Attitude and behaviour influence each other in a complex relationship. Attitude, which is one's thoughts or opinions, can predict behaviour when other influences are minimized, the attitude closely corresponds to the behaviour, and the attitude is strong. Conversely, behaviour can shape attitude through social roles defining behaviour and attitudes, the "foot-in-the-door" effect where small commitments lead to larger ones, and people justifying their actions to maintain consistent attitudes. The relationship is circular rather than strictly one-way, as behaviours and attitudes generate each other depending on the situation.
Attention - Fundamentals of Psychology 2 - Lecture 8.
The views expressed in this presentation are those of the individual Simon Bignell and not University of Derby.
Attention - Fundamentals of Psychology 2 - Lecture 8.
The views expressed in this presentation are those of the individual Simon Bignell and not University of Derby.
The function of defenses has been modified over the years, from a counter-force against instincts to the protection of self-esteem.
To understand the role of defenses in pathological and normal development, a coding method to use with Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) stories – the Defense Mechanism Manual (Cramer, 1991a) – has been developed
Three broad defenses – Denial, Projection, and Identification – may be coded with this method.
Research has shown that the two ego functions of defense and IQ are not correlated in childhood and adolescence, but are correlated in adulthood defenses and IQ.
Importantly, IQ serves as a moderator for the effect of defense use on variables such as
Psychiatric symptom change,
Level of Ego Development, and
Big Five personality traits
Protective Test - HFD- Personality AnalysisArora Mairaj
Aim of this lecture is to discuss HFD- as a technique for the assessment of Personality, with a brief review of Test , Types of Psychological Tests & Techniques.
Introductory Psychology: Social PsychologyBrian Piper
lecture 30 from a college level introduction to psychology course taught Fall 2011 by Brian J. Piper, Ph.D. (psy391@gmail.com) at Willamette University, includes Stanley Milgram, Zimbardo's prison studies
Presented during 5th Psychology Congress New Era University, Diliman, QC Philippines November 21, 2008
Looking for customized in-house training sessions that fit your needs, particularly in the Philippines? Please send me an email at clarencegapostol@gmail.com or WhatsApp +971507678124. When your request is received I will follow up with you as soon as possible.Thank you!
The function of defenses has been modified over the years, from a counter-force against instincts to the protection of self-esteem.
To understand the role of defenses in pathological and normal development, a coding method to use with Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) stories – the Defense Mechanism Manual (Cramer, 1991a) – has been developed
Three broad defenses – Denial, Projection, and Identification – may be coded with this method.
Research has shown that the two ego functions of defense and IQ are not correlated in childhood and adolescence, but are correlated in adulthood defenses and IQ.
Importantly, IQ serves as a moderator for the effect of defense use on variables such as
Psychiatric symptom change,
Level of Ego Development, and
Big Five personality traits
Protective Test - HFD- Personality AnalysisArora Mairaj
Aim of this lecture is to discuss HFD- as a technique for the assessment of Personality, with a brief review of Test , Types of Psychological Tests & Techniques.
Introductory Psychology: Social PsychologyBrian Piper
lecture 30 from a college level introduction to psychology course taught Fall 2011 by Brian J. Piper, Ph.D. (psy391@gmail.com) at Willamette University, includes Stanley Milgram, Zimbardo's prison studies
Presented during 5th Psychology Congress New Era University, Diliman, QC Philippines November 21, 2008
Looking for customized in-house training sessions that fit your needs, particularly in the Philippines? Please send me an email at clarencegapostol@gmail.com or WhatsApp +971507678124. When your request is received I will follow up with you as soon as possible.Thank you!
3/13/2020 PSY105 & PSY101 - Page 3.15 - Social-Cognitive Theories
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Psychology
3 Personality and Human Development / Page 3.15 Social-Cognitive Theories
On this page: 1 of 1 attempted (100%) | 1 of 1 correct (100%)
Social-Cognitive Theories
How do social-cognitive theorists view personality development, and how do they
explore behavior?
The social-cognitive perspective on personality, proposed by Albert Bandura (1986,
2006, 2008), emphasizes the interaction of our traits with our situations. Much as
nature and nurture always work together, so do individuals and their situations.
The point to remember Behavior emerges from the interplay of external and internal
influences.
Social-cognitive theorists believe we learn many of our behaviors either through
conditioning or by observing and imitating others. (That’s the “social” part.) They also
emphasize the importance of mental processes: What we think about a situation affects
our behavior in that situation. (That’s the “cognitive” part.) Instead of focusing solely on
how our environment controls us (behaviorism), social-cognitive theorists focus on how
we and our environment interact: How do we interpret and respond to external events?
How do our schemas, our memories, and our expectations influence our behavior
patterns?
Reciprocal Influences
Bandura (1986, 2006) views the person-environment interaction as reciprocal
determinism. “Behavior, internal personal factors, and environmental influences,” he
said, “all operate as interlocking determinants of each other” (Figure 8). We can see this
interaction in people’s relationships. For example, Rosa’s romantic history (past
behavior) influences her attitudes toward new relationships (internal factor), which
affects how she now responds to Ryan (environmental factor).
Figure 8
https://www.webtexts.com/courses/34215-poirier/traditional_book
3/13/2020 PSY105 & PSY101 - Page 3.15 - Social-Cognitive Theories
https://www.webtexts.com/courses/34215-poirier/traditional_book/chapters/3616983-personality-and-human-development/pages/2701256-socialcognit… 2/4
Reciprocal Determinism
Circular illustration of how internal personal factors, behavior, and environmental factors
interact. Illustration contains three text boxes forming a triangle, with two-sided arrows
pointing between each text box. The first box contains internal personal factors, like
thoughts and feelings about risky activities. The second box contains behavior, like
learning to rock climb, and the third box contains environmental factors, like rock-
climbing friends.
Courtesy of Joslyn Brugh
Multiple-Choice Question
How does the social-cognitive approach differ from the other perspectives
on personality discussed in this chapter?
The social-cognitive view emphasizes the role of internal dispositions to a
greater extent than do the ot.
3/13/2020 PSY105 & PSY101 - Page 3.15 - Social-Cognitive Theories
https://www.webtexts.com/courses/34215-poirier/traditional_book/chapters/3616983-personality-and-human-development/pages/2701256-socialcognit… 1/4
Psychology
3 Personality and Human Development / Page 3.15 Social-Cognitive Theories
On this page: 1 of 1 attempted (100%) | 1 of 1 correct (100%)
Social-Cognitive Theories
How do social-cognitive theorists view personality development, and how do they
explore behavior?
The social-cognitive perspective on personality, proposed by Albert Bandura (1986,
2006, 2008), emphasizes the interaction of our traits with our situations. Much as
nature and nurture always work together, so do individuals and their situations.
The point to remember Behavior emerges from the interplay of external and internal
influences.
Social-cognitive theorists believe we learn many of our behaviors either through
conditioning or by observing and imitating others. (That’s the “social” part.) They also
emphasize the importance of mental processes: What we think about a situation affects
our behavior in that situation. (That’s the “cognitive” part.) Instead of focusing solely on
how our environment controls us (behaviorism), social-cognitive theorists focus on how
we and our environment interact: How do we interpret and respond to external events?
How do our schemas, our memories, and our expectations influence our behavior
patterns?
Reciprocal Influences
Bandura (1986, 2006) views the person-environment interaction as reciprocal
determinism. “Behavior, internal personal factors, and environmental influences,” he
said, “all operate as interlocking determinants of each other” (Figure 8). We can see this
interaction in people’s relationships. For example, Rosa’s romantic history (past
behavior) influences her attitudes toward new relationships (internal factor), which
affects how she now responds to Ryan (environmental factor).
Figure 8
https://www.webtexts.com/courses/34215-poirier/traditional_book
3/13/2020 PSY105 & PSY101 - Page 3.15 - Social-Cognitive Theories
https://www.webtexts.com/courses/34215-poirier/traditional_book/chapters/3616983-personality-and-human-development/pages/2701256-socialcognit… 2/4
Reciprocal Determinism
Circular illustration of how internal personal factors, behavior, and environmental factors
interact. Illustration contains three text boxes forming a triangle, with two-sided arrows
pointing between each text box. The first box contains internal personal factors, like
thoughts and feelings about risky activities. The second box contains behavior, like
learning to rock climb, and the third box contains environmental factors, like rock-
climbing friends.
Courtesy of Joslyn Brugh
Multiple-Choice Question
How does the social-cognitive approach differ from the other perspectives
on personality discussed in this chapter?
The social-cognitive view emphasizes the role of internal dispositions to a
greater extent than do the ot ...
1. Page 1 of 10
DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT, ESUT BUSINESS
SCHOOL, ENUGU
DOES BEHAVIOUR
INFLUENCE ATTITUDE OR
DOES ATTITUDE
INFLUENCE BEHAVIOUR
SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY (EBS 667)
ANTHONY EMEKA ALU
(PG/EMSc./08/3332)
JUNE. 2010
[ABSTRACT
Attitudes are generally positive or negative views of a person, place, thing, or event – this is
often referred to as the attitude object. People can also be conflicted or ambivalent toward an
object, meaning that they simultaneously possess both positive and negative attitudes toward the
item in question (Wikipedia, 2010). Behaviour is the response(s) – the way in which a person,
organism, or group responds to a specific set of conditions. While many social psychologists
study social influences on behaviour, others focus on the changing of attitudes. The question that
“does behaviour affect attitude or does attitude affect behaviour?” is likened to the question “egg
and hen or chicken – which one came first?” Myer (2002) observes that our attitudes will predict
our behaviour on three conditions – if ‘other influences’ are minimized; if the attitude
corresponds very closely to the predicted behaviour; and if the attitude is potent. Conversely,
behaviour or action can affect or mold our attitudes in the following ways – through the ‘foot and
door’ phenomenon; through prescribed social roles which mold the attitude of the role player;
and the tendency for people to defend or justify already executed actions. Both attitude and
behaviour generate each other. As much as Thought (Attitude) is the child of Action
(Behaviour), Action is also the child of Thought; that is why people think then act at times and at
other times, act before thinking.]
2. Page 2 of 10
TITLE PAGE
DOES BEHAVIOUR INFLUENCE ATTITUDE OR DOES
ATTITUDE INFLUENCE BEHAVIOUR
BY
ANTHONY EMEKA ALU
(PG/EMSc./08/3332)
BEING A SEMINAR PAPER SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL
FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT OF THE COURSE:
SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY (EBS 667) IN THE DEPARTMENT OF
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT (GEOGRAPHY AND
METEOROLOGY), FACULTY OF ENVIRONMENTAL
SCIENCE
ESUT BUSINESS SCHOOL, ENUGU
JUNE, 2010
5. Page 5 of 10
much as Thought (Attitude) is the child of Action (Behaviour), Action is the child of Thought;
that is why people think then act at times and at other times, act before thinking.
HOW ATTITUDE AFFECTS BEHAVIOUR
Attitude is a favourable or unfavourable evaluative reaction toward something or someone,
exhibited in one’s beliefs, feelings, or intended behaviour (Myers, 2002:130).
Attitude is one of Jung's 57 definitions in Chapter XI of Psychological Types. Jung's definition of
attitude is a "readiness of the psyche to act or react in a certain way" (Jung, [1921] 1971:par.
687; Wikipedia, 2010). Attitudes very often come in pairs, one conscious and the other
unconscious. Within this broad definition Jung defines several attitudes in dualism.
The main (but not only) attitude dualities that Jung defines are the following.
• Consciousness and the unconscious. The "presence of two attitudes is extremely frequent,
one conscious and the other unconscious. This means that consciousness has a
constellation of contents different from that of the unconscious, a duality particularly
evident in neurosis" (Jung, [1921] 1971: par. 687).
• Extraversion and introversion. This pair is so elementary to Jung's theory of types that he
labeled them the "attitude-types".
• Rational and irrational attitudes. "I conceive reason as an attitude" (Jung, [1921] 1971:
par. 785).
• The rational attitude subdivides into the thinking and feeling psychological functions,
each with its attitude.
• The irrational attitude subdivides into the sensing and intuition psychological functions,
each with its attitude. "There is thus a typical thinking, feeling, sensation, and intuitive
attitude" (Jung, [1921] 1971: par. 691).
• Individual and social attitudes. Many of the latter are "isms".
In addition, Jung discusses the abstract attitude. “When I take an abstract attitude...” (Jung,
[1921] 1971: par. 679). Abstraction is contrasted with concretism. “CONCRETISM. By this I
mean a peculiarity of thinking and feeling which is the antithesis of abstraction” (Jung, [1921]
1971: par. 696). For example "i hate his attitude for being Sarcastic (Wikipedia, 2010).
Before the 1960s, social psychologists held that people’s attitude governs their behaviour,
implying that what the mind perceives and conceives (the process of thought) the mind achieves
(the process of action).
6. Page 6 of 10
Leon Festinger in 1964 believes that attitude-behaviour relationship works the other way around
– behaviour being the horse and attitude being the cart – thus changing attitude does not mean
changing behaviour (Gerard, 1994; Myers, 2002:131). Further on this, Allan Wicker in research
studies, in 1969, covering a wide variety of people, attitudes, and behaviour concluded that
‘people’s expressed attitudes hardly predicted their varying behaviours’. Attempts to change
behaviour by changing attitudes often fail. Students attitude towards cheating or latecoming bore
little relation to the likelihood of their actually cheating or latecoming.
With this findings, the earlier pre-1960 Thesis that attitudes determine action or behaviour was
countered by the post-1960 Antithesis that attitudes determine virtually nothing in respect to
behaviour.
Further research in the early 1970s, came up with other factors that influence attitude and
behaviour; and if these factors are neutralised (ceteris paribus) could result in attitude being able
to accurately predict behaviour. This brought about the Synthesis that attitude can determine
behaviour or action depending on the circumstances. Kraus (1995) holds that it is now plain that,
depending on the circumstances, the relationship between expressed attitudes and behaviour can
range from no relationship to a strong relationship.
Summing it up, Myers (2002) amplifies that our attitudes predict our actions depending on three
circumstances:
i. If other influences are minimal;
ii. If attitude is specific to the action; and
iii. If the attitude is potent.
Other influences in this sense include over 40 separate factors that affect or complicate the
relationship between attitude and behaviour; for example consciousness and unconsciousness or
rational and irrational. For instance, if a suspected criminal, who believes that lie detector works,
is being screened with the device, he obviously would admit the truth. This implies that he is
conscious of the influence (which is minimized by this consciousness) and his thought would no
doubt affect his response or action to owning up during the screening test. Another instance is
the duality of good and evil/bad and how confessors (priest) use it during cancelling/ or retreat
before the laity confesses their sins. Other influences include personal and situational disposition
of the person involved. The thoughts of Hajia Turai Yar’adua during the debilitating health saga
of her husband President Yar’adua, prior to his death, did not predict her behaviour, because so
many other influences were obvious.
Also, when the attitude is specific to the action, then there is likelihood of it predicting
behaviour. For instance, attitude towards smoking predict the use of cigarettes and other tobacco;
but if it involves a general attitude to a particular behaviour or a particular attitude to a general
behaviour, then thoughts would not predict action.
If the attitude is strong or potent, it can also predict actions or behaviours. Attitude could be
strong either because something reminds us of it or because we gained it in a manner that makes
7. Page 7 of 10
it strong. An experienced sales man or marketing executive going for a marketing job
opportunity usually has a strong or potent attitude about the interview, and his response to the
interviewers would be determined more from his thoughts about the recruitment requirement and
his experience. An inexperience jobseeker would naturally have dampened attitude towards the
same job position.
HOW BEHAVIOUR AFFECTS ATTITUDE
We become just by the practice of
just actions, self controlled by
exercising self-control, and
courageous by performing act of
courage.
– Aristotle –
As it has been established that only in three circumstances that attitude predict behaviour, this
relationship also works in the reverse. We are not subjected to thinking ourselves into action but
also act ourselves into a way of thinking. Three circumstances under which behaviour or action
determines attitude is listed below:
i. The actions prescribed by social roles mold the attitudes of the role player;
ii. Research on the foot-in-the door phenomenon reveals that committing a small act
later makes people more willing to do a larger one; and
iii. The need to justify our moral attitude.
Social roles (actions) mold attitude. Role is a set of norms that define how people in a given
social position ought to behave. Stepping into a new role tend to change ones attitude of the role.
For instance, in the Nigerian Police Force (NPF), people assume Police Officers as corrupt, mean
and wicked (seeing them as extortionist). Someone that shares the same believe tends to change
his thoughts when he gains employment in the force. By performing the duties of the Police
Officer, his new role presents more meaning of the Police Force to him, thus he becomes an
advocate of praising or supporting his new role playing. The Officer will then be internalizing
attitudes appropriate to his new role. One important property of attitude, which differentiates it
from personality attributes, is that attitudes can be changed quickly unlike other personality
attributes (Ugwu and Onyeneje, 2002)
8. Page 8 of 10
In the concept of foot-in-the door phenomenon, from research findings, there is the tendency for
people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request. For
instance, to get people to donate blood or money, it often helps first to elicit a smaller
commitment to the same cause – perhaps to sign a pledge, agree to a poster on one’s door, or
state one’s intention (Myer, 2002:141). Negotiators have a direct interest in knowing how to
effectively apply this concept on others: politicians trying to win votes, salespeople and
advertisers hawking their products, religious leaders seeking converts, trial lawyers arguing
before a jury, and fund-raisers seeking donations. Aminu Kano, for instance, applied this concept
during is campaign for election in Kano State. He gave out transistor radios to Muslim faithful to
play tape-recorded campaign messages. Subsequently, he provided them with bicycles and
encouraged them to play the tape message in the early hours of the morning and in the late hours
of the evening, assuring them that the transistor radios and the bicycle will be theirs if only they
comply with the broadcast. Eventually, he encouraged them to join in the campaign team, which
eventually spurred his victory in the gubernatorial seat of Kano State.
Another instance is that applied by religious leaders/evangelizers. Usually, on their first visit,
they present one with a tract or sticker. Subsequently, they offer prayers and other scriptural or
religious materials to their. Eventually, they invite the faithful or brethren to join in their church
services and other religious matter.
Through small commitments, higher grounds are gained and bigger advances made that will lead
to full participation in the campaign and voting process or in church activities as seen in the two
instances above. As Cialdini (1988) succinctly puts it, “you can use small commitments to
manipulate a person’s self-image; you can use them to turn citizens into ‘public servants,’
prospects into ‘customers,’ prisoners into ‘collaborators,’ ”
The need to justify our moral attitude could as well serve as another circumstance where our
actions predict our attitude. Wartime killings or inter-tribal clashes are committed, and the
warlords justify their actions as right by giving reasons. The cruel acts in the massacre of the
Rwandan Tutsis by the Hutus, built even crueler, more hate filled attitudes by the perpetrators
and victims. The Jos killings which have quite tribal and religious undertone have created a
lingering distaste and sour attitude amongst the parties involved.
9. Page 9 of 10
CONCLUSION
According to Moorhead and Griffin (1995), attitudes are complexes of beliefs and feelings that
people have about specific ideas, situations or other people. Attitudes in work settings are very
important because they are vehicles through which people express their feelings (Ugwu and
Onyeneje, 2002). Behaviour is the way in which a person, organism, or group responds to a
specific set of conditions.
The relationship between attitude and behaviour is that both of them predict each other. One
thing is plain; depending on the circumstances, the relationship between expressed attitudes and
behaviour can range from no relationship to a strong relationship. It is like a relationship between
egg and chicken – they generate each other.
REFERENCES