Cloud computing may be a confusing subject because of the number of different businesses offering what they call “cloud computing,” but it's not as complicated as it sounds. There are three types of cloud computing infrastructures, each with its own benefits.
Cloud computing environments offer benefits to business and IT departments that aren't easily gained through the use of traditional IT infrastructures. Here are five of the most common applications for cloud computing right now.
Cloud computing may be a confusing subject because of the number of different businesses offering what they call “cloud computing,” but it's not as complicated as it sounds. There are three types of cloud computing infrastructures, each with its own benefits.
Cloud computing environments offer benefits to business and IT departments that aren't easily gained through the use of traditional IT infrastructures. Here are five of the most common applications for cloud computing right now.
cloud computing is used as the metaphor for "internet".It is the delivery of on demand access to computer resources such as servers, storage and applications.
Cloud computing | Cloud Tally Services In Pune | PrismITPrismITsolutions
Cloud computing increases IT’s capabilities without requiring investment in new infrastructure, training new staff, or licensing new software. These services are accessible on-demand and distributed economically to any device anywhere in the world without risking security or function. Smart home technology is combined with everyday appliances allowing them to interconnect with other devices, making them more ‘smart’ or automated. Powerline networking is a trend for home networking that utilizes existing electrical wiring to connect devices to the network wherever there is an electrical outlet, saving the cost of installing data cables.
More than any other big data technology, Hadoop has captured the interest and attention of business leaders because it redefines the economics of data management and enables the discovery of relationships and insights in data sets that were previously hidden or out of reach. According to Gartner, 68 percent of Hadoop adoption is initiated within the C-suite. To respond to this interest, organizations will need to understand how Hadoop works, how it can complement existing systems and workloads to modernize the data pipeline, how it can deliver the business value expected, and how you can prepare to implement it and get started more easily. In this session, you will get answers to these pressing questions from a panel of Dell customers who have relied on Dell’s experience and long-standing partnership with Cloudera to successfully design and deploy Hadoop systems that helped transform the business with data.
VMworld vBrownBag vmtn5534e - placement of iot workload operations within a c...Kenneth Moore
The Internet of Things (IoT) represents a disruptive technology that has the potential of changing the way we live in this world forever. Gartner predicts that by the end of 2020, there will be approx. 20 billion Internet-connected things, from smartwatches to smart offices generating traffic to communicate. Central to facilitating communication between these things are the Data-Center’s required to store and process the data that IoT devices will generate. The DC infrastructure facilitates applications such as analytics and customer-oriented applications allowing companies to extract value from data that is produced by IoT devices. While DCs provide an essential part of the jigsaw in supporting IoT, Gartner reported that current DC architectures are not prepared to deal with the scale, volume and heterogeneous nature of data that IoT will bring and will face as a result significant challenges in dealing with workload demands in terms of the storage, compute and network requirements to support IoT. Given this challenge, DCs in the future need to be designed and developed bearing IoT in mind. However, the design of a DC is a non-trivial task, and a thorough understanding of the workload demand of IoT applications is required to build a workload model that describes how the DC performs at its busiest time under load. Such models are essential to: design and optimise the management of resources in the DC; and facilitate performance analysis and simulation allowing DC providers to evaluate the impact that configuration changes have on QoS requirements.
Security of Data in Cloud Environment Using DPaaSIJMER
The rapid development of cloud computing is giving way to more cloud services, due to
which security of services of cloud especially data confidentiality protection, becomes more critical.
Cloud computing is an emerging computing style which provides dynamic services, scalable and payper-use.
Although cloud computing provides numerous advantages, a key challenge is how to ensure
and build confidence that the cloud can handle user data securely. This paper highlights some major
security issues that exist in current cloud computing environments. The status of the development of
cloud computing security, the data privacy analysis, security audit, information check and another
challenges that the cloud computing security faces have been explored. The recent researches on data
protection regarding security and privacy issues in cloud computing have partially addressed some
issues. The best option is to build data-protection solutions at the platform layer. The growing appeal
of data protection as a service is that it enables to access just the resources you need at minimal
upfront expense while providing the benefits of enterprise-class data protection capabilities. The
paper proposes a solution to make existing developed applications for simple cloud Systems
compatible with DPaaS. The various security challenges have been highlighted and the various
necessary metrics required for designing DPaaS have been investigated.
This presentation gives a detailed overview about Cloud Computing, its features and challenges faced by it in the market. It gives an insight into cloud security and privacy issues and its measures.
cloud computing is used as the metaphor for "internet".It is the delivery of on demand access to computer resources such as servers, storage and applications.
Cloud computing | Cloud Tally Services In Pune | PrismITPrismITsolutions
Cloud computing increases IT’s capabilities without requiring investment in new infrastructure, training new staff, or licensing new software. These services are accessible on-demand and distributed economically to any device anywhere in the world without risking security or function. Smart home technology is combined with everyday appliances allowing them to interconnect with other devices, making them more ‘smart’ or automated. Powerline networking is a trend for home networking that utilizes existing electrical wiring to connect devices to the network wherever there is an electrical outlet, saving the cost of installing data cables.
More than any other big data technology, Hadoop has captured the interest and attention of business leaders because it redefines the economics of data management and enables the discovery of relationships and insights in data sets that were previously hidden or out of reach. According to Gartner, 68 percent of Hadoop adoption is initiated within the C-suite. To respond to this interest, organizations will need to understand how Hadoop works, how it can complement existing systems and workloads to modernize the data pipeline, how it can deliver the business value expected, and how you can prepare to implement it and get started more easily. In this session, you will get answers to these pressing questions from a panel of Dell customers who have relied on Dell’s experience and long-standing partnership with Cloudera to successfully design and deploy Hadoop systems that helped transform the business with data.
VMworld vBrownBag vmtn5534e - placement of iot workload operations within a c...Kenneth Moore
The Internet of Things (IoT) represents a disruptive technology that has the potential of changing the way we live in this world forever. Gartner predicts that by the end of 2020, there will be approx. 20 billion Internet-connected things, from smartwatches to smart offices generating traffic to communicate. Central to facilitating communication between these things are the Data-Center’s required to store and process the data that IoT devices will generate. The DC infrastructure facilitates applications such as analytics and customer-oriented applications allowing companies to extract value from data that is produced by IoT devices. While DCs provide an essential part of the jigsaw in supporting IoT, Gartner reported that current DC architectures are not prepared to deal with the scale, volume and heterogeneous nature of data that IoT will bring and will face as a result significant challenges in dealing with workload demands in terms of the storage, compute and network requirements to support IoT. Given this challenge, DCs in the future need to be designed and developed bearing IoT in mind. However, the design of a DC is a non-trivial task, and a thorough understanding of the workload demand of IoT applications is required to build a workload model that describes how the DC performs at its busiest time under load. Such models are essential to: design and optimise the management of resources in the DC; and facilitate performance analysis and simulation allowing DC providers to evaluate the impact that configuration changes have on QoS requirements.
Security of Data in Cloud Environment Using DPaaSIJMER
The rapid development of cloud computing is giving way to more cloud services, due to
which security of services of cloud especially data confidentiality protection, becomes more critical.
Cloud computing is an emerging computing style which provides dynamic services, scalable and payper-use.
Although cloud computing provides numerous advantages, a key challenge is how to ensure
and build confidence that the cloud can handle user data securely. This paper highlights some major
security issues that exist in current cloud computing environments. The status of the development of
cloud computing security, the data privacy analysis, security audit, information check and another
challenges that the cloud computing security faces have been explored. The recent researches on data
protection regarding security and privacy issues in cloud computing have partially addressed some
issues. The best option is to build data-protection solutions at the platform layer. The growing appeal
of data protection as a service is that it enables to access just the resources you need at minimal
upfront expense while providing the benefits of enterprise-class data protection capabilities. The
paper proposes a solution to make existing developed applications for simple cloud Systems
compatible with DPaaS. The various security challenges have been highlighted and the various
necessary metrics required for designing DPaaS have been investigated.
This presentation gives a detailed overview about Cloud Computing, its features and challenges faced by it in the market. It gives an insight into cloud security and privacy issues and its measures.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Introduction of Cloud Computing & Historical Background
Cloud Service Models & Cloud Deployment Models
Benefits of Cloud Computing
Risks and Challenges
Future Trends in Cloud Computing
Edge Computing, Serverless Computing, AI & Machine Learning in Cloud, Security and
Compliance
Needs and Obstacles for Cloud Deployment
Conclusion
Exploring the Applications of Cloud Computing in the IT Industry.pdfTechnoMark Solutions
Welcome to TechnoMark Solutions, a cutting-edge tech company that is revolutionizing the digital landscape one solution at a time. At TechnoMark, we specialize in providing innovative tech services to startups, tailored to their unique business requirements. With a commitment to excellence and innovation, TechnoMark Solutions is your trusted partner in building your brand from the ground up.
Cloud computing has been a buzzword in the IT industry for quite some time now. Though it has been around for quite a while, its popularity has increased manifold in the last few years. The reason for this is simple – the benefits of cloud computing are simply too hard to ignore.
In a nutshell, cloud computing is the delivery of computing services—including servers, storage, databases, networking, software, analytics, and intelligence—over the Internet (“the cloud”) to offer faster innovation, flexible resources, and economies of scale.
https://dailytimeupdate.com/cloud-computing-definition/
DESIGN AND IMPLEMENT A NEW CLOUD SECURITY METHOD BASED ON MULTI CLOUDS ON OPE...cscpconf
Deployment of using cloud services as a new approach to keep people's platforms, Infrastructure and applications has become an important issue in the world of communications technology. This is a very useful paradigm for humans to obtain their essential needs simpler, faster ,more flexible, and safer than before. But there are many concerns about this system challenge. Security is the most important challenge for cloud systems. In this paper we design and explain the procedure of implementation of a new method for cloud services based on multi clouds on our platform which supplies security and privacy more than other clouds. We introduce some confidentiality and security methods in each layer to have a secure access to requirements. The architecture of our method and the implementation of method on our selected platform for each layer are introduced in this paper.
Design and implement a new cloud security method based on multi clouds on ope...csandit
Deployment of using cloud services as a new approach to keep people's platforms,
Infrastructure and applications has become an important issue in the world of communications
technology. This is a very useful paradigm for humans to obtain their essential needs simpler,
faster ,more flexible, and safer than before. But there are many concerns about this system
challenge. Security is the most important challenge for cloud systems. In this paper we design
and explain the procedure of implementation of a new method for cloud services based on multi
clouds on our platform which supplies security and privacy more than other clouds. We
introduce some confidentiality and security methods in each layer to have a secure access to
requirements. The architecture of our method and the implementation of method on our selected
platform for each layer are introduced in this paper.
DATA STORAGE SECURITY CHALLENGES IN CLOUD COMPUTINGijsptm
In the digital world using technology and new technologies require safe and reliable environment, and it also requires consideration to all the challenges that technology faces with them and address these challenges. Cloud computing is also one of the new technologies in the IT world in this rule there is no exception. According to studies one of the major challenges of this technology is the security and safety required for providing services and build trust in consumers to transfer their data into the cloud. In this paper we attempt to review and highlight security challenges, particularly the security of data storage in a cloud environment. Also, provides some offers to enhance the security of data storage in the cloud
computing systems that by using these opinions can be overcome somewhat on the problems.
Trust based Mechanism for Secure Cloud Computing Environment: A Surveyinventionjournals
Ubiquitous computing has revolutionized interaction of humans and machines. Cloud computing has been mainly used for storing data and various computational purposes. It has changed the face of using the internet. But, as we know every technology has its pros and cons. Securing cloud environment is the most challenging issue for the researchers and developers. Main aspects which cloud security should cover are authentication, authorization, data protection etc. Establishing trust between cloud service providers (CSP) is the biggest challenge, when someone is discussing about cloud security. Trust is a critical factor which mainly depends on perception of reputation and self-assessment done by both user and CSP. The trust model can act as security strength evaluator and ranking service for cloud application and services. For establishing trust relationship between two parties, mutual trust mechanism is reliable, as it does verification from both sides. There are various trust models which mainly focuses on securing one party i.e., they validate either user or service node. In this survey paper, the study of various trust models and their various parameters are discussed.
A Comprehensive Review on Data Security and Threats for Data Management in Cl...AJASTJournal
The cloud is a network of virtual computers that are linked together and may exhibit and offer computational capabilities continuously depending on certain Service Level Agreements (SLAs) that have been agreed between the parties to a contract between the clients and the internet provider. Cloud computing has several benefits, including endless computational resources, cheap cost, security controls, hypervisor protection, instantaneous elasticity, high throughput, and fault-tolerant solutions with increased performance. Since cloud computing is a comparatively recent computing model, there exists a lot of uncertainty about how well confidentiality of all levels, including host, network, data levels, and implementation, can be achieved. As a result, there still are important obstacles to cloud computing adoption. These constraints include security issues concerning privacy, compliance, and legal issues. When databases and software applications are moved from the cloud to large data centers, data management becomes a major challenge. Numerous security issues may develop while using cloud computing, including issues with privacy and control, virtualization and accessibility issues, confidentiality, management of credentials and identities, authentication of responding devices, and authenticity. In this paper, an effort is made to offer a comprehensive review of data security and threats in cloud computing.
State of ICS and IoT Cyber Threat Landscape Report 2024 previewPrayukth K V
The IoT and OT threat landscape report has been prepared by the Threat Research Team at Sectrio using data from Sectrio, cyber threat intelligence farming facilities spread across over 85 cities around the world. In addition, Sectrio also runs AI-based advanced threat and payload engagement facilities that serve as sinks to attract and engage sophisticated threat actors, and newer malware including new variants and latent threats that are at an earlier stage of development.
The latest edition of the OT/ICS and IoT security Threat Landscape Report 2024 also covers:
State of global ICS asset and network exposure
Sectoral targets and attacks as well as the cost of ransom
Global APT activity, AI usage, actor and tactic profiles, and implications
Rise in volumes of AI-powered cyberattacks
Major cyber events in 2024
Malware and malicious payload trends
Cyberattack types and targets
Vulnerability exploit attempts on CVEs
Attacks on counties – USA
Expansion of bot farms – how, where, and why
In-depth analysis of the cyber threat landscape across North America, South America, Europe, APAC, and the Middle East
Why are attacks on smart factories rising?
Cyber risk predictions
Axis of attacks – Europe
Systemic attacks in the Middle East
Download the full report from here:
https://sectrio.com/resources/ot-threat-landscape-reports/sectrio-releases-ot-ics-and-iot-security-threat-landscape-report-2024/
GraphRAG is All You need? LLM & Knowledge GraphGuy Korland
Guy Korland, CEO and Co-founder of FalkorDB, will review two articles on the integration of language models with knowledge graphs.
1. Unifying Large Language Models and Knowledge Graphs: A Roadmap.
https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.08302
2. Microsoft Research's GraphRAG paper and a review paper on various uses of knowledge graphs:
https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/blog/graphrag-unlocking-llm-discovery-on-narrative-private-data/
Key Trends Shaping the Future of Infrastructure.pdfCheryl Hung
Keynote at DIGIT West Expo, Glasgow on 29 May 2024.
Cheryl Hung, ochery.com
Sr Director, Infrastructure Ecosystem, Arm.
The key trends across hardware, cloud and open-source; exploring how these areas are likely to mature and develop over the short and long-term, and then considering how organisations can position themselves to adapt and thrive.
DevOps and Testing slides at DASA ConnectKari Kakkonen
My and Rik Marselis slides at 30.5.2024 DASA Connect conference. We discuss about what is testing, then what is agile testing and finally what is Testing in DevOps. Finally we had lovely workshop with the participants trying to find out different ways to think about quality and testing in different parts of the DevOps infinity loop.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 4DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 4. In this session, we will cover Test Manager overview along with SAP heatmap.
The UiPath Test Manager overview with SAP heatmap webinar offers a concise yet comprehensive exploration of the role of a Test Manager within SAP environments, coupled with the utilization of heatmaps for effective testing strategies.
Participants will gain insights into the responsibilities, challenges, and best practices associated with test management in SAP projects. Additionally, the webinar delves into the significance of heatmaps as a visual aid for identifying testing priorities, areas of risk, and resource allocation within SAP landscapes. Through this session, attendees can expect to enhance their understanding of test management principles while learning practical approaches to optimize testing processes in SAP environments using heatmap visualization techniques
What will you get from this session?
1. Insights into SAP testing best practices
2. Heatmap utilization for testing
3. Optimization of testing processes
4. Demo
Topics covered:
Execution from the test manager
Orchestrator execution result
Defect reporting
SAP heatmap example with demo
Speaker:
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
The Art of the Pitch: WordPress Relationships and SalesLaura Byrne
Clients don’t know what they don’t know. What web solutions are right for them? How does WordPress come into the picture? How do you make sure you understand scope and timeline? What do you do if sometime changes?
All these questions and more will be explored as we talk about matching clients’ needs with what your agency offers without pulling teeth or pulling your hair out. Practical tips, and strategies for successful relationship building that leads to closing the deal.
Epistemic Interaction - tuning interfaces to provide information for AI supportAlan Dix
Paper presented at SYNERGY workshop at AVI 2024, Genoa, Italy. 3rd June 2024
https://alandix.com/academic/papers/synergy2024-epistemic/
As machine learning integrates deeper into human-computer interactions, the concept of epistemic interaction emerges, aiming to refine these interactions to enhance system adaptability. This approach encourages minor, intentional adjustments in user behaviour to enrich the data available for system learning. This paper introduces epistemic interaction within the context of human-system communication, illustrating how deliberate interaction design can improve system understanding and adaptation. Through concrete examples, we demonstrate the potential of epistemic interaction to significantly advance human-computer interaction by leveraging intuitive human communication strategies to inform system design and functionality, offering a novel pathway for enriching user-system engagements.
Slack (or Teams) Automation for Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Soluti...Jeffrey Haguewood
Sidekick Solutions uses Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Solutions Apricot) and automation solutions to integrate data for business workflows.
We believe integration and automation are essential to user experience and the promise of efficient work through technology. Automation is the critical ingredient to realizing that full vision. We develop integration products and services for Bonterra Case Management software to support the deployment of automations for a variety of use cases.
This video focuses on the notifications, alerts, and approval requests using Slack for Bonterra Impact Management. The solutions covered in this webinar can also be deployed for Microsoft Teams.
Interested in deploying notification automations for Bonterra Impact Management? Contact us at sales@sidekicksolutionsllc.com to discuss next steps.
Connector Corner: Automate dynamic content and events by pushing a buttonDianaGray10
Here is something new! In our next Connector Corner webinar, we will demonstrate how you can use a single workflow to:
Create a campaign using Mailchimp with merge tags/fields
Send an interactive Slack channel message (using buttons)
Have the message received by managers and peers along with a test email for review
But there’s more:
In a second workflow supporting the same use case, you’ll see:
Your campaign sent to target colleagues for approval
If the “Approve” button is clicked, a Jira/Zendesk ticket is created for the marketing design team
But—if the “Reject” button is pushed, colleagues will be alerted via Slack message
Join us to learn more about this new, human-in-the-loop capability, brought to you by Integration Service connectors.
And...
Speakers:
Akshay Agnihotri, Product Manager
Charlie Greenberg, Host
Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey 2024 by 91mobiles.pdf91mobiles
91mobiles recently conducted a Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey in which we asked over 3,000 respondents about the TV they own, aspects they look at on a new TV, and their TV buying preferences.
Builder.ai Founder Sachin Dev Duggal's Strategic Approach to Create an Innova...Ramesh Iyer
In today's fast-changing business world, Companies that adapt and embrace new ideas often need help to keep up with the competition. However, fostering a culture of innovation takes much work. It takes vision, leadership and willingness to take risks in the right proportion. Sachin Dev Duggal, co-founder of Builder.ai, has perfected the art of this balance, creating a company culture where creativity and growth are nurtured at each stage.
Neuro-symbolic is not enough, we need neuro-*semantic*Frank van Harmelen
Neuro-symbolic (NeSy) AI is on the rise. However, simply machine learning on just any symbolic structure is not sufficient to really harvest the gains of NeSy. These will only be gained when the symbolic structures have an actual semantics. I give an operational definition of semantics as “predictable inference”.
All of this illustrated with link prediction over knowledge graphs, but the argument is general.
Generating a custom Ruby SDK for your web service or Rails API using Smithyg2nightmarescribd
Have you ever wanted a Ruby client API to communicate with your web service? Smithy is a protocol-agnostic language for defining services and SDKs. Smithy Ruby is an implementation of Smithy that generates a Ruby SDK using a Smithy model. In this talk, we will explore Smithy and Smithy Ruby to learn how to generate custom feature-rich SDKs that can communicate with any web service, such as a Rails JSON API.
Securing your Kubernetes cluster_ a step-by-step guide to success !KatiaHIMEUR1
Today, after several years of existence, an extremely active community and an ultra-dynamic ecosystem, Kubernetes has established itself as the de facto standard in container orchestration. Thanks to a wide range of managed services, it has never been so easy to set up a ready-to-use Kubernetes cluster.
However, this ease of use means that the subject of security in Kubernetes is often left for later, or even neglected. This exposes companies to significant risks.
In this talk, I'll show you step-by-step how to secure your Kubernetes cluster for greater peace of mind and reliability.
Securing your Kubernetes cluster_ a step-by-step guide to success !
cloud abstract
1. Implications of Security issues in cloud computing
Cloud computing is the use of computing resources (hardware and software)
that are delivered as a service over a network.
Cloud computing allows application software to be operated using
internet-enabled devices. Clouds can be classified as public, private, and
hybrid
This Emerging computing paradigm offers attractive financial and
technological advantages.
cloud computing infrastructures use new technologies and services, some
of which haven’t been fully evaluated with respect to security.
Security is considered one of the most critical aspects in everyday
computing, and it is no different for cloud computing due to the sensitivity
and importance of data stored in the cloud. Cloud computing infrastructures
use new technologies and services, most which haven’t been fully evaluated
with respect to security.
2.
3. • Cloud services are very exciting and useful, but have
many open security issues. One issue with cloud
computing is that the management of the data might not
be fully trustworthy
• The risk of malicious insiders in the cloud and the
failing of cloud services have received a strong attention
by companies. Security is a troubling concern for cloud
computing as shown in a Survey conducted by the IDC
enterprise panel which confirms that Security is the top
concern of cloud users.
• Cloud Security is one of the major issue that need to be
addressed in allow faster growth of cloud computing.
4. • Cloud Computing has several major issues and
concerns, such as data security, trust,
expectations, regulations, and performance
issues.
• The aim of this research is to examine the major
security issues affecting Cloud Systems and the
solutions available.
• Research is currently being done on the different
known issues faced by cloud systems and possible
solutions for these issues, however there is still a
need for better solutions if cloud systems are to
be widely adopted.
5. • One of the main problems that need to be addressed is
coming up with a clear and standardized format for the
Service Level Agreement (SLA), a format that fully
documents all of the services, what services and processes
would be provided by the service provider to back up its
assurances. When customers have the right level of
expectations and the insecurities are deemed manageable,
cloud computing as a whole will gain ground and take
hold as usable technology.
6. • Another major issue cloud systems face is Encryption.
Encryption is the main method of ensuring security of data
stored in the cloud; however, encryption is computationally
expensive. Encryption methods specific to DaaS (Cloud
Databases) has been developed and more research is
currently being done on Encryption mechanisms for cloud
systems, however, more efficient methods are still needed
to help accelerate the adoption of cloud systems.
7. Current Problems and Solutions
• Trust
• Legal Issues
• Confidentiality
• Authenticity (Integrity and Completeness)
• Encryption
– Querying Encrypted Data
– Key Management
– Data Splitting
– Multi-clouds Database Model (MCDB)
Multi-Tenancy
Virtual Machine Attacks
Shared Resources
8. • 1) Encryption techniques using hash function
with cryptographic nonce number
• 2) with out concern of third party(service
provider) end user has to store and retrieve
data with encrypted form.( traffic
confidentiality .. Ip based routing ).
• SLA
• Username password
Editor's Notes
nu
Nonce number: a number or bit string used only once, in security engineering.
