Attock Cement Pvt. Ltd Internship report.
VISION:
To be the leading organization continuously providing high quality cement, excelling in every aspect of its business and to remain market leader in cement industry.
Attock Cement Pvt. Ltd Internship report.
VISION:
To be the leading organization continuously providing high quality cement, excelling in every aspect of its business and to remain market leader in cement industry.
The extensive use of pulverized coal injections in blast furnace worldwide, calls for higher coke quality. On the other hand, as coking coals become more expensive, with volatile price and relative availability, coke producers look for the introduction of cheaper coals in the blend. One of the answers to either of these drivers is stamped charging, initially oriented to the use of high volatile poorly coking coals.
Briefly, the technique of charge preparation consists in preparing a cake with the coal blend in a metallic box, then charging it in the coke oven. The higher charge density implies better coke quality when compared with conventional charging. So, depending on the situation, either better coke quality may be obtained, or poorer coking coals may be included in the blend.
The process has been around since the early XX century. As an example, Coed Ely coke plant, in South Wales, UK, operated two batteries of 30 ovens each, built by Coppe Company in 1914, 34’ long, 8’ 6” high and 50’ width, with a stamping station located in the space between the two batteries. Straw was used as an aid to cake strength. Straw was used as a binder and a specially designed charger car/ram built to load the charge into the oven from the back. Coke made by the stamp charging process was of a denser and larger variety than that made in other ways, making its use ideal for ironmaking in foundries where strength is an important factor. Another advantage noted was that a much larger range of coals could be coked with the limits of (high) volatility and coking properties much increased [1]. Also, other plants in West and East Europe adopted the technique: Germany, France, Poland, and Ukraine.
Modern process development took place in Fuerstenhausen Coke Plant, Völklingen, Germany, focused in the use of high volatile Sarre basin coal. In 1978, after intensive research and development the first 6 meters high cake was produced, overcoming a bottleneck for the economical implantation of this technology. The first plant of this dimension was started-up in 1984, at what is called today ZKS Zentralkokerei Saar, Völklingen, Germany [2].
Then, stamped charging was adopted by Tata Steel in 1989 [3] and other plants in the same country. During this century, an impressive capacity was built in China, with more than 100 M tpy [4]. The first modern stamp charging plant in the Americas was built in 2010 in ThyssenKrupp Steel CSA, Santa Cruz, Brazil [5].
Australia, China, Indonesia, India, France, Japan, Colombia, Colombia, Hongkong, Malaysia, Mozambique, Philippines, Pakistan's coal loading port and discharging port list.
presentation about Mining costs and prices of minerals
Cairo University faculty of Engineering Mining Department 2015
WE TALK about :
Costs of mining
Prices of minerals
Risk analysis
Submitted for :
Prof. Dr .Mohamed El Wageh
By:
Ahmed Mohamed Wassel
Mohamed Abdel Nabi Essa
Mahmoud Mustafa Khallaf
the internship report at lucky cement factory plant at karachi near nooriabad .......
we see no. of activitise over here and we enjoy alot ........
this report include all process and activites to make the cement ..........!!!!
6 Guidelines to Select Right Refractory for your Furnace.Gita Gilada
Expert Says - "Picking the Right Refractory will not only Last Longer, it also Saves the Annual Fuel Cost". Type of Furnace & Type of Fuel matters most.
The extensive use of pulverized coal injections in blast furnace worldwide, calls for higher coke quality. On the other hand, as coking coals become more expensive, with volatile price and relative availability, coke producers look for the introduction of cheaper coals in the blend. One of the answers to either of these drivers is stamped charging, initially oriented to the use of high volatile poorly coking coals.
Briefly, the technique of charge preparation consists in preparing a cake with the coal blend in a metallic box, then charging it in the coke oven. The higher charge density implies better coke quality when compared with conventional charging. So, depending on the situation, either better coke quality may be obtained, or poorer coking coals may be included in the blend.
The process has been around since the early XX century. As an example, Coed Ely coke plant, in South Wales, UK, operated two batteries of 30 ovens each, built by Coppe Company in 1914, 34’ long, 8’ 6” high and 50’ width, with a stamping station located in the space between the two batteries. Straw was used as an aid to cake strength. Straw was used as a binder and a specially designed charger car/ram built to load the charge into the oven from the back. Coke made by the stamp charging process was of a denser and larger variety than that made in other ways, making its use ideal for ironmaking in foundries where strength is an important factor. Another advantage noted was that a much larger range of coals could be coked with the limits of (high) volatility and coking properties much increased [1]. Also, other plants in West and East Europe adopted the technique: Germany, France, Poland, and Ukraine.
Modern process development took place in Fuerstenhausen Coke Plant, Völklingen, Germany, focused in the use of high volatile Sarre basin coal. In 1978, after intensive research and development the first 6 meters high cake was produced, overcoming a bottleneck for the economical implantation of this technology. The first plant of this dimension was started-up in 1984, at what is called today ZKS Zentralkokerei Saar, Völklingen, Germany [2].
Then, stamped charging was adopted by Tata Steel in 1989 [3] and other plants in the same country. During this century, an impressive capacity was built in China, with more than 100 M tpy [4]. The first modern stamp charging plant in the Americas was built in 2010 in ThyssenKrupp Steel CSA, Santa Cruz, Brazil [5].
Australia, China, Indonesia, India, France, Japan, Colombia, Colombia, Hongkong, Malaysia, Mozambique, Philippines, Pakistan's coal loading port and discharging port list.
presentation about Mining costs and prices of minerals
Cairo University faculty of Engineering Mining Department 2015
WE TALK about :
Costs of mining
Prices of minerals
Risk analysis
Submitted for :
Prof. Dr .Mohamed El Wageh
By:
Ahmed Mohamed Wassel
Mohamed Abdel Nabi Essa
Mahmoud Mustafa Khallaf
the internship report at lucky cement factory plant at karachi near nooriabad .......
we see no. of activitise over here and we enjoy alot ........
this report include all process and activites to make the cement ..........!!!!
6 Guidelines to Select Right Refractory for your Furnace.Gita Gilada
Expert Says - "Picking the Right Refractory will not only Last Longer, it also Saves the Annual Fuel Cost". Type of Furnace & Type of Fuel matters most.
Asian Coal Benchmarks and Risk Management Reportkasper1
Asia is the world’s biggest coal market and its risk management mechanisms are rapidly adapting to reflect this. The Asian coal trading market is changing fast. With this shift has come an evolution of market dynamics, trading options and benchmark indices.
In this Report we will take a closer look at the drivers of the changes in the global and Asian Coal Trading Markets. The different coal price benchmarks in the Atlantic and the Asian pacific regions. The close relationship between these benchmarks and the evolution of coal derivatives trading in Asia. The working of derivative instruments like Swaps and futures.
India Manufacturing Corp can offer Coal imported from Indonesia and South Africa to Indian buyers. Best quality as per desired specifications, and delivery at doorstep.
Thar Coal, A Black Treasure OF Pakistan ( Series of Presentations, (No. 2/17)Malik Tariq Sarwar Awan
This is Series if Presentations, total 17 Presentations, this is No. 2, Next will be Hydel Power of Pakistan, Finally ending in last 4 presentations at Solutions to energy crises to Pakistan.
FOR SALE / TAKE OVER
WITH ALL PERMIT C&C READY . MINE-ABLE FOR MORE THAN 30YRS, DEPOSIT +70.000.000 TON MORE.MINING DESIGN READY JETTY 3KM MINING 5KM .
Imported Coal Specification
Coal Trading Market Details
Why coal is better than fuel
Coal used in cement manufacturing and other industries
Pakistan top 5 coal traders
•Direct Export to India/China. Strategy is being driven by increasing international demand for thermal coal
•Export to South Africa, ESKOM and Richards Bay is currently under PFS and is a short two to three year implementation
•Coal to Liquid and Coal to Gas strategy has no risk and is being subsidised
Annual Conference on Coal : Priorities, Challenges and AuctionsInfraline Energy
Continuing with our focus on contemporary issues concerning Energy, Infraline Energy is organizing a conference on “Coal Priorities, Challenges & Auctions” on May 27 in New Delhi. For further details on the conference, kindly drop us a mail on conference@infraline.com
4th Annual Conference on Global Domestic Coal Outlook : Need for logistics op...Infraline Energy
InfralineEnergy is organizing a conference on '4th Annual Conference on Global Domestic Coal Outlook : Need for logistics optimization' on 17th July in New Delhi. Register Now ! http://www.infraline.com/events/302/4th-Annual-Conference-on-Global--Domestic-Coal-OutlookNeed-for-logistics-optimization.htm
The presentation is from Mr. Kojo Bedu-Addo Manager, Sustainability and External Relations, Newmont Mining, from the just concluded African Round Table & Conference on Corporate Sustainability and Responsibility (AR-CSR™), which held in Tinapa Business Resort, Calabar, Cross River State between 20 to 21 June, 2013. Organised by ThistlePraxis Consulting Limited
Presentations from Scottish Enterprise's 'Scotland the global home for oil & gas' event at held at Scotland House during the 2014 Commonwealth Games in Glasgow.
Callide Oxyfuel Project - Jim Craigen - - Global CCS Institute – Nov 2011 Reg...Global CCS Institute
As a part of the Institute's strategic focus on assisting CCS projects through knowledge sharing, three North American roadshow events will help the industry share project experiences and knowledge about CCS. Taking place in the US and Canada, the three events include:
• Austin, Texas on November 8, 2011;
• Calgary, Canada on 10 November, 2011; and
• Washington, D.C. on 19 January, 2012.
The first roadshow focused on sharing project experiences and knowledge from the projects in North America but also brought in projects from Europe (Don valley) and Australia (Callide) so that regionally diverse experiences could be shared amongst a global audience.
Attendance at the event was around 30 to 35 which allowed open and frank discussions around technical, management, and regulatory issues and how these challenges can impact on a project’s advancement and decision making processes.
“Achieving Mine to Market Throughput” – Iluka South West Operations – Case...Robert Bolton
A case study in how to connect people and processes to deliver product and customer value, plus material and information flow.
A holistic approach to improving flow in a complex mineral sand operation - Iluka South West Operations
Robert is pioneer of the ToC approach in mining, oil and gas, capital infrastructure and financial markets. He has developed and implemented the Theory of Constraints (TOC) concepts in mining and resources capital planning and business execution business systems.
This case study is the turnaround story at the Iluka South West operations in Capel WA. This operation is large and complex operation with 4 separate mining operations feeding a large process plant with many dependent process and common resources.
The Throughput Focused Mining (TFM) approach improved the planning and execution processes to improve the product flow and operation performance. This turnaround was rapid. This operation achieved record production rates. Operational revenue increased significantly.
The additional operating capacity released due to the “Mine to Market” initiative, led to the stopping of a significant capital project. This capital project was to increase operating capacity.
The Theory of Constraints (ToC) concepts, simulations models and education tools, were key element s of this business system solution. Short-term planning and new scheduling methods was an element of this “Mine to Market” approach. This combined with collaboration in the form of weekly meeting, scheduling tools, common terminology and various discussion groups across the business teams, enabled the business transformation to be rapid and sustaining.
Discover the innovative and creative projects that highlight my journey throu...dylandmeas
Discover the innovative and creative projects that highlight my journey through Full Sail University. Below, you’ll find a collection of my work showcasing my skills and expertise in digital marketing, event planning, and media production.
Premium MEAN Stack Development Solutions for Modern BusinessesSynapseIndia
Stay ahead of the curve with our premium MEAN Stack Development Solutions. Our expert developers utilize MongoDB, Express.js, AngularJS, and Node.js to create modern and responsive web applications. Trust us for cutting-edge solutions that drive your business growth and success.
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Recruiting in the Digital Age: A Social Media MasterclassLuanWise
In this masterclass, presented at the Global HR Summit on 5th June 2024, Luan Wise explored the essential features of social media platforms that support talent acquisition, including LinkedIn, Facebook, Instagram, X (formerly Twitter) and TikTok.
3.0 Project 2_ Developing My Brand Identity Kit.pptxtanyjahb
A personal brand exploration presentation summarizes an individual's unique qualities and goals, covering strengths, values, passions, and target audience. It helps individuals understand what makes them stand out, their desired image, and how they aim to achieve it.
Implicitly or explicitly all competing businesses employ a strategy to select a mix
of marketing resources. Formulating such competitive strategies fundamentally
involves recognizing relationships between elements of the marketing mix (e.g.,
price and product quality), as well as assessing competitive and market conditions
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Digital Transformation and IT Strategy Toolkit and TemplatesAurelien Domont, MBA
This Digital Transformation and IT Strategy Toolkit was created by ex-McKinsey, Deloitte and BCG Management Consultants, after more than 5,000 hours of work. It is considered the world's best & most comprehensive Digital Transformation and IT Strategy Toolkit. It includes all the Frameworks, Best Practices & Templates required to successfully undertake the Digital Transformation of your organization and define a robust IT Strategy.
Editable Toolkit to help you reuse our content: 700 Powerpoint slides | 35 Excel sheets | 84 minutes of Video training
This PowerPoint presentation is only a small preview of our Toolkits. For more details, visit www.domontconsulting.com
[Note: This is a partial preview. To download this presentation, visit:
https://www.oeconsulting.com.sg/training-presentations]
Sustainability has become an increasingly critical topic as the world recognizes the need to protect our planet and its resources for future generations. Sustainability means meeting our current needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet theirs. It involves long-term planning and consideration of the consequences of our actions. The goal is to create strategies that ensure the long-term viability of People, Planet, and Profit.
Leading companies such as Nike, Toyota, and Siemens are prioritizing sustainable innovation in their business models, setting an example for others to follow. In this Sustainability training presentation, you will learn key concepts, principles, and practices of sustainability applicable across industries. This training aims to create awareness and educate employees, senior executives, consultants, and other key stakeholders, including investors, policymakers, and supply chain partners, on the importance and implementation of sustainability.
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
1. Develop a comprehensive understanding of the fundamental principles and concepts that form the foundation of sustainability within corporate environments.
2. Explore the sustainability implementation model, focusing on effective measures and reporting strategies to track and communicate sustainability efforts.
3. Identify and define best practices and critical success factors essential for achieving sustainability goals within organizations.
CONTENTS
1. Introduction and Key Concepts of Sustainability
2. Principles and Practices of Sustainability
3. Measures and Reporting in Sustainability
4. Sustainability Implementation & Best Practices
To download the complete presentation, visit: https://www.oeconsulting.com.sg/training-presentations
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Vat Registration is a legal obligation for businesses meeting the threshold requirement, helping companies avoid fines and ramifications. Contact now!
https://viralsocialtrends.com/vat-registration-outlined-in-uae/
B2B payments are rapidly changing. Find out the 5 key questions you need to be asking yourself to be sure you are mastering B2B payments today. Learn more at www.BlueSnap.com.
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Have you ever heard that user-generated content or video testimonials can take your brand to the next level? We will explore how you can effectively use video testimonials to leverage and boost your sales, content strategy, and increase your CRM data.🤯
We will dig deeper into:
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Affordable Stationery Printing Services in Jaipur | Navpack n PrintNavpack & Print
Looking for professional printing services in Jaipur? Navpack n Print offers high-quality and affordable stationery printing for all your business needs. Stand out with custom stationery designs and fast turnaround times. Contact us today for a quote!
4. Coal – The Evergreen Black Diamond
• Coal is a fossil fuel and is the
altered remains of
prehistoric vegetation that
originally accumulated in
swamps and peat bogs.
• This caused physical and
chemical changes in the
vegetation, transforming it
into peat and then into coal.
• Coal formation began during
the Carboniferous Period known as the first coal age which spanned 360 million
to 290 million years ago.
4
5. 5
12/4/2013
Classification of Coal
Carbon/Energy Content
High
Moisture Content
Hard Coals
Low rank Coals
47%
Lignite
17%
53%
Sub-Bituminous
30%
Bituminous
52%
Thermal
Steam Coal
Power
Generation
High
Power, Cement
Power, Cement
Anthracite
1%
Metallurgical
Coking Coal
Steel
Domestic/Industrial
6. Properties - Coal
• Any coal contents %of
▫ Moisture
▫ Ash (A)
▫ Volatile Matter (VM)
▫ Fixed Carbon (FC)
▫ Sulphur (S)
▫ Calorific Value (CV)
• Definitions
▫ As Received (ar): includes
Total Moisture ™
▫ Air Dried (ad): includes
Inherent Moisture (IM) only
▫ Dry Basis (db): excludes all
Moisture
▫ Dry Ash Free (daf): excludes
all Moisture & Ash
6
8. 8
12/4/2013
Coal Mining & Production
• Coal is mined by two methods:
▫ surface or 'opencast' mining
▫ underground or 'deep' mining
• Underground mining currently accounts for about 60% of
world coal production.
• In several important coal producing countries surface mining
is more common.
• For example, surface mining accounts for around 80% of
production in Australia; while in the USA it is used for about
67% of production.
• The choice of mining method is largely determined by the
geology of the coal deposit.
10. 10
12/4/2013
Coal – Electricity
Coal in Electricity Generation
South Africa
94%
Australia
76%
India
68%
Greece
55%
Poland
93%
Israel
71%
Czech Rep
62%
USA
49%
China
81%
Germany
49%
15. For India COAL is KING
• Reserves
▫ Proven 106 Billion Tonnes
▫ Indicated 123 Billion
Tonnes
▫ Inferred 38 Billion
Tonnes
• TOTAL 267 billionTonnes
• Coal reserves: > 250
years at present levels of
consumption
• Concentrated in Eastern
India
- As on 1 April, 2009, Ministry of Coal
15
16. 16
12/4/2013
The Supply Side
• Dominated by
Public Sector
players
Ministry of Coal
Coal India Limited
(CIL)
Neyveli Lignite
Corporation (NLC)
Singareni Collieries
Company Ltd. (SCCL)
• CIL (85%),
SCCL, (9%) are
the major ones
CIL Subsidiaries
Central Coalfields Ltd.
(Ranchi)
Mahanadi Coalfields Ltd.
(Sambalpur)
Southeastern Coalfields Ltd.
(Bilaspur)
Northeastern Coalfields Ltd.
(Guwahati)
Western Coalfields Ltd.
(Nagpur)
Northern Coalfields Ltd.
(Singrauli)
Eastern Coalfields Ltd.
(Asansol)
Bharat Coking Coal Ltd.
(Dhanbad)
Pricing of domestic coal declared by CIL – Notified Prices
Central Mine
Planning &
Design
Institute
(CMPDI)
17. 17
12/4/2013
Features of Coal in India
• Coal Prices are notified by CIL
• Coal Supplied to Actual Users Only
• Merchant sale of coal is not permitted, all sales are
through CIL
• E-Auctions is open for all participants
• Supply unable to meet Demand
• Imported Coal Prices are market determined
18. 18
12/4/2013
Power – Driving Coal
• The latest estimates of MOP indicates that overall power generation
capacity addition feasible during Xlth plan is 65,000 MW instead of
earlier plan of 78,000 MW.
• The present estimates of coal based generation capacity during the
Xlth plan is 44,000 MW requiring about 220 Mt of coal. About
37,000 MW capacity to be added during the balance period of the
xlth plan.
• Calls for extremely speedy implementation of coal mining projects,
enhancement of infrastructural facilities and coal evacuation
capacities and various other inter-related suporting systems.
25. 25
12/4/2013
Indonesia Coal Production 2012
Indonesian coal production in 2012 was
386 Million Tonnes (9.3% increase on
that of 2011)
Export: 73%; Domestic: 27%
Kalimantan contributes 92% of the total
production
Sumatera contributed 8% of the total production
38. 38
12/4/2013
Coal Quality Parameters
► Parameters of techno-commercial
importance
•Total moisture
•Ash
•Calorific value
► Parameters of technical importance
•Volatile matter
•Sulphur
•Phosphorus
•Chlorine
•Ash composition
•Ash fusion temperature
•Grindability (HGI)
•Size consist
39. 39
12/4/2013
Contracting issues
► Typical coal contracts for imports stipulate the following:
▫ TM
▫ Ash
▫ Calorific value (Gross or Net)
▫ Sulphur
▫ HGI
►Penalty/bonus/rejection criteria are specified for many of the parameters
►Increasingly, Indian purchase contracts are based on calorific value on “asreceived” basis e.g. GAR or NAR
►This is a better base compared to “air-dried” basis as the latter reflects an
artificial basis and can have significant implications on the cargo value
without any change in the inherent quality of the coal
40. 40
12/4/2013
Coal Sampling
► Sampling of imported coal is tricky especially as majority of the consignments are
blended coals from Indonesia
►Methods prescribed in standards (ASTM/ISO) cannot often be followed strictly due to
infrastructural constraints
►Manual sampling requires significant skill and experience of the sampling personnel.
►Mechanical sampling is preferred but infrastructural bottlenecks prevent installation
of mechanical samplers in most ports
►Lot-wise sampling a must though hardly any contracts have any safeguards against
indiscriminate blending/mixing
42. 42
12/4/2013
Trading
“The process of buying or selling a commodity, or a derivative on the
underlying commodity, for delivery at a certain time and location”
Physical Commodity Trading
A physical trading is based on the actual commodity; delivery of the
specified commodity is expected
Derivative Trading
A derivative is a financial instrument derived from a physical/ cash
market commodity. Delivery of the underlying commodity can be
enforced
43. 43
12/4/2013
Trading Platforms
Spot/Cash Market :
• A physical place where people buy and sell the actual commodities
• Spot usually refers to a cash market price for a physical commodity
that is available for immediate delivery.
• This is cash and carry transaction
OTC Market:
• A market where commodities are bought and sold in bilateral,
customized contracts negotiated over the telephone, via email and
other means of communications
• Usually, trades or contracts negotiated in the OTC market are for
delivery in the future period
44. 44
12/4/2013
Trading Platform contd…
Exchanges:
• A physical or electronic central location where “defined”
commodities are traded for future. Delivery takes place among
buyers and sellers, and which publicly quotes bid and offer prices
• The exchange acts as a clearing house and becomes the counterparty
for all exchange trades.
Online Trading:
• A web site owned by a market participant (buyer and/or seller)
where potential counterparties can view the companies bids and
offers and transact a trade if interested.
45. Pricing of Coal
• Coal is mainly priced on
▫ GCV
▫ Moisture
• Congestion at Load Port &
Discharge Port
• Freight
• Weather
• Inventory
• Currency
• Finished product price
• Government policies
• Prices of alternatives
• New technology
development
45
47. Components of a Hedging
Programme
• In order to stabilise cash flow and earnings
volatility, entities can manage risk via
“hedging”
• Hedging is an action of transferring risk to
energy prices to a counterparty
• A well-designed hedging strategy can:
▫ Facilitate earnings predictability and
stability and enable management
planning and negotiation
▫ Reduce cost of capital or release capital
held against commodity price shocks
• Hedging does not necessarily make energy
costs “cheaper” at any point in time
• Hedging a particular exposure should be
considered as part of an overall hedging
strategy because currency risk may remain
47
A well-designed hedging programme reduces the variability of costs
48. Optimum Hedging Strategy
• The first step in any hedging decision is
to identify the risk(s) that you are
looking to mitigate. In the case of
IndiaCorp the risk is Coal costs will rise
in the future
• The second step in a hedging policy is to
evaluate acceptable risk levels that the
program can take
• A number of diverse hedging
instruments are available to mitigate the
risks of high prices
• efficiently
• Hedging is an ongoing programme
– regular adjustments to reflect
forecasted coal expenditures and
anticipated market conditions
must be made
48
49. 49
12/4/2013
Actively Quoted Coal Indices
•The index chosen as the underlying pricing reference for your hedge
depends on the particular exposure you have to physical coal prices
•The following are the coal indices that are actively quoting and trading
swaps on
50. 50
12/4/2013
Swaps
•A swap is a financial instrument (no physical delivery) whereby one party
(the buyer) agrees to pay the other a fixed price for an underlying product
(Fuel Oil, Crude Oil, or any other commodity) in exchange for a floating
price for the same underling.
•An example of which is a swap between Broker and IndiaCorp whereby
IndiaCorp agrees to pay Broker a fixed price for its fuel consumption
and Broker agrees to pay IndiaCorp a floating price for the same
product – IndiaCorp thus fixes the price at which it buys its fuel (see
below illustration)
• The swap protects against adverse movements in energy prices by fixing the
price you would pay for your fuel with a cash flow that compensates you
should prices rise.
51. 51
12/4/2013
Swap Term Sheet
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Swap Buyer:
IndiaCorp
Swap Seller:
Mitsui (International Broker)
Reference:
globalCoal Newcastle Index
Swap Price:
50 $/mt*
Start Date:
1st July 2012
End Date:
31st December 2012
Volume:
25,000 mt / month (450,000 mt total)
Settlement:
Monthly, 5 business days after the end of the
month (Note that this settlement period can be adjusted to match
the payment patterns of the counterpart)
52. 52
12/4/2013
Swap Mechanics
•To give you an idea of where the market is currently trading, the
globalCoal Newcastle swap for July 2012 – December 2013 is
currently at $90/mt (5th March 2012)
• The swap fixes the maximum price you would have to pay for your
fuel, offering you immediate certainty of expenses
• As the upside is uncapped, you have unlimited up-side protection
• The swap has no entry costs