their old life once they start hearing these voices and if they listen to them or not. These voices can cause distress to the person as well because if they listen to the voices, then they might start doing bad things. These voices can also cause dysfunction in this person life and how they act around others. Having this abnormal behavior can .
Effect Of The Halo Effect
The document discusses the halo effect and how it can impact perceptions and relationships. An experiment was conducted showing two videos of the same person - one upbeat and one negative - to see if first impressions influenced perceptions. Studies found that brief silent clips of professors were enough for students to form opinions of their abilities that matched end-of-semester evaluations. The halo effect causes people to ignore new facts that contradict initial judgments due to relying on "mental shortcuts." This cognitive bias can damage relationships by causing people to deceive themselves about others based on first impressions.
ATTITUDE AND BEHAVIOUR
Attitude and behaviour influence each other in a complex relationship. Attitude, which is one's thoughts or opinions, can predict behaviour when other influences are minimized, the attitude closely corresponds to the behaviour, and the attitude is strong. Conversely, behaviour can shape attitude through social roles defining behaviour and attitudes, the "foot-in-the-door" effect where small commitments lead to larger ones, and people justifying their actions to maintain consistent attitudes. The relationship is circular rather than strictly one-way, as behaviours and attitudes generate each other depending on the situation.
Original ArticleNeed for Cognitive Closure andPolitical .docx
Original Article
Need for Cognitive Closure and
Political Ideology
Predicting Pro-Environmental Preferences and Behavior
Angelo Panno,1 Giuseppe Carrus,1 Ambra Brizi,2 Fridanna Maricchiolo,1
Mauro Giacomantonio,2 and Lucia Mannetti2
1Department of Education, Experimental Psychology Laboratory, Roma Tre University, Roma, Italy
2Department of Social & Developmental Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
Abstract: Little is known about epistemic motivations affecting political ideology when people make environmental decisions. In two studies,
we examined the key role that political ideology played in the relationship between need for cognitive closure (NCC) and self-reported eco-
friendly behavior. Study 1: 279 participants completed the NCC, pro-environmental, and political ideology measures. Mediation analyses
showed that NCC was related to less pro-environmental behavior through more right-wing political ideology. Study 2: We replicated these
results with a nonstudent sample (n = 240) and both social and economic conservatism as mediators. The results of Study 2 showed that
social conservatism mediated the relationship between NCC and pro-environmental behavior. Finally, NCC was associated with pro-
environmental attitude through both social and economic conservatism.
Keywords: need for cognitive closure, political ideology, pro-environmental behavior, environmental attitude, conservatism, cognition
Ecosystems are under pressure worldwide due to global
phenomena and environmental changes such as global
warming, biodiversity loss, depletion of fresh water, and
population growth. Understanding how individuals react
to the environmental crisis and take a position regarding
environmental conservation policies is, therefore, a crucial
challenge for the current political, scientific, and environ-
mental agenda. To tackle the urgency of current environ-
mental global issues adequately, there is widespread
scientific and political consensus that individuals, groups,
and communities must reduce their environmental foot-
print in the very near term (e.g., Brewer & Stern, 2005;
Schultz & Kaiser, 2012). What is needed at the individ-
ual and societal level is, therefore, an increase in ecologi-
cally responsible behavior (e.g., Clayton & Myers, 2015;
Turaga, Howarth, & Borsuk, 2010). Empirical studies on
the antecedents of pro-environmental behavior and climate
change perception have outlined the role of several predic-
tors, including political ideology as well as some proxy of
conservative ideology such as social dominance (e.g.,
Carrus, Panno, & Leone, in press; Hoffarth & Hodson,
2016; Milfont, Richter, Sibley, Wilson, & Fischer, 2013;
Panno et al., 2018). To better understand the relation
between political ideology and environmentalism individ-
ual differences related to epistemic motivation should be
considered. The main aim of the present study is to exam-
ine the relationship between people’s need for cognitive
closure (NCC; ...
Discussion QuestionWhat you do think will be the market impact.docx
Discussion Question
What you do think will be the market impact(s) of the proposed increase in the federal minimum wage to $10 per hour?
a) Will the proposed increase help workers? And if so which part(s) of the labor market will be helped.
b) Which part(s) of the labor market will hurt by the proposed increase? How will they be hurt?
c) What will happen to the prices of goods and services produced with minimum wage labor?
3) What is your conclusion? Is this proposal a good idea or not? Explain why.
POST MUST BE BETWEEN 200-250 WORDS, APA FORMAT
Journal of Counseling & Development ■ Winter 2005 ■ Volume 83116
Trends
One of the most common disorders facing people today is
depression. By some estimates, roughly 10% to 25% of the
population experiences some form of depression. Accord-
ing to Murray and Lopez (1997), depression is the number
one cause of disability worldwide. It is clearly the most com-
mon disorder experienced by people who see mental health
practitioners (Gilroy, Carroll, & Murra, 2002). Also, it may be
the most common disorder of mental health workers them-
selves (Mahoney, 1997; Pope & Tabachnik, 1994), with re-
search suggesting that from one third to more than 60% of
mental health professionals had reported a significant epi-
sode of depression within the previous year. Depressing? Yes,
but there is hope and good news. Depression, by and large, is
a problem readily amenable to treatment, and there are many
successful approaches, many of which have empirical evi-
dence to support their efficacy. The bad news, however, is that
depression has been increasing in epidemic proportions. Data
reflect that depression is 10 times as prevalent now as it was in
1960! Seligman (2002) provided a provocative paradox on
depression. He stated that while every objective indicator of
well-being in the U.S. has been increasing, every indicator of
subjective well-being is decreasing.
Clearly, the importance of the current knowledge base on
depression is obvious. Counselors, from pre-K to adult men-
tal health workers, need to be well-versed on the current
state of treatment for depression. For counselors, it is quite
likely that for many of their clients, whether they present
with problems of mood disturbance or not, depression may
be involved. For professionals, who are at high risk for mood
disorders by the very nature of their work, the importance of
treatment and prevention in self-care is critical. Thus, this
topic has considerable value because it is quite likely that
counselors will work with clients with depression, and it is
quite likely, given the empirical evidence, that counselors
are experiencing or will be experiencing some form of de-
pression/mood disturbance themselves.
The article “Treatment and Prevention of Depression”
(Hollon, Thase, & Markowitz, 2002) reviews the current state
of research on various treatment modalities, comparing the
effectiveness of the more widely used approaches—psycho-
dynamic therapy.
O Behave! Issue 25
This issue of O BEHAVE! provides summaries of recent behavioral science research on various topics:
1) A study found that spending money in ways that match one's personality was linked to higher happiness levels than total income.
2) Research on the hindsight bias and how it can prevent learning from mistakes is discussed.
3) Studies show that attributing success more to external factors like luck increases generosity, while internal attributes decrease support for redistributive policies.
4) Research demonstrated that hospital patients recovering from surgery had better outcomes if they had a view of trees rather than a brick wall from their window.
5) A study found that simply repeating key points in a discussion could change people
ORIGINAL RESEARCHpublished 12 January 2018doi 10.3389.docx
ORIGINAL RESEARCH
published: 12 January 2018
doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.02324
Frontiers in Psychology | www.frontiersin.org 1 January 2018 | Volume 8 | Article 2324
Edited by:
Damien Brevers,
Université Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium
Reviewed by:
Charles W. Mathias,
University of Texas Health Science
Center San Antonio, United States
Caroline Quoilin,
Université Catholique de Louvain,
Belgium
*Correspondence:
Ana P. G. Jelihovschi
[email protected]
Specialty section:
This article was submitted to
Psychopathology,
a section of the journal
Frontiers in Psychology
Received: 22 December 2016
Accepted: 20 December 2017
Published: 12 January 2018
Citation:
Jelihovschi APG, Cardoso RL and
Linhares A (2018) An Analysis of the
Associations among Cognitive
Impulsiveness, Reasoning Process,
and Rational Decision Making.
Front. Psychol. 8:2324.
doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.02324
An Analysis of the Associations
among Cognitive Impulsiveness,
Reasoning Process, and Rational
Decision Making
Ana P. G. Jelihovschi*, Ricardo L. Cardoso and Alexandre Linhares
Fundacao Getulio Vargas, Brazilian School of Public and Business Administration, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Impulsivity may lead to several unfortunate consequences and maladaptive behaviors for
both clinical and nonclinical people. It has a key role in many forms of psychopathology.
Although literature has discussed the negative impact of impulsivity, few have
emphasized the relationship between cognitive impulsiveness and decision making. The
aim of this study is to investigate the effects of cognitive impulsiveness on decision
making and explore the strategies used by participants to solve problems. For this
purpose, we apply two measures of impulsivity: the self-report Barratt Impulsiveness
Scale (BIS-11) and the performance based Cognitive Reflection Test (CRT). Moreover, we
evaluate participants’ reasoning processes employed to answer CRT questions based on
the calculation expressions, data organization, and erasures they made while answering
the CRT (note that we utilized the instruments using pen and paper). These reasoning
processes are related to the role of executive functions in decision making, and its
relationship with impulsiveness. The sample consists of 191 adults, who were either
professionals or undergraduate students from the fields of business, management, or
accounting. The results show that cognitive impulsiveness may negatively affect decision
making, and that those who presented the calculation to answer the CRT questions
made better decisions. Moreover, there was no difference in the strategies used by
impulsive vs. nonimpulsive participants during decision making. Finally, people who
inhibited their immediate answers to CRT questions performed better during decision
making.
Keywords: impulsivity, BIS-11, reflectivity, CRT, executive functions, dual process, reasoning process, decision
making
1. INTRODUCTION
Cognitive impulsiveness may lead ...
ArticleAre parents identifyingpositive aspects to parent.docx
Article
Are parents identifying
positive aspects to parenting
their child with an intellectual
disability or are they just
coping? A qualitative
exploration
Carole Beighton
Kingston & St. Georges University of London, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
Jane Wills
London South Bank University, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
Date accepted: 30 May 2016
Abstract
Although acknowledging the stress of raising their child with intellectual disabilities, parents also
report that their child has brought about many positive changes in themselves and family. This
study reports what parents perceive to be a positive aspect of parenting their child, as currently
what constitutes a ‘positive’ is unclear. Seven key themes were identified; an increased sense of
personal strength and confidence, changed priorities, greater appreciation of life, pleasure in the
child’s accomplishments, increased faith/spirituality, more meaningful relationships and the positive
effect that the child has on the wider community. Interpretive examination of the themes reveals
that the positive aspects identified consist mostly of meaning-focused coping strategies. These
enable parents to adapt successfully to the stressful experiences of raising their child and therefore
could be amenable to meaning-focused therapeutic interventions for parents with newly diagnosed
children or for those unable to identify any positive aspects of parenting their child.
Keywords
intellectual disabilities, caring, meaning-focused coping, positive aspects, positive reframing
Corresponding author:
Carole Beighton, Faculty of Health, Social Care and Education, Kingston & St. Georges University of London, Cranmer
Terrace, London, SW17 0RE, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.
Email: [email protected]
Journal of Intellectual Disabilities
2017, Vol. 21(4) 325–345
ª The Author(s) 2016
Reprints and permission:
sagepub.co.uk/journalsPermissions.nav
DOI: 10.1177/1744629516656073
journals.sagepub.com/home/jid
https://uk.sagepub.com/en-gb/journals-permissions
http://journals.sagepub.com/home/jid
http://crossmark.crossref.org/dialog/?doi=10.1177%2F1744629516656073&domain=pdf&date_stamp=2017-02-07
Background
Most children with intellectual disabilities live at home with their parents, with the majority of
parents providing lifelong support for their child (Emerson and Hatton, 2008). This support can
include direct care (helping with activities of daily living, i.e. washing or dressing), emotional care
(providing support and encouragement), mediation care (negotiating with others on behalf of the
individual, i.e. services) and financial care (Horowitz, 1985). In addition, the child will often
experience long-term chronic conditions and/or complex health-care needs that will also require
ongoing daily management, time and resources.
This need for lifelong support has led historically to research on parenting a child with intel-
lectual.
Similar to Cognitive development (20)
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DPSY-8111-DPSY 6111 Week 10 Project: Retirement Issues
DPSY-8111-DPSY 6111 Week 10 Project: Retirement Issues
Dyadic Coping and Attachment Dimensions in Young Adult Romantic Relationships
Dyadic Coping and Attachment Dimensions in Young Adult Romantic Relationships
Personality, Regulatory Focus, and Political Ideology Paper
Personality, Regulatory Focus, and Political Ideology Paper
CheckPointGoal SelectionUsing the information presented in Ch. 7.docx
CheckPointGoal SelectionUsing the information presented in Ch. 7.docx
A Further Examination Of Financial Help-Seeking Behavior
A Further Examination Of Financial Help-Seeking Behavior
Factors of the Tripartite Influence Model & their Implications towards Body I...
Factors of the Tripartite Influence Model & their Implications towards Body I...
Cognitive, affective and contextual predictors of subjective wellbeing
Cognitive, affective and contextual predictors of subjective wellbeing
A minimum of 100 words each and References Response (#1 – 6) KEEP .docx
A minimum of 100 words each and References Response (#1 – 6) KEEP .docx
Original ArticleNeed for Cognitive Closure andPolitical .docx
Original ArticleNeed for Cognitive Closure andPolitical .docx
Discussion QuestionWhat you do think will be the market impact.docx
Discussion QuestionWhat you do think will be the market impact.docx
ORIGINAL RESEARCHpublished 12 January 2018doi 10.3389.docx
ORIGINAL RESEARCHpublished 12 January 2018doi 10.3389.docx
ArticleAre parents identifyingpositive aspects to parent.docx
ArticleAre parents identifyingpositive aspects to parent.docx
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Discussion 1 - Week 11 – DPSY-6111-1/DPSY-5111-1
By Day 3
Imagine that you were asked to conduct a study similar to Milgram’s study of obedience, using adolescent participants. Point out at least one ethical issue present in Milgram’s study and explain what you would do differently to address that issue with your study on adolescent obedience. Would you address that ethical issue differently if you were conducting a study among a particular race or ethnicity? What about with elderly
participants? Explain your reasoning.
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- 1. Cognitive Development Definition of Cognitive Dissonance The study of cognitive dissonance (CD) originated in social psychology. The aim is to understand how conflicts between attitudes and behaviors occur as well as how the effects influence human behaviors (DeBono, 2018; Chang, Solomon, & Westerfield, 2016; Cooper, 2007; Levy, Harmon-Jones, & Harmon-Jones, 2018). Leon Festinger, a social psychologist, developed the theory in 1951. He explained that humans have an innate tendency to seek stability among their attitudes (e.g., perceptions of people, places, or things) and their behaviors, which are related to their attitudes (DeBono, 2018). If a person believes, for example, that graduating from a higher-education institution is the best way for their child to advance socially and economically but the child disagrees, then CD occurs. It is a state of (negative) tension that affects humans both physically and psychologically (Chang, Solomon, & Westerfield, 2016; Cooper, 2007; Levy, Harmon-Jones, & Harmon-Jones, 2018). Consequently, the one who is experiencing the CD will usually engage in specific acts or behaviors to resolve the dissonance (Chang, Solomon, & Westerfield, 2016; Cooper, 2007; Gawronski, 2012). Description of the Dissonance Present in Cognitive Dissonance Scenario # 3
- 2. In this scenario, Jenny has dissonance between her attitudes, a belief that smoking has health benefits and that she would gain weight if she stops, and her behavior in which she justifies her smoking habit. Although the theory of cognitive dissonance does not infer that behaviors taken to remove dissonance will work for everyone, it does, however, help us understand the interplay between attitudes and behaviors as well as their underlying constructs (Cooper, 2007; DeBono, 2018; Gawronski, 2012). Studies show that methods to address CD such as forced compliance behavior, decision-making, and effort have had positive results, but caution is recommended because they could also cause CD (Cooper, 2007; Gawronski, 2012). When a person is forced to comply, for example, the act suggests a forced compliance behavior; dissonance is plausible; therefore, reevaluating the attitude could remove the dissonance and thereby restore stability (Cooper, 2007; DeBono, 2018; Gawronski, 2012). DeBono (2018) inferred that some decision-making tasks are indicators of cognitive dissonance. Suppose, for example, that you had to decide whether to accept a once-in-a-lifetime financial deal or pay cash for a Mercedes Benz that you promised a loved one. In this case, the likelihood that dissonance will occur is high. Research suggests that an increase in positive factors related to the chosen decision and a decrease in positive factors related to the unchosen decision could, in some instances, reduce the dissonance (DeBono, 2018; Gawronski, 2012). Unlike forced compliance behavior and decision-making approaches which are difficult to
- 3. implement, most people find effort easier to change attitudes and thereby reduce dissonance (DeBono, 2018; Cooper, 2007; Gawronski, 2012). If an individual, for example, spent a generous sum of money, say $20,000, and a considerable amount of time, say 11 years, to achieve a career goal; this act would have taken an enormous effort. Studies suggest that it is easier to change attitudes or beliefs about something if a substantial effort is involved. As such, dissonance does not occur; or, it is reduced (Cooper, 2007; DeBono, 2018; Gawronski, 2012). Two Suggestions to Resolve the Dissonance In Jenny’s scenario, she could drop the behavior and change her belief about the health benefits of smoking , in part, by researching the subject. However, DeBona (2018) noted that (for most people) ending an ingrained behavior such as smoking is extremely difficult. Another choice ,therefore, would be to reduce the relevancy that “smoking” causes lung cancer by decreasing its importance (Levy, Harmon-Jones, & Harmon-Jones, 2018). In that, Jenny could accept that her lifespan could be reduced by her behavior (smoking) and convince herself to enjoy her life as a smoker and be willing to accept any health issues that could happen (attitude adjustment); thereby cognitive dissonance between attitude and behavior would be removed or stabilized (Chang, Solomon, & Westerfield, 2016; Cooper, 2007; DeBono, 2018; Levy, Harmon-Jones, & Harmon-Jones, 2018). Chang, T.Y., Solomon, D.H., & and Westerfield, M.M.
- 4. (2016). Looking for someone to blame: Delegation, cognitive dissonance, and the disposition effect. Journal of Finance, 71(1), pp. 267–302.
- 5. References Chang, T.Y., Solomon, D.H., & and Westerfield, M.M. (2016). Looking for someone to blame: Delegation, cognitive dissonance, and the disposition effect. Journal of Finance, 71(1), pp. 267–302. Cooper, J. (2007). Cognitive dissonance: Fifty years of a classic theory. Newbury Park: Sage. DeBono, K. G. (2018). Cognitive dissonance. Salem Press Encyclopedia of Health. Retrieved from https://ezp.waldenulibrary.org/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx? direct=true&db=ers&AN=93871844&site=eds-live&scope=site Gawronski, B. (2012). Back to the future of dissonance theory: Cognitive consistency as a core motive. Social Cognition, 30(6), pp. 652–68. Levy, N., Harmon-Jones, C., & Harmon-Jones, E. (2018). Dissonance and discomfort: Does a simple cognitive inconsistency evoke a negative affective state? Motivation Science, 4(2), pp. 95–108. Retrieved from https://doi-org.ezp.waldenulibrary.org/10.1037/mot0000079