This document discusses the codes and conventions used in music videos. It defines codes and conventions as the techniques used to construct meaning in music videos. These can be split into symbolic techniques like facial expressions and mise-en-scene, and technical techniques like camera angles and shot types. Common codes and conventions discussed include style (performance, narrative, mixture), editing techniques, camera shots, and mise-en-scene elements like costumes, lighting, color palette, and location. The use of codes and conventions provides structure for audiences and ensures the video matches the song's lyrics.

1. Codes and Conventions
of Music Videos
by Joseph Reeves

2. What are codes
and conventions?
• Codes and conventions of music videos are the
different techniques used to construct meaning
in them.
• Codes and conventions can be split into two
different categories: symbolic and technical

3. Symbolic Techniques
• Means of showing meanings beyond what you
can see. An example is mise-en-scene or facial
expressions.

4. Technical Techniques
• Technical techniques refers to the technical
elements that are used to convey a meaning e.g.
camera angles, sound, shot types etc.

5. Reasons for Codes and
Conventions
• The audience can become familiar with a certain
genre if there are certain codes and
conventions.
• To ensure the lyrics fit with the video.
• Provides a structure for the audience.

6. The Codes and Conventions
for music videos
• Obviously different genres have different codes
and conventions but these are the generic ones;
• Style
• Editing techniques
• Camera shots
• Mise-en-scene

7. Style

8. Performance
• A performance style video is one that consists mainly of the artist or band performing in the
video. A good example is The Strokes - ‘Reptilia’ which contains mainly shots of the band
playing their instruments. Often these shots are squared off close ups. The band were often
about image and this video fetishises their clothes and instruments. Performance videos are
often less common than other styles as often target audiences lose focus and do not engage.
However, this example uses different lighting and close ups to really engage the target audience
and hone down on the bands identity.

9. Narrative
• A narrative music video is one that follows a story line. There are two types of narrative;
linear and fragmented. Linear is quite simply a story that starts at the beginning and
finishes at the end. A fragmented is one that does not. An example of a linear narrative
music video is The Coronas - ‘Just Like That’.

10. Mixture
• A mixture is as simple as it sounds. It includes both performance and narrative aspects in
the video. A good example is Wolf Alice - ‘Freazy’ as the video has a narrative and a
performance in it.

11. Editing Techniques
• Editing for professional music videos is often
done on Final Cut Pro, however I am using
iMovie.
• Editing is crucial in terms of music videos as it is
the final coming together of the video. The
editing includes things such as special effects,
cutaways, jump shots etc. Editing helps put the
narrative in the right order and adds different
backgrounds if green screening has been used.

12. Camera Shots
• Camera shots are vital in terms of codes and conventions of music videos.
• Shot Types - Different shot types help portray different emotions felt in the
video. They also give the audience a sense of what is going on.
• Camera Angles - Different camera angles again help portray different
emotions and also representations of people in the video, for example a
high angle shot can make the audience feel superior over the artist or
subject in the video.
• Camera Movements- These help the audience follow a performance or a
subject in a music video. Vampire Weekend used this in their video
‘Cousins’. This helped the audience follow what is happening in the video.
The whole video is shot on a ‘dolly’ and this is included in the video
suggesting that the audience are involved in the making of the video.

13. Mise-en-scene
• The mise-en-scene in music videos focusses on different elements such as
costumes, location, colour pallet and lighting. These elements often differ based on
what genre the music video is.
• Costumes - help show what time period the video is set in. Costumes often help
represent a certain genre of people too as they are usually stereotypical.
• Lighting - How the scene is lit. This often involves artificial lighting rigs or side lights.
• Colour Pallet - This helps to show what codes and conventions certain genres
should follow as pop music videos will usually involve much brighter colours such
as pink and blue whereas indie music videos often involve black and white shots
with monochrome colours. Meghan Trainor - ‘All about that Bass’ vs Oasis -
‘Wonderwall’.
• Location - Different genres of music will be set in different locations. The different
locations help establish the setting and the narrative of a music video.