The document summarizes the main parts and functions of the human nervous system. It is divided into three main parts: the forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain. The forebrain includes the cerebrum, thalamus, and hypothalamus and is associated with higher functions like thought and action. The midbrain includes the tectum and tegmentum and is involved in vision, hearing, eye movement, and body movement. The hindbrain includes the cerebellum, pons, and medulla. It controls functions like equilibrium, motor control, sensory analysis, consciousness, sleep, breathing, and heart rate.
Components of the Nervous System, Various Parts of the Brain, Sulci, Gyri and Fissures, Cerebral Hemispheres, Various lobes in the Brain, Cerebellum, Brainstem.
3. List the parts of the brain that were discussed in class and the .pdfarshin9
3. List the parts of the brain that were discussed in class and the basic functions for each part.
Cerebral cortex; 4 lobes frontal parietal temporal occipital
homunculus primary motor cortex primary somatosensory cortex
Basal nuclei Diencephalon; 2 parts
thalamus hypothalamus
Cerebellum
Brainstem: midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata
medulla oblongata
Limbic system
Solution
The brain consists of three main parts: 1) the forebrain 2) the midbrain and 3) the hindbrain. The
forebrain is made up of cerebrum, thalamus and hypothalamus. The midbrain is made up of
tectum and tegmentum. The hindbrain consists of cerebellum, pons and medulla.
In the human brain, the cerebrum is the largest part which is associated with higher brain
function. The cerebral cortex consists of 4 lobes which are:
1) frontal lobe: this is associated with reasoning, movement, parts of speech and emotions.
2) parietal lobe: this is associated with recognition and orientation that is perception of stimuli.
3) occipital lobe: this is associated with the visual process.
4) temporal lobe: this is associated with memory, speech, perception and recognition of auditory
stimuli.
Homunculus primary motor cortex helps the brain to monitor and control the movement of the
body. While primary somatosensory cortex receives information such as pain or pressure relayed
from the spinal cord.
Thalamus is a mass of gray matter which is situated in the forebrain and has sensory and motor
functions. It carries all the sensory information via neurons to the cortex.
Hypothalamus controls the function of homeostasis, thirst, hunger, emotions, autonomic nervous
system and circadian rhythms.
Cerebellum regulates and coordinates the movement, posture and balance.
Brain stem is situated underneath the limbic system and is associated with basic functions such
as heartbeat, breathing, etc. The brain stem consists of midbrain, pons and medulla. The
midbrain controls the function of body movement, vision and hearing. Pons helps in the sensory
analysis and motor control and it is also associated with the movement and posture. Medulla
oblongata helps in maintaining the body functions such as heartbeat and breathing.
Limbic system consists of thalamus, hypothalamus, amygdala and hippocampus. Amygdala is
associated with memory, emotion and fear. Hippocampus is involved in learning and memory..
The human brain controls nearly every aspect of the human body ranging from physiological functions to cognitive abilities. It functions by receiving and sending signals via neurons to different parts of the body. The human brain, just like most other mammals, has the same basic structure, but it is better developed than any other mammalian brain.
Components of the Nervous System, Various Parts of the Brain, Sulci, Gyri and Fissures, Cerebral Hemispheres, Various lobes in the Brain, Cerebellum, Brainstem.
3. List the parts of the brain that were discussed in class and the .pdfarshin9
3. List the parts of the brain that were discussed in class and the basic functions for each part.
Cerebral cortex; 4 lobes frontal parietal temporal occipital
homunculus primary motor cortex primary somatosensory cortex
Basal nuclei Diencephalon; 2 parts
thalamus hypothalamus
Cerebellum
Brainstem: midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata
medulla oblongata
Limbic system
Solution
The brain consists of three main parts: 1) the forebrain 2) the midbrain and 3) the hindbrain. The
forebrain is made up of cerebrum, thalamus and hypothalamus. The midbrain is made up of
tectum and tegmentum. The hindbrain consists of cerebellum, pons and medulla.
In the human brain, the cerebrum is the largest part which is associated with higher brain
function. The cerebral cortex consists of 4 lobes which are:
1) frontal lobe: this is associated with reasoning, movement, parts of speech and emotions.
2) parietal lobe: this is associated with recognition and orientation that is perception of stimuli.
3) occipital lobe: this is associated with the visual process.
4) temporal lobe: this is associated with memory, speech, perception and recognition of auditory
stimuli.
Homunculus primary motor cortex helps the brain to monitor and control the movement of the
body. While primary somatosensory cortex receives information such as pain or pressure relayed
from the spinal cord.
Thalamus is a mass of gray matter which is situated in the forebrain and has sensory and motor
functions. It carries all the sensory information via neurons to the cortex.
Hypothalamus controls the function of homeostasis, thirst, hunger, emotions, autonomic nervous
system and circadian rhythms.
Cerebellum regulates and coordinates the movement, posture and balance.
Brain stem is situated underneath the limbic system and is associated with basic functions such
as heartbeat, breathing, etc. The brain stem consists of midbrain, pons and medulla. The
midbrain controls the function of body movement, vision and hearing. Pons helps in the sensory
analysis and motor control and it is also associated with the movement and posture. Medulla
oblongata helps in maintaining the body functions such as heartbeat and breathing.
Limbic system consists of thalamus, hypothalamus, amygdala and hippocampus. Amygdala is
associated with memory, emotion and fear. Hippocampus is involved in learning and memory..
The human brain controls nearly every aspect of the human body ranging from physiological functions to cognitive abilities. It functions by receiving and sending signals via neurons to different parts of the body. The human brain, just like most other mammals, has the same basic structure, but it is better developed than any other mammalian brain.
Your brain is the most complex technology anywhere in the world. It’s made up of three major parts: the forebrain, midbrain and hindbrain. These divisions allows us simplify and understand the functions of the brain.
The vertebrate brain
The vertebrate brain is the main part of the central nervous system. The brain and the spinal cord make up the central nervous system,
In most of the vertebrates the brain is at the front, in the head. It is protected by the skull and close to the main sense organs.
Brains are extremely complex and the part of human and animal body. The brain controls the other organs of the body, either by activating muscles or by causing secretion of chemicals such as hormones and neurotransmitters.
Muscular action allows rapid and coordinated responses to changes in the environment.
The brain of an adult human weights about 1300–1400 grams .
In vertebrates, the spinal cord by itself can cause reflex responses as well as simple movement such as swimming or walking. However, sophisticated control of behaviour requires a centralized brain.
The structure of all vertebrate brains is basically the same.
At the same time, during the course of evolution, the vertebrate brain has undergone changes, and become more effective.
In so-called 'lower' animals, most or all of the brain structure is inherited, and therefore their behaviour is mostly instinctive.
In mammals, and especially in man, the brain is developed further during life by learning. This has the benefit of helping them fit better into their environment. The capacity to learn is seen best in the cerebral cortex.
Three principles
The brain and nervous system is essentially a system which makes connections. It has input from sense organs and output to muscles. It is connected in several ways with the endocrine system, which makes hormones, and the digestive system and sex system. Hormones work slowly, so those changes are gradual.
The brain is a kind of department store. It has, all inter-connected, departments which do different things. They all help each other gather senses.
Much of what the body does is not conscious. Basically, much of the body runs on automatic (breathing, heart beat, hungry, hair growth) adjusted by the autonomic nervous system. The brain, too, does much of its work without a person noticing it. The unconscious mind refers to the brain activities which are hardly ever noticed.
THE SPINAL CORD
White Matter of the Spinal Cord
Gray Matter of the Spinal Cord and Spinal Roots
THE BRAIN
Basic Parts and Organizationof the Brain
Parietal Lobe
Occipital Lobe
Cerebellum
Brain Stem
The Brain stem
Medulla Oblongata
Midbrain
Pons
THE SPINAL CORD
White Matter of the Spinal Cord
Gray Matter of the Spinal Cord and Spinal Roots
THE BRAIN
Basic Parts and Organizationof the Brain
The Brain stem
Psychobiologist study the evolutionary and physiological mechanisms that are responsible for human behavior and try to understand how the brain functions in order to understand why humans behave the way we do.
Your brain is the most complex technology anywhere in the world. It’s made up of three major parts: the forebrain, midbrain and hindbrain. These divisions allows us simplify and understand the functions of the brain.
The vertebrate brain
The vertebrate brain is the main part of the central nervous system. The brain and the spinal cord make up the central nervous system,
In most of the vertebrates the brain is at the front, in the head. It is protected by the skull and close to the main sense organs.
Brains are extremely complex and the part of human and animal body. The brain controls the other organs of the body, either by activating muscles or by causing secretion of chemicals such as hormones and neurotransmitters.
Muscular action allows rapid and coordinated responses to changes in the environment.
The brain of an adult human weights about 1300–1400 grams .
In vertebrates, the spinal cord by itself can cause reflex responses as well as simple movement such as swimming or walking. However, sophisticated control of behaviour requires a centralized brain.
The structure of all vertebrate brains is basically the same.
At the same time, during the course of evolution, the vertebrate brain has undergone changes, and become more effective.
In so-called 'lower' animals, most or all of the brain structure is inherited, and therefore their behaviour is mostly instinctive.
In mammals, and especially in man, the brain is developed further during life by learning. This has the benefit of helping them fit better into their environment. The capacity to learn is seen best in the cerebral cortex.
Three principles
The brain and nervous system is essentially a system which makes connections. It has input from sense organs and output to muscles. It is connected in several ways with the endocrine system, which makes hormones, and the digestive system and sex system. Hormones work slowly, so those changes are gradual.
The brain is a kind of department store. It has, all inter-connected, departments which do different things. They all help each other gather senses.
Much of what the body does is not conscious. Basically, much of the body runs on automatic (breathing, heart beat, hungry, hair growth) adjusted by the autonomic nervous system. The brain, too, does much of its work without a person noticing it. The unconscious mind refers to the brain activities which are hardly ever noticed.
THE SPINAL CORD
White Matter of the Spinal Cord
Gray Matter of the Spinal Cord and Spinal Roots
THE BRAIN
Basic Parts and Organizationof the Brain
Parietal Lobe
Occipital Lobe
Cerebellum
Brain Stem
The Brain stem
Medulla Oblongata
Midbrain
Pons
THE SPINAL CORD
White Matter of the Spinal Cord
Gray Matter of the Spinal Cord and Spinal Roots
THE BRAIN
Basic Parts and Organizationof the Brain
The Brain stem
Psychobiologist study the evolutionary and physiological mechanisms that are responsible for human behavior and try to understand how the brain functions in order to understand why humans behave the way we do.
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
263778731218 Abortion Clinic /Pills In Harare ,sisternakatoto
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Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
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Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
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NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
2. To know the general organization of human
nervous system.
To understand about different parts of
nervous system.
To get some inside about their funtions.
3.
4. The central nervous system is usually considered
to have seven basic parts:
1. Spinal cord
2. Medulla
3. Pons
4. Cerebellum
5. Midbrain
6. Diencephalon
7. Cerebral hemispheres
5.
6. For ease of memorizing central nervous
system is divided into three main parts:
Forebrain
Midbrain (Brainstem)
Hindbrain
10. The cerebrum or cortex is the largest part of
the human brain, associated with higher brain
function such as thought and action.
The cerebral cortex is divided into four
sections, called "lobes": the frontal lobe,
parietal lobe, occipital lobe, and temporal
lobe.
11. Frontal Lobe- associated with reasoning,
planning, parts of speech, movement,
emotions, and problem solving
Parietal Lobe- associated with movement,
orientation, recognition, perception of stimuli
Occipital Lobe- associated with visual
processing
Temporal Lobe- associated with perception
and recognition of auditory stimuli, memory,
and speech
12.
13. Thalamus and hypothalamus controls the
human emotions and termed as “The limbic
system” often referred to as the "emotional
brain"
17. It is involved in functions such as vision,
hearing, eye movement, and body movement.
The anterior part has the cerebral peduncle,
which is a huge bundle of axons traveling
from the cerebral cortex through the brain
stem and these fibers (along with other
structures) are important for voluntary motor
function.
21. Control of equilibrium is a vital function of
cerebellum.
Cerebellum is specially vital during rapid
muscular activities like
Running
Typing
Talking
22. Pons- is the part of the metencephalon in the
hindbrain.
It is involved in motor control and sensory
analysis for example, information from the
ear first enters the brain in the pons.
It has parts that are important for the level of
consciousness and for sleep.
Some structures within the pons are linked to
the cerebellum, thus are involved in
movement and posture.
23. Medulla Oblongata- this structure is the
caudal-most part of the brain stem, between
the pons and spinal cord.
It is responsible for maintaining vital body
functions, such as breathing and heart rate.