The document discusses caring for people with diabetes by providing an overview of the disease. It covers understanding diabetes, types of diabetes, common symptoms, diagnosing diabetes through blood glucose testing, dangers of high blood glucose levels over time including damage to blood vessels and nerves, goals of treatment, the four pillars of diabetes management including diet, exercise, self-monitoring of blood glucose, and pharmacological treatment including oral medications and insulin therapy. It also addresses potential complications such as hypoglycemia and how to treat low blood sugar.
The document provides information about a presentation on diabetes. It will define diabetes, its causes, symptoms, and how to manage the disease. Attendees will learn to determine if they have diabetes, control blood sugar levels, and identify types 1, 2, and 3 diabetes. The presentation covers symptoms, testing blood sugar levels, diet, exercise, medications, and the importance of eating well and exercising regularly to prevent and control diabetes.
This document provides an overview of diabetes, including:
- Diabetes is a group of metabolic disorders characterized by hyperglycemia due to defects in insulin secretion or action.
- India has over 63 million people with diabetes, the second highest number in the world.
- There are three main types of diabetes - type 1, type 2, and gestational diabetes.
- Diabetes is diagnosed through fasting blood glucose, HbA1c, and oral glucose tolerance tests.
- Treatment involves lifestyle changes like diet and exercise as well as oral medications and insulin for blood glucose control.
- Chronic complications of diabetes can impact the eyes, kidneys, nerves, heart and blood vessels if not properly managed.
This document discusses diabetes mellitus and the nurse's role in managing it. It defines diabetes as a group of diseases involving problems with the hormone insulin that can occur when the pancreas produces little or no insulin or the body does not respond appropriately to insulin. It then discusses the types of diabetes (type 1, type 2, gestational), risk factors, signs and symptoms, tests, and complications. Finally, it outlines the necessary skills for nurses in diabetes management, including analytical skills, communication skills, attention to detail, and interpersonal skills to effectively provide care and make appropriate treatment adjustments.
Treatment and Drugs for Diabetes:
For a person suffering from Type 1 Diabetes, the treatment is going to need a lifetime of commitment. Some of the daily routine that needs to be followed is as followed:
•Taking insulin
•Exercising regularly and making sure to maintain a healthy weight
•Eating healthy foods
•Monitoring the blood sugar level
The goal of the treatment is to make sure that the blood sugar level is kept at bay. Insulin level has to be maintained in the bloodstream and there are two different ways of injecting insulin into the body.
•With a fine needle and a syringe
•An insulin pen, with cartridge filled with insulin
•An insulin pump
Healthy need of food as well as physical activity is required in order to maintain a healthy lifestyle for people who are suffering from Diabetes Type 1.
India has a high burden of diabetes, with over 61 million diabetic patients. Type 1 diabetes incidence is increasing, with around 78,000 children developing it annually. Genetic and environmental factors contribute to type 1 diabetes risk. Vaccination for type 1 diabetes aims to induce regulatory T-cells to prevent immune destruction of insulin-producing beta cells. While antigens and clinical trials show promise, challenges remain in identifying biomarkers, developing animal models, and determining optimal combinations or adjunct therapies.
This document discusses diabetes mellitus type 1 (DM1) in children. It begins by outlining the types of diabetes and focuses on DM1. DM1 results from loss of pancreatic function and insulinopenia. It then discusses the presentation of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) in a 7-year-old patient from Saudi Arabia. The document reviews risk factors, genetic predispositions, diagnostic criteria and management of DM1 and DKA. Management involves rehydration, treating electrolyte imbalances, acidosis, hyperglycemia and monitoring for complications such as cerebral edema.
This document provides information about diabetes mellitus, including its definition, classification, risk factors, diagnostic criteria, clinical presentation, management, complications, and special patient populations. Diabetes is a chronic condition characterized by hyperglycemia due to insulin deficiency or insulin resistance. It is classified into type 1, type 2, and gestational diabetes. Lifestyle modifications including diet and exercise are the primary management approach. Oral medications and insulin therapy may also be used. Complications can include hypoglycemia, retinopathy, nephropathy, neuropathy, and foot ulcers if not properly managed.
- World Diabetes Day was created in 1991 by the International Diabetes Federation and WHO in response to the diabetes epidemic. It is observed annually on November 14, the birthday of Frederick Banting, one of the discoverers of insulin.
- Diabetes has been known since ancient times and was described in early medical texts from Egypt, India, and Greece. However, the disease was more clearly defined in the 16th-19th centuries.
- Currently, over 346 million people worldwide have diabetes. If current trends continue, that number is projected to rise to over 366 million by 2030.
The document provides information about a presentation on diabetes. It will define diabetes, its causes, symptoms, and how to manage the disease. Attendees will learn to determine if they have diabetes, control blood sugar levels, and identify types 1, 2, and 3 diabetes. The presentation covers symptoms, testing blood sugar levels, diet, exercise, medications, and the importance of eating well and exercising regularly to prevent and control diabetes.
This document provides an overview of diabetes, including:
- Diabetes is a group of metabolic disorders characterized by hyperglycemia due to defects in insulin secretion or action.
- India has over 63 million people with diabetes, the second highest number in the world.
- There are three main types of diabetes - type 1, type 2, and gestational diabetes.
- Diabetes is diagnosed through fasting blood glucose, HbA1c, and oral glucose tolerance tests.
- Treatment involves lifestyle changes like diet and exercise as well as oral medications and insulin for blood glucose control.
- Chronic complications of diabetes can impact the eyes, kidneys, nerves, heart and blood vessels if not properly managed.
This document discusses diabetes mellitus and the nurse's role in managing it. It defines diabetes as a group of diseases involving problems with the hormone insulin that can occur when the pancreas produces little or no insulin or the body does not respond appropriately to insulin. It then discusses the types of diabetes (type 1, type 2, gestational), risk factors, signs and symptoms, tests, and complications. Finally, it outlines the necessary skills for nurses in diabetes management, including analytical skills, communication skills, attention to detail, and interpersonal skills to effectively provide care and make appropriate treatment adjustments.
Treatment and Drugs for Diabetes:
For a person suffering from Type 1 Diabetes, the treatment is going to need a lifetime of commitment. Some of the daily routine that needs to be followed is as followed:
•Taking insulin
•Exercising regularly and making sure to maintain a healthy weight
•Eating healthy foods
•Monitoring the blood sugar level
The goal of the treatment is to make sure that the blood sugar level is kept at bay. Insulin level has to be maintained in the bloodstream and there are two different ways of injecting insulin into the body.
•With a fine needle and a syringe
•An insulin pen, with cartridge filled with insulin
•An insulin pump
Healthy need of food as well as physical activity is required in order to maintain a healthy lifestyle for people who are suffering from Diabetes Type 1.
India has a high burden of diabetes, with over 61 million diabetic patients. Type 1 diabetes incidence is increasing, with around 78,000 children developing it annually. Genetic and environmental factors contribute to type 1 diabetes risk. Vaccination for type 1 diabetes aims to induce regulatory T-cells to prevent immune destruction of insulin-producing beta cells. While antigens and clinical trials show promise, challenges remain in identifying biomarkers, developing animal models, and determining optimal combinations or adjunct therapies.
This document discusses diabetes mellitus type 1 (DM1) in children. It begins by outlining the types of diabetes and focuses on DM1. DM1 results from loss of pancreatic function and insulinopenia. It then discusses the presentation of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) in a 7-year-old patient from Saudi Arabia. The document reviews risk factors, genetic predispositions, diagnostic criteria and management of DM1 and DKA. Management involves rehydration, treating electrolyte imbalances, acidosis, hyperglycemia and monitoring for complications such as cerebral edema.
This document provides information about diabetes mellitus, including its definition, classification, risk factors, diagnostic criteria, clinical presentation, management, complications, and special patient populations. Diabetes is a chronic condition characterized by hyperglycemia due to insulin deficiency or insulin resistance. It is classified into type 1, type 2, and gestational diabetes. Lifestyle modifications including diet and exercise are the primary management approach. Oral medications and insulin therapy may also be used. Complications can include hypoglycemia, retinopathy, nephropathy, neuropathy, and foot ulcers if not properly managed.
- World Diabetes Day was created in 1991 by the International Diabetes Federation and WHO in response to the diabetes epidemic. It is observed annually on November 14, the birthday of Frederick Banting, one of the discoverers of insulin.
- Diabetes has been known since ancient times and was described in early medical texts from Egypt, India, and Greece. However, the disease was more clearly defined in the 16th-19th centuries.
- Currently, over 346 million people worldwide have diabetes. If current trends continue, that number is projected to rise to over 366 million by 2030.
Diabetes Mellitus Complete (Introduction, Pathophysiology, Types, Diagnostic Tests, Treatment, Insulin, Prevention)
Table of Contents
Introduction
Normal Physiology
Pathophysiology
Types of Diabetes
Type 1 Diabetes
Type 2 Diabetes
Difference
Common Symptoms
How does diabetes transmit?
Diagnostic Tests for Checking Diabetes
Management of Diabetes
Treatment Strategies of Diabetes
Oral Hypoglycaemic Agents
Insulin & Insulin Analogues
Insulin preparation and Treatment
Prevention
Diabetes is a disease that affects the body's ability to produce or use insulin. There are two main types of diabetes: type 1, where the body does not produce insulin, and type 2, where cells do not respond properly to insulin. Over 25 million Americans have diabetes, with rates increasing with age. Diabetes is diagnosed through blood tests and managed through lifestyle changes like diet and exercise or medical treatment like insulin or other medications. While there is no known way to prevent type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes risk can be reduced through maintaining a healthy weight and being physically active.
Blue team power point for juvenile diabetes finaljgdilks
Juvenile diabetes, also known as Type 1 diabetes, is an autoimmune disease where the body's immune system destroys the insulin-producing cells in the pancreas. It affects children and young adults and requires lifelong insulin treatment. While the exact cause is unknown, it has been detected since the 17th century. Long-term effects of uncontrolled diabetes can include damage to the heart, blood vessels, nerves, eyes and kidneys. Proper management through insulin, diet, exercise and monitoring of blood sugar levels can help prevent complications.
Diabetes. Presented by Theresa Lowry-Lehnen. Nurse Practitioner and Lecturer.Theresa Lowry-Lehnen
Diabetes is a condition where the body does not properly regulate blood glucose levels. The two main types are type 1, where the body does not produce insulin, and type 2, where cells do not respond to insulin properly. Symptoms include increased thirst, urination, fatigue, and blurred vision. Treatment for type 1 is insulin injections, while type 2 focuses on diet, exercise, and sometimes medication or insulin. Proper management can reduce risks of complications like damage to organs and tissues over time.
Diabetes is a chronic disease that has become a global pandemic. It occurs when the pancreas does not produce enough insulin or the body cannot effectively use the insulin it produces, resulting in high blood sugar. The document discusses the history and types of diabetes and provides statistics on the rising global prevalence of the disease, particularly in the Middle East and Gulf countries, where some of the highest rates in the world exist. It is predicted that diabetes will become one of the leading causes of death by 2030 if preventative measures are not taken.
1) The document discusses pre-diabetes, which affects over 230 million people worldwide and is a risk factor for developing type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease.
2) It reports on a study of 50 pre-diabetic patients in India that found annual progression to diabetes was 5% and major complications included 20% cardiovascular, 6% cerebrovascular, 8% peripheral vascular disease, and 8% retinopathy.
3) Lifestyle interventions including nutrition, physical activity and weight management are recommended to reduce the risk of developing diabetes. Drug therapy may also help delay onset of type 2 diabetes in some cases.
Diabetes is a metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia due to defects in insulin secretion or action. There are three main types: type 1 diabetes results from beta cell destruction and requires insulin therapy; type 2 involves insulin resistance and sometimes relative insulin deficiency; gestational diabetes occurs during pregnancy. Chronic hyperglycemia can lead to microvascular complications affecting the eyes, kidneys, and nerves as well as increased cardiovascular risk. Treatment involves lifestyle changes, oral hypoglycemic medications or insulin depending on the type and severity of diabetes.
There are three main types of diabetes: Type 1, Type 2, and gestational diabetes. Type 1 diabetes occurs when the immune system attacks and destroys the insulin-producing cells in the pancreas. It accounts for 5-10% of diabetes cases and treatment requires lifelong insulin administration via injections or pump. Psychological impacts of Type 1 diabetes can include depression, stress, low self-esteem, and social anxiety. Higher levels of depression, stress, and social anxiety are associated with poorer diabetes management and control. Social support from family, friends, and medical providers is important for helping adolescents cope with Type 1 diabetes.
Diabetes mellitus (DM)
Introduction Sign and symptoms
complications
Types Etiology
Risk factors
Comparison between type 1 & type 2 DM
Causes of gestational DM
Q. Is there any impact of gestational DM on children?
Insulin Mechanism of action
Clinical features
List of oral hypoglycemic drugs available in BD
There are four main types of diabetes: type 1, type 2, gestational diabetes, and pre-diabetes. Type 1 is usually diagnosed in childhood and requires daily insulin injections. Type 2 is the most common type and is often linked to obesity. Gestational diabetes occurs during pregnancy, and pre-diabetes means blood sugar levels are higher than normal but not high enough to be classified as type 1 or 2. Common symptoms of diabetes include frequent urination, thirst, hunger, and fatigue. Testing involves fasting plasma glucose tests and oral glucose tolerance tests. Managing diabetes involves diet, exercise, medication and monitoring blood sugar levels. Long-term complications can affect the heart, kidneys, eyes, nerves and skin if diabetes is
This document discusses diabetes, including types, symptoms, treatments, and recent advances. It covers type 1 and type 2 diabetes, gestational diabetes, and pre-diabetes. Insulin and oral hypoglycemic agents are described as standard treatments. Recent advances discussed include islet cell transplantation using the Edmonton protocol, the bio-artificial pancreas called Beta-O2, transplanting islets into the omentum rather than liver, and research into using the BCG vaccine to eliminate disease-causing T-cells and restore insulin production.
It is a group of metabolic disorders of fat, carbohydrate and protein metabolism that results from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action (sensitivity) or both
The document discusses diabetic mellitus (diabetes). It aims to help participants understand what diabetes is, normal and abnormal blood sugar levels, the causes and types of diabetes, symptoms, complications if untreated, and ways to manage blood sugar levels through diet, exercise, medication and lifestyle changes. The two main types of diabetes - type 1 caused by lack of insulin production and type 2 caused by insulin resistance - are explained in further detail.
Diabetes Mellitus
Introduction
Pathophysiology
Types of Diabetes Mellitus
Type 1, 2 and
gestational diabetes
rescent research in Type 1 diabetes
Risk factors and causes
Complications short term and long term of diabetes
Management
Treatment with Insulin
Diabetic drugs
Healthy Diet
Exercises prescription
aerobic exercises,
resistance exercises and
flexibility
This document provides an overview of diabetes mellitus, including its classification into type 1 and type 2 diabetes. It defines each type, describing their pathophysiology, causes, signs and symptoms. Type 1 diabetes results from the body's immune system attacking insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas. Type 2 involves insulin resistance and reduced insulin secretion. Diagnostic tests and treatment options are also reviewed, along with pancreatic anatomy and the role of insulin in regulating blood sugar levels. Complications of diabetes and collaborative care approaches are briefly mentioned.
This document provides guidance on managing diabetes in the hospital setting. It covers diagnosing diabetes, distinguishing between type 1 and type 2, managing newly diagnosed patients, established diabetes, and diabetic emergencies. It discusses insulin regimens, sliding scales, sick day rules, ketoacidosis, and the hyperosmolar state. The goal is to provide healthcare workers with the knowledge to properly diagnose, treat, and manage diabetes and its complications in hospitalized patients.
Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease where the body does not produce insulin. It usually develops in children and young adults. People with type 1 diabetes must take insulin through medication and monitor their blood sugar levels closely. They also need to follow a specific diet and exercise routine to manage their condition. The causes of type 1 diabetes are not fully known but may involve genetic and environmental factors like viruses.
Diabetes Mellitus type 1 major comorbidity now days.
Insulin injection being the major treatment Diabetes Mellitus.
Some other drugs used to treat the Diabetes Mellitus are Tablet Metformin 500 mg and other hypoglycemic drugs.
Diabetes Mellitus and Hypertension how they are interlinked.
Diabetes Mellitus Types Diet Maintenance and Exerciseshama shabbir
The document discusses diabetes mellitus (DM), which is characterized by high blood glucose levels due to defects in insulin production or action. It describes the main types of DM - type 1, type 2, and gestational diabetes - and their causes and characteristics. The management of DM involves lifestyle modifications like diet and exercise as well as medication. Treatment may include oral anti-diabetic drugs or insulin, with the goal of maintaining normal blood glucose levels to prevent complications.
Type 1 Diabetes is well known as insulin dependent Diabetes. One needs to take insulin injections and monitor blood sugar levels regularly. Sharing some tips which will be helpful in managing Type 1 Diabetes well controlled.
Dr. Shahjada Selim, an assistant professor at Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, discusses self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) and recommends that patients on multiple-dose insulin or insulin pump therapy should perform SMBG before meals and snacks, at bedtime, before exercise, when suspecting low blood glucose, after treating low blood glucose until normoglycemic, before critical tasks like driving, and possibly after meals. The recommendations are based on standards from the American Diabetes Association.
Diabetes Mellitus Complete (Introduction, Pathophysiology, Types, Diagnostic Tests, Treatment, Insulin, Prevention)
Table of Contents
Introduction
Normal Physiology
Pathophysiology
Types of Diabetes
Type 1 Diabetes
Type 2 Diabetes
Difference
Common Symptoms
How does diabetes transmit?
Diagnostic Tests for Checking Diabetes
Management of Diabetes
Treatment Strategies of Diabetes
Oral Hypoglycaemic Agents
Insulin & Insulin Analogues
Insulin preparation and Treatment
Prevention
Diabetes is a disease that affects the body's ability to produce or use insulin. There are two main types of diabetes: type 1, where the body does not produce insulin, and type 2, where cells do not respond properly to insulin. Over 25 million Americans have diabetes, with rates increasing with age. Diabetes is diagnosed through blood tests and managed through lifestyle changes like diet and exercise or medical treatment like insulin or other medications. While there is no known way to prevent type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes risk can be reduced through maintaining a healthy weight and being physically active.
Blue team power point for juvenile diabetes finaljgdilks
Juvenile diabetes, also known as Type 1 diabetes, is an autoimmune disease where the body's immune system destroys the insulin-producing cells in the pancreas. It affects children and young adults and requires lifelong insulin treatment. While the exact cause is unknown, it has been detected since the 17th century. Long-term effects of uncontrolled diabetes can include damage to the heart, blood vessels, nerves, eyes and kidneys. Proper management through insulin, diet, exercise and monitoring of blood sugar levels can help prevent complications.
Diabetes. Presented by Theresa Lowry-Lehnen. Nurse Practitioner and Lecturer.Theresa Lowry-Lehnen
Diabetes is a condition where the body does not properly regulate blood glucose levels. The two main types are type 1, where the body does not produce insulin, and type 2, where cells do not respond to insulin properly. Symptoms include increased thirst, urination, fatigue, and blurred vision. Treatment for type 1 is insulin injections, while type 2 focuses on diet, exercise, and sometimes medication or insulin. Proper management can reduce risks of complications like damage to organs and tissues over time.
Diabetes is a chronic disease that has become a global pandemic. It occurs when the pancreas does not produce enough insulin or the body cannot effectively use the insulin it produces, resulting in high blood sugar. The document discusses the history and types of diabetes and provides statistics on the rising global prevalence of the disease, particularly in the Middle East and Gulf countries, where some of the highest rates in the world exist. It is predicted that diabetes will become one of the leading causes of death by 2030 if preventative measures are not taken.
1) The document discusses pre-diabetes, which affects over 230 million people worldwide and is a risk factor for developing type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease.
2) It reports on a study of 50 pre-diabetic patients in India that found annual progression to diabetes was 5% and major complications included 20% cardiovascular, 6% cerebrovascular, 8% peripheral vascular disease, and 8% retinopathy.
3) Lifestyle interventions including nutrition, physical activity and weight management are recommended to reduce the risk of developing diabetes. Drug therapy may also help delay onset of type 2 diabetes in some cases.
Diabetes is a metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia due to defects in insulin secretion or action. There are three main types: type 1 diabetes results from beta cell destruction and requires insulin therapy; type 2 involves insulin resistance and sometimes relative insulin deficiency; gestational diabetes occurs during pregnancy. Chronic hyperglycemia can lead to microvascular complications affecting the eyes, kidneys, and nerves as well as increased cardiovascular risk. Treatment involves lifestyle changes, oral hypoglycemic medications or insulin depending on the type and severity of diabetes.
There are three main types of diabetes: Type 1, Type 2, and gestational diabetes. Type 1 diabetes occurs when the immune system attacks and destroys the insulin-producing cells in the pancreas. It accounts for 5-10% of diabetes cases and treatment requires lifelong insulin administration via injections or pump. Psychological impacts of Type 1 diabetes can include depression, stress, low self-esteem, and social anxiety. Higher levels of depression, stress, and social anxiety are associated with poorer diabetes management and control. Social support from family, friends, and medical providers is important for helping adolescents cope with Type 1 diabetes.
Diabetes mellitus (DM)
Introduction Sign and symptoms
complications
Types Etiology
Risk factors
Comparison between type 1 & type 2 DM
Causes of gestational DM
Q. Is there any impact of gestational DM on children?
Insulin Mechanism of action
Clinical features
List of oral hypoglycemic drugs available in BD
There are four main types of diabetes: type 1, type 2, gestational diabetes, and pre-diabetes. Type 1 is usually diagnosed in childhood and requires daily insulin injections. Type 2 is the most common type and is often linked to obesity. Gestational diabetes occurs during pregnancy, and pre-diabetes means blood sugar levels are higher than normal but not high enough to be classified as type 1 or 2. Common symptoms of diabetes include frequent urination, thirst, hunger, and fatigue. Testing involves fasting plasma glucose tests and oral glucose tolerance tests. Managing diabetes involves diet, exercise, medication and monitoring blood sugar levels. Long-term complications can affect the heart, kidneys, eyes, nerves and skin if diabetes is
This document discusses diabetes, including types, symptoms, treatments, and recent advances. It covers type 1 and type 2 diabetes, gestational diabetes, and pre-diabetes. Insulin and oral hypoglycemic agents are described as standard treatments. Recent advances discussed include islet cell transplantation using the Edmonton protocol, the bio-artificial pancreas called Beta-O2, transplanting islets into the omentum rather than liver, and research into using the BCG vaccine to eliminate disease-causing T-cells and restore insulin production.
It is a group of metabolic disorders of fat, carbohydrate and protein metabolism that results from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action (sensitivity) or both
The document discusses diabetic mellitus (diabetes). It aims to help participants understand what diabetes is, normal and abnormal blood sugar levels, the causes and types of diabetes, symptoms, complications if untreated, and ways to manage blood sugar levels through diet, exercise, medication and lifestyle changes. The two main types of diabetes - type 1 caused by lack of insulin production and type 2 caused by insulin resistance - are explained in further detail.
Diabetes Mellitus
Introduction
Pathophysiology
Types of Diabetes Mellitus
Type 1, 2 and
gestational diabetes
rescent research in Type 1 diabetes
Risk factors and causes
Complications short term and long term of diabetes
Management
Treatment with Insulin
Diabetic drugs
Healthy Diet
Exercises prescription
aerobic exercises,
resistance exercises and
flexibility
This document provides an overview of diabetes mellitus, including its classification into type 1 and type 2 diabetes. It defines each type, describing their pathophysiology, causes, signs and symptoms. Type 1 diabetes results from the body's immune system attacking insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas. Type 2 involves insulin resistance and reduced insulin secretion. Diagnostic tests and treatment options are also reviewed, along with pancreatic anatomy and the role of insulin in regulating blood sugar levels. Complications of diabetes and collaborative care approaches are briefly mentioned.
This document provides guidance on managing diabetes in the hospital setting. It covers diagnosing diabetes, distinguishing between type 1 and type 2, managing newly diagnosed patients, established diabetes, and diabetic emergencies. It discusses insulin regimens, sliding scales, sick day rules, ketoacidosis, and the hyperosmolar state. The goal is to provide healthcare workers with the knowledge to properly diagnose, treat, and manage diabetes and its complications in hospitalized patients.
Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease where the body does not produce insulin. It usually develops in children and young adults. People with type 1 diabetes must take insulin through medication and monitor their blood sugar levels closely. They also need to follow a specific diet and exercise routine to manage their condition. The causes of type 1 diabetes are not fully known but may involve genetic and environmental factors like viruses.
Diabetes Mellitus type 1 major comorbidity now days.
Insulin injection being the major treatment Diabetes Mellitus.
Some other drugs used to treat the Diabetes Mellitus are Tablet Metformin 500 mg and other hypoglycemic drugs.
Diabetes Mellitus and Hypertension how they are interlinked.
Diabetes Mellitus Types Diet Maintenance and Exerciseshama shabbir
The document discusses diabetes mellitus (DM), which is characterized by high blood glucose levels due to defects in insulin production or action. It describes the main types of DM - type 1, type 2, and gestational diabetes - and their causes and characteristics. The management of DM involves lifestyle modifications like diet and exercise as well as medication. Treatment may include oral anti-diabetic drugs or insulin, with the goal of maintaining normal blood glucose levels to prevent complications.
Type 1 Diabetes is well known as insulin dependent Diabetes. One needs to take insulin injections and monitor blood sugar levels regularly. Sharing some tips which will be helpful in managing Type 1 Diabetes well controlled.
Dr. Shahjada Selim, an assistant professor at Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, discusses self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) and recommends that patients on multiple-dose insulin or insulin pump therapy should perform SMBG before meals and snacks, at bedtime, before exercise, when suspecting low blood glucose, after treating low blood glucose until normoglycemic, before critical tasks like driving, and possibly after meals. The recommendations are based on standards from the American Diabetes Association.
Glp 1-based therapies for treatment of type 2 diabetes update on the benefit...Abdulameer Alashbal
GLP-1R agonists lower glycated haemoglobin by about 0.6–1% and induce weight loss. DPP-4 inhibitors reduce glycated haemoglobin by 0.5–0.6% and have no effect on weight. The GLP-1–related drugs arrived in clinical practice with much fanfare and anticipation. DPP- 4 enzyme is a ubiquitous cell-membrane protein, expressed in many tissues, including lymphocytes, which has raised some concerns about the long-term effects of DPP-4 inhibitors, especially on immune function. Data consistent with case reports and animal studies indicate an increased risk for pancreatitis with GLP-1-based therapy and also raise caution about the potential long-term actions of these drugs to promote pancreatic and thyroid cancers. This lecture will review the incretin-based therapies with focus on their benefits and their potential transient and serious side effects.
Self Monitoring of Blood Glucose(SMBG) - The India opportunityHarshit Jain
The document discusses opportunities for diabetes management and treatment in India. It begins with background on the growing diabetes problem in India and low awareness levels. It then provides an overview of the competitive landscape for diabetes treatment companies in India, analyzing companies like Accu-Chek and Abbott. Finally, it recommends several innovations for diabetes management, including creating an online diabetes management portal and implementing behavioral science approaches to encourage sustainable behavior change among Indians for better diabetes self-management. The portal would provide resources for both healthcare professionals and consumers to support diabetes treatment and education.
This document provides information for diabetes educators on self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG). It explains that SMBG, as part of diabetes self-management education and support, can help patients understand the importance of monitoring, interpreting results, and maintaining a logbook to improve diabetes care. The document then answers frequently asked questions about how to properly use a glucometer, when to test blood glucose levels, normal ranges, and what to do if levels are too high or too low. It emphasizes the importance of keeping accurate records in a logbook to share with physicians.
This document discusses diabetic neuropathy and its management. It provides definitions of diabetic neuropathy and outlines its causes, types, risk factors, features, burden, and management approaches. Pregabalin is established as an effective first-line treatment based on evidence from multiple clinical trials. Trials showed that pregabalin across dosage ranges of 150-600 mg/day significantly reduced neuropathic pain in patients with diabetic peripheral neuropathy.
The document provides diagrams and descriptions of the bones in the human foot, labeling the calcaneus, talus, navicular, cuboid, cuneiforms, metatarsals, and phalanges. It includes side, top, and inside views of the left foot and poses three questions about the number of specific bone types in the foot, with the answers being 14 phalanges, 5 metatarsals, 7 tarsals, and 26 total bones.
This document discusses diabetic nephropathy, which is kidney damage caused by diabetes. It begins with an introduction on the increasing prevalence of diabetes in India and how about 25-40% of diabetics develop end stage renal disease or chronic kidney disease. The natural history of kidney disease progression through 5 stages is described from early increased filtration to end stage requiring dialysis or transplant. Risk factors, screening methods, management including controlling blood glucose and blood pressure, and treatment options like dialysis and transplant are covered.
Anatomy of the ankle and joints of footAkram Jaffar
Objectives:
After completion of this presentation, it is expected that the students will be able to
Musculoskeletal Anatomy
Describe the distal end of the tibia and be able to identify:
• the shaft
• the sharp anterior border
• the subcutaneous anteromedial surface or “shin”
• the interosseous border
• the medial malleolus
• articular surfaces
Describe the distal end of the fibula and be able to identify:
• the shaft
• the interosseous border
• the lateral malleolus with grooves for peroneal tendons
• articular surface
Identify the key features of the seven tarsal bones:
• the calcaneus
calcaneal tuberosity
medial, lateral and anterior tubercles
the sustentaculum tali
peroneal trochlea
• the talus:
head
neck
body
dome
posterior tubercle with groove for flexor hallucis longus
• the cuboid with groove for peroneus longus on the plantar surface
• the navicular with tuberosity for the insertion of tibialis posterior
• the five metatarsals with fifth tuberosity for peroneus brevis
• the phalanges with 2 on big toe, 3 on others
• sesamoid bones at base of 1st metatarsals
Describe the structure, function and maintenance (bones, muscles, tendons, ligaments) of the arches of the foot:
medial longitudinal
lateral longitudinal
transverse
Identify the attachments and understand the functions of the deep fascia:
• plantar aponeurosis
• fibrous septa of the sole
• extensor, flexor and peroneal retinaculae
Describe the components & function of the foot & ankle joints:
• ankle joint:
articular surfaces
fibrous capsule
synovial membrane
Ligaments (medial/deltoid, lateral/tri-fascicular)
Movements (plantar/dorsi flexion)
• subtalar joints:
• distal tibiofibular joint
• talo-calcaneo-navicular (mid-tarsal) joint
• tarso-metatarsal joints
• metatarsophalangeal
• interphalangeal
Recognise the shape, size and attachments of:
• the long plantar ligament
• the short plantar (plantar calcaneocuboid) ligament
Clinical Anatomy
Explain the relevant anatomy of:
• the differences between the superior and inferior tibiofibular joints
• fracture of the second & fifth metatarsals
• ankle sprain with fractured shaft of fibula
• the three degrees of ankle sprain
• the ratio of lateral to medial ankle ligament sprains
• plantar fasciitis and calcaneal spur
• pes planus
• hallux valgus and its predominance in females
• the ankle jerk and plantar reflex
Radiological Anatomy
Identify:
• the antero-posterior and lateral views of the distal tibia, fibula and foot bones
• the ankle joint space
Diabetic foot complications are a major cause of lower limb amputations. Factors like neuropathy, vasculopathy and immune dysfunction contribute to foot ulceration and infection in diabetes. Ulcers are classified based on etiology and severity. Management involves metabolic control, wound care, offloading, antibiotics, vascular assessment and revascularization if needed. Long term prevention relies on regular foot screening, education on foot care, appropriate footwear and multidisciplinary team approach.
This document discusses diabetic retinopathy, which is the progressive dysfunction of the retinal blood vessels caused by chronic hyperglycemia. It defines the condition and stages of diabetic retinopathy, from mild non-proliferative to severe proliferative retinopathy. Risk factors include high blood sugar, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia. The document also covers diagnosing, treating, and preventing diabetic retinopathy through strict glycemic control and annual eye exams.
This document provides an overview of diabetes education, including what diabetes is, its types and treatments, complications, and tips for prevention and management. It discusses that diabetes affects the blood vessels by decreasing blood flow, which can lead to damage of small and large blood vessels. It emphasizes the importance of getting active in care through proper nutrition, physical activity, foot inspections, and being aware of abnormal blood sugar levels and related symptoms. It stresses creating new lifestyle defaults like regularly checking blood sugar and exercising to better manage a diabetic condition.
Diabetes mellitus and diabetes insipidusShweta Sharma
This document provides information on diabetes mellitus and diabetes insipidus. It discusses the types, causes, signs and symptoms, diagnostic evaluation, and management of both conditions. Diabetes mellitus is characterized by high blood glucose levels due to insufficient insulin production or action. Diabetes insipidus is caused by a deficiency of antidiuretic hormone, resulting in excessive urine production and thirst. The document outlines the different etiologies, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, and treatment approaches for diabetes mellitus and diabetes insipidus.
Diabetes occurs when the body does not produce enough insulin or the cells ignore the insulin. There are two main types of diabetes - type 1 where the body does not produce insulin and type 2 where the body does not produce enough insulin or cells ignore it. Uncontrolled diabetes can lead to serious complications affecting eyes, kidneys, heart, nerves, and feet. Management involves monitoring blood sugar levels, following a healthy diet, exercising regularly, and potentially taking medications or insulin injections. The goal is to control blood sugar and prevent or delay complications through an optimal treatment plan.
The document summarizes non-drug management of diabetes mellitus. It discusses lifestyle changes like following a healthy diet, regular exercise, and weight control as important non-drug approaches. Monitoring health indicators like blood glucose, blood pressure, cholesterol and attending regular medical checkups are also emphasized to manage diabetes and prevent complications long-term without relying solely on medication.
The document discusses non-drug management of diabetes mellitus through lifestyle changes including diet and exercise. It covers definitions of diabetes, types of diabetes, principles of diabetes care like learning about diabetes and monitoring health indicators. It provides details on healthy diet, types of exercise, testing before exercise and sample exercise programs. The non-drug management aims to control blood sugar levels through patient education, monitoring and encouraging lifestyle modifications.
The document summarizes non-drug management of diabetes mellitus. It discusses lifestyle changes like following a healthy diet, regular exercise, and weight control as important non-drug approaches. Monitoring health indicators like blood glucose, blood pressure, cholesterol and attending regular medical checkups are also emphasized to manage diabetes and prevent complications long-term without relying solely on medication.
Diabetes is a group of metabolic diseases characterized by high blood sugar levels. There are two main types - type 1 is usually diagnosed in childhood and is caused by an inability to produce insulin, while type 2 accounts for 90% of cases and involves insulin resistance. Management involves lifestyle changes like diet and exercise as well as medication like metformin and insulin to control blood sugar levels and prevent complications.
Diabetes mellitus is taken from the Greek word diabetes, meaning siphon - to pass through and the Latin word mellitus meaning sweet. A review of the history shows that the term "diabetes" was first used by Apollonius of Memphis around 250 to 300 BC. Ancient Greek, Indian, and Egyptian civilizations discovered the sweet nature of urine in this condition, and hence the propagation of the word Diabetes Mellitus came into being. Mering and Minkowski, in 1889, discovered the role of the pancreas in the pathogenesis of diabetes. In 1922 Banting, Best, and Collip purified the hormone insulin from the pancreas of cows at the University of Toronto, leading to the availability of an effective treatment for diabetes in 1922. Over the years, exceptional work has taken place, and multiple discoveries, as well as management strategies, have been created to tackle this growing problem. Unfortunately, even today, diabetes is one of the most common chronic diseases in the country and worldwide. In the US, it remains as the seventh leading cause of death.
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disease, involving inappropriately elevated blood glucose levels. DM has several categories, including type 1, type 2, maturity-onset diabetes of the young (MODY), gestational diabetes, neonatal diabetes, and secondary causes due to endocrinopathies, steroid use, etc. The main subtypes of DM are Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) and Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), which classically result from defective insulin secretion (T1DM) and/or action (T2DM). T1DM presents in children or adolescents, while T2DM is thought to affect middle-aged and older adults who have prolonged hyperglycemia due to poor lifestyle and dietary choices. The pathogenesis for T1DM and T2DM is drastically different, and therefore each type has various etiologies, presentations, and treatments.
This document discusses diabetes, including the different types of diabetes, causes, symptoms, diagnosis and treatment. It provides details on type 1 and type 2 diabetes, gestational diabetes, and impaired glucose tolerance. Prevention methods like diet, exercise and weight control are covered. The document also discusses diagnosis, drug treatments, hospitals for diabetes treatment in India, World Diabetes Day, and myths about the disease.
This document provides an overview of diabetes, including the main types, symptoms, testing procedures, effects on the body, prevention and control methods, and resources for education. It discusses that diabetes affects over 25 million people in the US and is characterized by high blood glucose levels. The main types are type 1, type 2, gestational diabetes, and pre-diabetes. Symptoms can include frequent urination, thirst, and weight loss. Testing involves fasting plasma glucose tests and oral glucose tolerance tests. Diabetes can damage many organs and body systems over time if not properly managed. Prevention focuses on healthy lifestyle habits while control relies on medication, monitoring, and doctor visits. Currently there is no cure but research continues on new treatments and
The document provides an overview of the history, definitions, classifications, signs and symptoms, complications, diagnosis, treatment, and management of diabetes mellitus. It discusses the role of insulin and pancreas in regulating blood sugar levels and classifies diabetes into types 1, 2, gestational, and pre-diabetes. The document also outlines dietary, exercise, medication-based, and self-management recommendations for diabetes.
- Diabetes is a disorder where the body cannot properly process glucose due to either not producing insulin (Type 1) or cells not responding to insulin (Type 2). Gestational diabetes occurs during pregnancy.
- Symptoms vary but include increased thirst, hunger, urination and fatigue. Treatment involves monitoring blood sugar levels, nutrition, exercise and potentially insulin injections.
- For diabetes nutrition, the focus is on whole grains, vegetables, lean proteins and limiting sugars/fats to control blood sugar and weight. Portion sizes vary depending on blood sugar goals.
The document discusses the causes, prevention, and treatment of diabetes. It notes that diabetes occurs when the pancreas does not produce enough insulin or the body does not properly use insulin. Prevention methods include maintaining a healthy weight, being physically active, and visiting your healthcare provider regularly for foot and blood sugar checks. Treatment for type 1 diabetes focuses on increasing insulin production or decreasing glucose absorption, while treatment for type 2 diabetes considers which medication will best control blood sugar levels based on a person's other health conditions, medication side effects, and costs.
If you’re concerned about controlling your Type 1 or Type 2 diabetes, try coming up with a treatment plan with your doctor, which might include medications, lifestyle changes, and regular office visits. Then, be sure to check your blood sugar every day to keep track of your blood sugar levels, using an at-home monitor or tests at your doctor’s office. You can also follow a low-calorie diet that’s high in nutrients, which will keep your blood sugar stable and control your diabetes naturally. To learn more from our Registered Nurse co-author, like what foods can help control your blood sugar, keep reading the article!
Diabetes Education and Awareness final.pptxAmeetRathod3
Diabetes is a disease where the body does not properly produce or use insulin. There are two main types of diabetes: type 1 where the body does not produce insulin and type 2 where the body does not properly use insulin. Risk factors for type 2 diabetes include family history, obesity, high blood pressure, and others. If not managed properly, diabetes can lead to serious health complications affecting the heart, kidneys, eyes, nerves and skin. Proper management of diabetes including lifestyle changes, medication, monitoring blood sugar levels, and preventative healthcare can help people with diabetes live healthy lives.
This document provides information about diabetes, including its causes, symptoms, types, management, and complications. It emphasizes the importance of controlling blood sugar levels through lifestyle changes like diet, exercise, medication and monitoring in order to prevent serious health issues like heart disease, kidney disease, eye problems, and infections. It highlights the need for increased patient education and a multidisciplinary team approach to effectively treat and manage diabetes.
Global Medical Cures™ | Tasty Recipes for People with Diabetes & their Families Global Medical Cures™
Global Medical Cures™ | Tasty Recipes for People with Diabetes & their Families
DISCLAIMER-
Global Medical Cures™ does not offer any medical advice, diagnosis, treatment or recommendations. Only your healthcare provider/physician can offer you information and recommendations for you to decide about your healthcare choices.
This document provides information about diabetes, including the different types of diabetes (type 1, type 2, gestational), symptoms, causes, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. It defines diabetes as a metabolic disease where the body cannot properly use or store glucose, discusses the roles of insulin and the pancreas, and describes the characteristics and management of the three main types of diabetes.
This document provides information about diabetes, including the different types of diabetes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. It discusses that diabetes is a metabolic disease where the body cannot properly use or store glucose due to insufficient insulin production or resistance. The two main types are type 1 diabetes which results from autoimmune destruction of insulin-producing beta cells, and type 2 diabetes which involves insulin resistance and relative lack of insulin. Gestational diabetes occurs during pregnancy. Diagnosis involves blood tests, and treatment focuses on blood glucose control through diet, exercise, medication including insulin injections, and preventing complications. While there is no cure, maintaining a healthy lifestyle can help manage symptoms.
Receptor Discordance in Breast Carcinoma During the Course of Life
Definition:
Receptor discordance refers to changes in the status of hormone receptors (estrogen receptor ERα, progesterone receptor PgR, and HER2) in breast cancer tumors over time or between primary and metastatic sites.
Causes:
Tumor Evolution:
Genetic and epigenetic changes during tumor progression can lead to alterations in receptor status.
Treatment Effects:
Therapies, especially endocrine and targeted therapies, can selectively pressure tumor cells, causing shifts in receptor expression.
Heterogeneity:
Inherent heterogeneity within the tumor can result in subpopulations of cells with different receptor statuses.
Impact on Treatment:
Therapeutic Resistance:
Loss of ERα or PgR can lead to resistance to endocrine therapies.
HER2 discordance affects the efficacy of HER2-targeted treatments.
Treatment Adjustment:
Regular reassessment of receptor status may be necessary to adjust treatment strategies appropriately.
Clinical Implications:
Prognosis:
Receptor discordance is often associated with a poorer prognosis.
Biopsies:
Obtaining biopsies from metastatic sites is crucial for accurate receptor status assessment and effective treatment planning.
Monitoring:
Continuous monitoring of receptor status throughout the disease course can guide personalized therapy adjustments.
Understanding and managing receptor discordance is essential for optimizing treatment outcomes and improving the prognosis for breast cancer patients.
Selective alpha1 blockers are Prazosin, Terazosin, Doxazosin, Tamsulosin and Silodosin majorly used to treat BPH, also hypertension, PTSD, Raynaud's phenomenon, CHF
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/RvdYsTzgQq8
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/ECILGWtgZko
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
The biomechanics of running involves the study of the mechanical principles underlying running movements. It includes the analysis of the running gait cycle, which consists of the stance phase (foot contact to push-off) and the swing phase (foot lift-off to next contact). Key aspects include kinematics (joint angles and movements, stride length and frequency) and kinetics (forces involved in running, including ground reaction and muscle forces). Understanding these factors helps in improving running performance, optimizing technique, and preventing injuries.
Allopurinol, a uric acid synthesis inhibitor acts by inhibiting Xanthine oxidase competitively as well as non- competitively, Whereas Oxypurinol is a non-competitive inhibitor of xanthine oxidase.
Applications of NMR in Protein Structure Prediction.pptxAnagha R Anil
This presentation explores the pivotal role of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy in predicting protein structures. It delves into the methodologies, advancements, and applications of NMR in determining the three-dimensional configurations of proteins, which is crucial for understanding their function and interactions.
This presentation gives information on the pharmacology of Prostaglandins, Thromboxanes and Leukotrienes i.e. Eicosanoids. Eicosanoids are signaling molecules derived from polyunsaturated fatty acids like arachidonic acid. They are involved in complex control over inflammation, immunity, and the central nervous system. Eicosanoids are synthesized through the enzymatic oxidation of fatty acids by cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase enzymes. They have short half-lives and act locally through autocrine and paracrine signaling.
Dr. Tan's Balance Method.pdf (From Academy of Oriental Medicine at Austin)GeorgeKieling1
Home
Organization
Academy of Oriental Medicine at Austin
Academy of Oriental Medicine at Austin
Academy of Oriental Medicine at Austin
About AOMA: The Academy of Oriental Medicine at Austin offers a masters-level graduate program in acupuncture and Oriental medicine, preparing its students for careers as skilled, professional practitioners. AOMA is known for its internationally recognized faculty, award-winning student clinical internship program, and herbal medicine program. Since its founding in 1993, AOMA has grown rapidly in size and reputation, drawing students from around the nation and faculty from around the world. AOMA also conducts more than 20,000 patient visits annually in its student and professional clinics. AOMA collaborates with Western healthcare institutions including the Seton Family of Hospitals, and gives back to the community through partnerships with nonprofit organizations and by providing free and reduced price treatments to people who cannot afford them. The Academy of Oriental Medicine at Austin is located at 2700 West Anderson Lane. AOMA also serves patients and retail customers at its south Austin location, 4701 West Gate Blvd. For more information see www.aoma.edu or call 512-492-303434.
PGx Analysis in VarSeq: A User’s PerspectiveGolden Helix
Since our release of the PGx capabilities in VarSeq, we’ve had a few months to gather some insights from various use cases. Some users approach PGx workflows by means of array genotyping or what seems to be a growing trend of adding the star allele calling to the existing NGS pipeline for whole genome data. Luckily, both approaches are supported with the VarSeq software platform. The genotyping method being used will also dictate what the scope of the tertiary analysis will be. For example, are your PGx reports a standalone pipeline or would your lab’s goal be to handle a dual-purpose workflow and report on PGx + Diagnostic findings.
The purpose of this webcast is to:
Discuss and demonstrate the approaches with array and NGS genotyping methods for star allele calling to prep for downstream analysis.
Following genotyping, explore alternative tertiary workflow concepts in VarSeq to handle PGx reporting.
Moreover, we will include insights users will need to consider when validating their PGx workflow for all possible star alleles and options you have for automating your PGx analysis for large number of samples. Please join us for a session dedicated to the application of star allele genotyping and subsequent PGx workflows in our VarSeq software.
3. Understanding Diabetes
Diabetes is a disease in which blood glucose, or sugar
levels in the blood are too high
Glucose comes from the food you eat
Insulin is a hormone that helps the glucose get into your
cells to give them energy
Diabetes occurs as a result of :
1. Insufficient insulin production
2. No insulin production
3. Improper use of insulin
Blood stream
The total number of people with diabetes in 2010 was
around 50.8 million in India, rising to 87.0 million by 2030
A Ramachandran1, AK Das, SR Joshi, CS Yajnik, S Shah, and KM Prasanna Kumar. Current Status of Diabetes in India and Need for Novel Therapeutic Agents. [Cited on 9th January, 2011] Available from:
http://www.japi.org/june_special_issue_2010/Article_02.pdf
4. Types of Diabetes
National Institute of health. Eunice Kennedy Shriver. National Institute of Child health and human development. [Cited on 9th January, 2011] Available from:
http://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/gestational_diabetes.cfm
5. Common symptoms of Diabetes
Common symptoms of diabetes include:
o Excessive urination
o Excessive thirst and hunger
o Fatigue
o Blurred vision
o Tingling in hands and feet
o Itchy dry skin
o Sores and cuts that don’t heal
or heal very slowly
6. Diagnosing Diabetes
National Diabetes Information Clearinghouse. Diagnosis of Diabetes. [Cited on 9th January, 2011] Available from: http://diabetes.niddk.nih.gov/dm/pubs/diagnosis/diagnosis.pdf
7. Diagnosing Diabetes (cont..)
Richard J. Schrot. Targeting Plasma Glucose: Preprandial Versus Postprandial. Clinical Diabetes. 2004;22: 4 169-172.
National Diabetes Information Clearinghouse. Diabetes overview [Online]. [cited 9th jan, 2011]; Available from: URL:http://www.diabetes.niddk.nih.gov/dm/pubs/overview/index.htm
8. Dangers of Diabetes
Having high blood glucose over a period of time can damage
large and small blood vessels; and nerves in the body
Damage to large blood vessels may lead to:
o Poor circulation
o Heart attack
o Strokes
Damage to small blood vessels may lead to:
o Eye disease
o Kidney disease
Damage to nerves may lead to:
o Pain
o Loss of feeling in the hands, legs and feet
o Weak muscles
10. Treatment Goals
Treatment goals are :
o Control blood glucose levels
o Prevent complications
o Improve quality of life
This can be achieved by the 4 pillars of Diabetes Management
12. Diet and Diabetes - Nutrients
Carbohydrate: Carbohydrates are the principal sources of energy
o The carbohydrate in food is broken down to glucose which
provides energy
o Sources: Cereals, whole pulses, fruits
o Avoid: Refined food like maida-based products, sugar, honey,
jaggery and sweets
Protein: Proteins help in building & strengthening body tissues
o Sources:
Vegetarian sources – Pulses like soya beans, kidney beans, low
fat milk and milk products
Non Vegetarian sources – Fish, chicken, egg
Guidelines for the management of type 2 diabetes . [Online] . [cited January 11, 2012]; Available from URL: http://www.icmr.nic.in/guidelines_diabetes/guide_diabetes.htm
13. Diet and Diabetes – Nutrients (cont..)
Fat: Fat is a calorie dense nutrient providing 9 calories / gram
o Sources: Vegetable oils (groundnut oils, mustard oil, sunflower
oil etc.) butter, ghee, cheese, cream, egg yolk etc.
o Avoid: Fried foods, ghee, butter, egg yolk. Restrict oil use to 3 tsp/
day
Fibers: A part of plant foods which cannot be digested
o They help in improving blood glucose control
o Sources: Whole grains (ragi, jowhar, barley, oats etc.), whole
pulses, soybean, green leafy vegetables and fenu-greek seeds
Vitamins & Minerals: Whole fruits & vegetables are good sources
o Whole fruits are recommended in moderation (1 serving/ day),
however, very sweet fruits (mango, banana, chikoo, grapes,
custard apple) and fruit juices should be avoided
Guidelines for the management of type 2 diabetes . [Online] . [cited January 11, 2012]; Available from URL: http://www.icmr.nic.in/guidelines_diabetes/guide_diabetes.htm
14. Exercise / Activity and Diabetes
Type 2 Diabetes and Exercise. [cited January 11, 2012]; Available from: http://diabetes.webmd.com/guide/exercise-guidelines
15. Exercise / Activity and Diabetes (cont..)
Exercise checklist for Diabetics
Talk to your doctor about the right exercise for you
Check your blood sugar level before and after
exercising
Check your feet for blisters or sores before and after
exercising
Drink plenty of fluids before, during and after
exercising
Warm up before exercising and cool down after
exercising
Have a snack handy in case your blood sugar level
drops too low
16. Self-Monitoring of Blood Glucose (SMBG)
Evan M. Benjamin. Self-Monitoring of Blood Glucose: The Basics. Clinical Diabetes. 2002;20:1:45-47.
17. How is SMBG Done?
• Wash your hands with mild soap/ sterilize the finger with an alcohol swab. Allow it
to dry
• Insert a test strip into your Contour TS meter
• Use your lancing device on the side of your fingertip to get a drop of blood
• Gently massage your finger until a drop of blood forms
18. How is SMBG Done? (cont..)
• Hold the edge of the test strip to the drop of blood. Contour TS strip will
automatically sip in the blood drop
• Your blood glucose level will appear on the meter's display within 8 seconds
• Wipe away the blood on your finger with a sterilized cotton ball
19. SMBG use and Frequency
o Perform SMBG three or more times per day
o Adjust intensity of monitoring to intensity of insulin therapy
o Perform SMBG three or more times every day when multiple doses of
insulin are administered every day
o The exact frequency is undetermined
o Perform SMBG at a sufficient rate to reach glucose goals
o If taking insulin therapy, perform SMBG three or more times each day
o Perform SMBG three or more times each day
American Diabetes Association. Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes. Diabetes Care 2005;28:S4–S36.
20. Pharmacological Treatment For Diabetes
Oral Anti-diabetic drugs
Guidelines for the management of type 2 diabetes . [Online] . [cited january 11, 2011]; Available from URL: http://www.icmr.nic.in/guidelines_diabetes/guide_diabetes.htm
21. Pharmacological Treatment For Diabetes (cont..)
Insulin therapy
Insulin therapy is an important part of diabetes treatment
Role of insulin
Regulate sugar in your bloodstream. The main job of
insulin is to keep the level of sugar in the bloodstream
within a normal range
Storage of excess glucose for energy. After a meal when
insulin levels are high — excess glucose is stored in the
liver in the form of glycogen
Mayo clinic. Diabetes. [Cited online January 25, 2012] Available from: http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/diabetes-treatment/DA00010
22. Pharmacological Treatment For Diabetes (cont..)
Types of Insulin
There are many forms of insulin to treat diabetes. They are classified by how fast
they start to work and how long their effects last
Web.MD. Types of Insulin for Diabetes Treatment. [Cited online January 25, 2012] Available from: http://diabetes.webmd.com/diabetes-types-insulin
23. Pharmacological Treatment For Diabetes (cont..)
Injection Site Selection
The needle is to be inserted at a slight angle so that the
injection is in the subcutaneous tissue
The most common injection site is the abdomen
The back of the upper arms, the upper buttocks or hips
and the outer side of the thighs are also used
These sites are the best to inject into for two reasons:
o They have a layer of fat just below the skin to
absorb the insulin
o They make it easier to inject into the subcutaneous
tissue, where insulin injection is recommended
25. Hypoglycemia (low blood sugar)
Hypoglycemia is a condition in which there is an abnormally low level of glucose
(sugar) in the blood
The amount of sugar or glucose in the blood is below 70 mg/dL
Common causes of low blood sugar include the following:
o Overmedication with insulin or anti-diabetic pills
o Use of alcohol
o Missed meals
28. How to treat Hypoglycemia
ADA recommends the 15/15 Rule for treating low blood sugar
American Diabetes Association. The 15/15 Rule for Treating Lows. [Cited online January 25, 2012] Available from: http://community.diabetes.org/t5/Lizzy-s-Lounge/The-15-15-Rule-for-Treating-Lows/ba-p/113685
29. Hypoglycemia
The following items are quick energy sources that contain about 15 grams
of carbohydrate
o ½ cup fruit of orange, apple or grapefruit juice
o 1/3 cup grape, prune or cranberry juice
o 2 tbsp raisins
o 3-5 pieces hard candy
o 1 cup skim milk
o 1 piece bread
o 3-4 glucose tablets or 1 tube glucose gel
30. Diabetic Foot care
Foot problems in persons with diabetes are usually
the result of three primary factors:
o Neuropathy
o Poor circulation
o Decreased resistance to infection
Nerve damage can lead to loss in sensation which
in turn can cause foot injuries/ ulcers eventually
resulting in amputation if left untreated
31. Diabetic Retinopathy
Diabetic retinopathy is caused by damage to
blood vessels of the retina
If left untreated, diabetic retinopathy can
cause blindness
Symptoms of diabetic retinopathy include:
o Seeing spots or floaters in your field of
vision
o Blurred vision
o Having a dark or empty spot in the
center of your vision
o Difficulty seeing well at night
32. Diabetes and Kidney Problems
Long-standing diabetes causes changes in small
blood vessels that can damage the kidneys
This damage can result in severe kidney failure
The first symptom of kidney disease is often
fluid buildup
Other symptoms of kidney disease include:
o Loss of sleep
o Poor appetite
o Upset stomach
o Weakness
o Difficulty in concentrating
American Diabetes Association. Kidney Disease (Nephropathy) [cited January 11, 2012]; Available from: http://www.diabetes.org/living-with-diabetes/complications/kidney-disease-nephropathy.html
33. Diabetic Neuropathy
Diabetes damages the nerves that allows you to feel
sensations such as pain
Elevated blood glucose levels damage the blood
vessels that supply oxygen to these nerves
Symptoms of nerve damage include
o Numbness, tingling, or pain in the toes, feet, legs,
hands, arms, and fingers
o Indigestion, nausea or vomiting
o Diarrhea or constipation
o Dizziness or faintness due to a drop in blood
pressure after standing or sitting up
o Problems with urination
34. Prevention of Diabetic complications
Self-care
Diabetic complications can be prevented through tight control of blood glucose
and blood pressure
Four ways to lower your blood sugar and blood pressure are
o Losing weight o Avoiding alcohol and tobacco
o Eating less salt o Regular exercise
Drugs : Take your medications (pills and/or insulin) as prescribed by your doctor
Diet : Follow a sensible diet. Do not skip meals
35. Diabetes has a major impact on quality of life and life expectancy
There are three main types of diabetes: Type 1, Type 2 and gestational diabetes
Normal values for Fasting sugar should be below 99mg/dL and for PPBS should be
below 140 mg/dL
Four corner stones of diabetes management are diet, exercise, SMBG &
medication/ insulin
Self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) has been accepted as an important
instrument to measure their blood sugar at home and achieve therapeutic goals
Diabetic complications can be prevented with healthy lifestyle and by keeping the
blood sugar under control
Editor's Notes
Diabetes is a disease in which blood glucose, or sugar levels in the blood are too high Glucose comes from the food you eat. Insulin is a hormone that helps the glucose get into your cells to give them energy Diabetes occurs when there is low or no insulin production or improper use of insulin According to International Diabetes Federation, the total number of people with diabetes in 2010 was found to be around 50.8 million in India, rising to 87.0 million by 2030
Types of DiabetesType 1: Type 1 diabetes is usually found in children and young adults. In this type of diabetes the cells that protect the body (immune cells)attack and destroy the cells in the pancreas that make insulin. Individuals with type 1 diabetes depend on insulin injections to liveType 2: Type 2 diabetes was once called “adult onset diabetes.” It is the most common form of diabetes, making up 90 to 95 percent of all diagnosed cases. It begins when the cells of the body are not able to use insulin. As a result, glucose does not get into the cells to produce energy. The pancreas work to make more insulin, but eventually it loses the ability to produce enough insulinGestational diabetes: Gestational diabetes is a type of diabetes that occurs only in pregnant women. If a woman develops diabetes when she is pregnant, but never had it before, then she has gestational diabetes
In diagnosing diabetes, physicians primarily depend upon the results of specific glucose tests. However, test results are just part of the information that goes into the diagnosis of Type 1 or Type 2 diabetes. Doctors also take into account your physical exam, presence or absence of symptoms, and medical history.Fasting plasma glucose Test :The “fasting blood glucose” test must have the individual fasting for at least 8 hours. Normal levels for this test are 99mg/dL or below. Higher levels indicate prediabetes and higher than 126 mg/dL suggest diabetes either Type1 or Type2 and suggest further testing.Postprandial Plasma Glucose Test:It is a blood test often used in conjunction with the Fasting Plasma Glucose Test, again looking at the effectiveness of the body’s carbohydrate metabolism and the ability to produce insulin.A blood test is taken two hours after a meal.
HbA1C Test:According to ADA( American Diabetes Association)The HbA1C test measures average blood glucose control for the past 2 to 3 monthsIt is determined by measuring the percentage of glycated hemoglobin, or HbA1c, in the bloodCheck your HbA1C at least twice a year, or more frequently when necessaryIt does not replace daily self-testing of blood glucoseRandom Plasma Glucose Test: Measures blood glucose without regard to when the person being tested last ate
Having high blood glucose over a period of time can damage large and small blood vessels and nerves in the bodyDamage to large blood vessels may lead to: Poor circulation Heart attack Strokes Damage to small blood vessels may lead to: Eye disease Kidney disease Damage to nerves may lead to: Pain Loss of feeling in the hands, legs and feet Weak muscles
Diabetes is a complex condition that affects many different aspects of your life. Patient should learn about the goals for diabetes management, how to monitor blood sugar and what to do in special circumstances – such as low blood sugar or when one is sick.Glycemic goals should be individualized, based on a patient’s duration of diabetes, age, life expectancy, comorbid conditions, known cardiovascular disease (CVD) or advanced microvascular complications, unawareness of hypoglycemia, and other considerations Treatment goals are: Control blood glucose levels Prevent complications Improve quality of life These can be achieved by the 4 pillars of Diabetes Management
Self-management of diabetes can be done by Having a well balanced diet Regular exercising Taking medications/Insulin Monitoring blood glucose
Carbohydrate:Carbohydrates are the principal sources of energy The carbohydrate in food is broken down to glucose which provides energy Sources: Cereals, whole pulses, fruits Avoid: Refined food like maida-based products, sugar, honey, jaggery and sweetsProtein:Proteins help in building & strengthening body tissues Vegetarian sources – Pulses like Soya beans, kidney beans, low fat milk and milk productsNon Vegetarian sources – Fish, chicken, egg
Fat:Fat is a calorie dense nutrient providing 9 calories / gram Sources: Vegetable oils (groundnut oils, mustard oil, sunflower oil etc.) butter, ghee, cheese, cream, egg yolk etc.Avoid: Fried foods, ghee, butter, egg yolk. Restrict Oil use to 3 tsp/ dayFibers: A part of plant foods which cannot be digested They help in improving blood glucose control Sources: Whole grains (ragi, jowhar, barley, oats etc.), whole pulses, soybean, green leafy vegetables and fenu-greek seedsVitamins & Minerals:Whole fruits & Vegetables are good sources Whole fruits are recommended in moderation (1serving/ day), however, very sweet fruits (mango, banana, chikoo, grapes, custard apple) and fruit juices should be avoided
KEY MESSAGE: Regular physical activity provides numerous physical and psychological benefits for people with diabetes.An individualized plan of regular physical activity can help people with diabetes to:Lose weight or maintain a stable body weight: Regular physical activity can enhance weight loss or aid in weight maintenance, especially when combined with an appropriate calorie-controlled nutrition plan. Physical activity helps the body burn more calories and may increase metabolism by building muscle mass Reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease: Regular physical activity strengthens the heart and blood vessels helping to lower blood pressure and heart rate, provides more oxygen to the blood, and improves blood lipids, especially high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol.These and other favorable effects of physical activity reduce the risk of heart attack and stroke Achieve better blood glucose control: During and after physical activity, glucose is removed from the blood for energy, which lowers blood glucose levels. Regular physical activity also can increase insulin sensitivity in target tissues, which may reduce or eliminate the need for diabetes medications in some people Improve physical and mental well-being: Patients who are physically active gain energy, strength, and stamina. Regular physical activity can boost self-esteem and reduce stress, encouraging people to take further positive steps toward diabetes self-management
Exercise checklist for people who have Diabetes Talk to your doctor about the right exercise for you Check your blood sugar level before and after exercising Check your feet for blisters or sores before and after exercising Drink plenty of fluid before, during and after exercising Warm up before exercising and cool down after exercisingHave a snack handy in case your blood sugar level drops too low
Self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) has been accepted as an important instrument that allows people with diabetes to measure their blood sugar at home and achieve therapeutic goals SMBG, as a critical component of overall diabetes management, should be used as adjunct therapy with pharmacological treatments Knowing the results of SMBG is useful for patients in evaluating their response to therapy; the findings can help prevent hypoglycemiaand aid in adjusting medications, medical nutrition therapy, and physical activityIt is recommended that most patients withtype-1 diabetes and pregnant women who are using insulin perform SMBG three or more times daily
Insulin Therapy – It is an important part of diabetes treatmentRole of insulin Regulate sugar in your bloodstream. The main job of insulin is to keep the level of sugar in the bloodstream within a normal rangeStorage of excess glucose for energy. After a meal when insulin levels are high — excess glucose is stored in the liver in the form of glycogenBetween meals — when insulin levels are low — the liver releases glycogen into the bloodstream in the form of sugar. This keeps blood sugar levels within a narrow range
Hypoglycemia (low blood sugar) is a condition in which there is an abnormally low level of glucose (sugar) in your bloodThe amount of sugar or glucose in the blood is below 70 mg/dL Hypoglycemia is most common among people with diabetes, as too much insulin can cause blood sugar levels to fall (an insulin reaction) Left untreated, hypoglycemia can cause permanent neurological damage and deathCommon causes of low blood sugar include the following:Overmedication with insulin or anti-diabetic pillsUse of alcohol Missed meals
Symptoms of hypoglycemia include the following:Trembling Dizziness Sweating Hunger Headache Pale skin color Blurred visionTingling sensations around the mouth
To treat low blood sugar the 15/15 rule is usually appliedEat 15 grams of carbohydrate and wait for 15 minutes The following foods will provide about 15 grams of carbohydrate:3 glucose tabletsHalf cup (4 ounces) of fruit juice or regular soda6 or 7 hard candies1 tablespoon of sugarAfter the carbohydrate is eaten, the person should wait for about 15 minutes for the sugar to get into their blood. If the person does not testwithin a good range in 15 minutes, more carbohydrate can be consumed. Their blood sugar should be checked every 15 minutes until it has come within a safe range
Foot problems in persons with diabetes are usually the result of three primary factors: neuropathy, poor circulation, and decreased resistance to infection Also, foot deformities and trauma play major roles in causing ulcerations and infections in the presence of neuropathy or poor circulation Nerve damage can lead to loss in sensation which in turn can cause foot injuries/ulcers eventually resulting in amputation if left untreated
Diabetic retinopathy is a complication of diabetes that results from damage to the blood vessels of the light-sensitive tissue at the back of the eye (retina). At first, diabetic retinopathy may cause no symptoms or only mild vision problems Eventually, however, diabetic retinopathy can result in blindness Symptoms of diabetic retinopathy include: Seeing spots or floaters in your field of vision Blurred vision Having a dark or empty spot in the center of your vision Difficulty seeing well at night
Long-standing diabetes causes changes in small blood vessels that can damage the kidneys This damage can result in severe kidney failure The first symptom of kidney disease is often fluid buildup Other symptoms of kidney disease include: Loss of sleep Poor appetite Upset stomach Weakness Difficulty in concentrating
Diabetic neuropathy occurs as a result of damage to the nerves that allows you to feel sensations such as pain They can affect nerves throughout the body , causing numbness and pain in the hands , arms , feet or legs Persistently elevated blood glucose levels for many years can damage the blood vessels that supply oxygen to these nervesSymptoms include: Numbness, tingling, or pain in the toes, feet, legs, hands, arms, and fingers Indigestion, nausea or vomiting Diarrhea or constipation Dizziness or faintness due to a drop in blood pressure after standing or sitting up Problems with urination
Diabetic complications can be prevented through tight control of blood glucose and blood pressureFour ways to lower your blood pressure are Losing weight Eating less salt Avoiding alcohol and tobacco Regular exerciseDrugs:Take your medications (pills and/or insulin) as prescribed by your doctorDiet: Follow a sensible diet. Do not skip meals