This document discusses techniques for confidential data storage and deletion. It describes encryption as a key method for confidential storage, focusing on the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) algorithm. Hardware-based confidential storage techniques like secure flash drives and encrypted hard drives are also covered. For deletion, the document outlines physical destruction of storage media, data overwriting methods, and encrypting data then erasing the encryption key. The goal is to ensure data can only be read by authorized persons throughout its entire lifecycle.

1. Confidential Data Storage and
Deletion
PRESENTED
By
A.KIRAN KUMAR
(08581A0526)

2. C O N TEN TS
 Introd uction
 C onfid ential D ata Storage
 Techniques of confid ential storage
 Encryption
 Sym m etric and asym m etric encryption
 Ad vanced Encryption Stand ard (AES)
 H ard ware-based C onfid ential Storage techniques
 C onfid ential D ata Erasure
 Physical D estruction
 D ata O verwriting
 Encryption with K ey Erasure
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 C onclusion

3. INTRODUC TION
 Many computers store data about personal finances, online transactions,
tax records, passwords for bank accounts and emails.
 All these sensitive information are vulnerable to theft and also leaked
accidentally due to improper disposal of storage media.
 To protect the secrecy of the entire data lifetime, we must have
confidential ways to store and delete data.
 This seminar describes the most commonly used encryption
algorithm, Advanced Encryption System (AES) which is used for
many of the confidential data storage methods and also describes the
confidential data erasure methods such as physical destruction, data
overwriting methods and Key erasure.
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4. C ONFIDE NTIA L DA TA
STORA GE
 Achieving confidentiality means storing data in a way that can be read
only by authorized persons. No unauthorized persons should be able to
read or otherwise obtain meaningful information from this data, even
with physical access to the storage media.
UNIX Storage Path Windows Storage Path
Application Application User
Kernel
VFS I/O Manager
File System File System Driver
Storage Device
Block Layer Drivers
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Storage Storage
Media Media

5. TECHNIQUES OF CONFIDENTIAL
STORAGE
 There are two basic techniques of confidential storage:
1. Software-based confidential storage techniques
I. Encryption
II. Advanced Encryption Standard (AES)
2. Hardware-based confidential storage techniques
I. Secure Flash Drives
II. Enclosures and Extension Cards
III. Encrypted Hard Drives
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6. STO RAGE
E NC RYPTION
 Encryption is the process of transforming information (referred to
as plaintext) using an algorithm (called cipher) to make it
unreadable to anyone except those possessing special knowledge,
usually referred to as a key.
 There are two basic techniques for encrypting information.
1. Symmetric encryption (secret key encryption)
2. Asymmetric encryption ( public key encryption).
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7. SYM M ETRIC AN D ASYM M ETRIC
EN C RYPTIO N
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8. A DVA NC E D E NC RYPTION
STA NDA RD (A E S)
 The Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) specifies a FIPS(Federal
Information Processing Standard)-approved cryptographic algorithm
that can be used to protect electronic data. The AES algorithm is a
symmetric block cipher that can encrypt (encipher) and decrypt
(decipher) information.
128 bit plain text
K
Round Keys (128 Bits)
E
Pre Round Transformation Y Cipher Key
K0 (128, 192 or 256 bits)
Round 1
E
K1 X
Nr Key Size
P
Round 2
K2 A 10 128
. .
. .
. N 12 192
Round N (Slightly Different)
. S
KNr I 14 256
O 8
128 bit cipher text
N

9. H ARD WARE-BASED C O N FID EN TIAL
STO RAGE TEC H N IQ U ES
 Secure Flash Drives: Some secure flash drives provide only
software encryption using block-based encryption methods as
mentioned. Other flash drives protect data through cryptographic
mechanisms provided on the flash drive itself.
 Enclosures and Extension Cards: Enclosures and extension
cards can employ good encryption techniques and do not divulge any
information about files or the structure of the file system on disk.
 Encrypted Hard Drives: Seagate [2006] is introducing “Drive
Trust Technology” into their Momentus 5400 FDE series notebook
hard drives, which implement full disk encryption. This technology is
implemented in the hard drive firmware and provides encryption,
decryption, hashing (for passwords), digital signature, and random-
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number generation functions.

10. CONFIDENTIAL DATA ERASURE
 When confidential data have to be removed, we must be sure that once
deleted, the data can no longer be restored. A full secure data lifecycle
implies that data is not only stored securely, but deleted in a secure
manner as well.
 CMRR scanning microscopes , Magnetic force microscopy and
magnetic force scanning & tunneling microscopy analyze the polarity
of the magnetic domains of the electronic storage medium and can
recover data in minutes.
 Confidential data deletion can be accomplished in three ways:
1.Physical Destruction
2.Data Overwriting
3.Encryption with Key Erasure 10

11. PH YSIC AL D ESTRU C TIO N
 The Department of Defense government document(DoD)states that
classified material may be destroyed by numerous methods:
1. Smelting
2. Shredding
3. Sanding
4. Pulverization
5. Acid bath
6. Magnetic degaussing
 Physical destruction methods provide great confidentiality. we cannot
securely delete only one file using these methods. Therefore, this
method does not support flexible security policies.
 Since physical destruction can destroy large amounts of data in a 11
relatively short amount of time, the performance in this sense is quite
good.

12. DATA OVERWRITING
 Write new data on top of existing data and thus erase the
previously existing data.
 The Department of Defense document suggests an overwrite with a
character, its compliment, then a random character, as well as other
software-based, overwrite methods that refer to non-volatile electronic
storage as listed below:
ID ERASURE METHOD
C Overwrite all addressable locations with a character
D Overwrite all addressable locations with a character, its
complement, then a random character and verify
E Overwrite all addressable locations with a character, its
complement, then a random character
H Overwrite all locations with a random pattern, with binary zeros,
and then with binary ones
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13. ENCRYPTION WITH KEY
ERASURE
 The third way to delete data securely is to encrypt the data and then
securely erase the key. The encryption key is often securely deleted
using overwriting methods. This combination allows for much faster
secure deletion in that only a small key is overwritten instead of the
entire file (which could be very large).
 if the encryption key is protected by a password and the password is
merely forgotten, the strength of the secure deletion is directly
correlated to the strength of the password.
 It is best to delete the encryption key(s) securely through physical
destruction or overwriting methods. The ease-of-use characteristic is
degraded in that the user must destroy the key explicitly.
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14. C O N C L U SIO N
 This Seminar took a look at the methods, advantages, and limitations of
confidential storage and deletion methods for electronic media in a non-
distributed, single-user environment, with a dead forensic attack model.
 We compared confidential data handling methods using characteristics
associated with confidentiality, policy, ease-of-use, and performance.
 By compiling experiences and constraints of various confidential storage
and deletion techniques, we hope that knowledge from this Seminar is
very helpful.t
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