The document provides an overview of somatic cell nuclear transplantation (SCNT) and its role in cloning, particularly the creation of genetically identical organisms. It discusses types of cloning, case studies like Dolly the sheep, and outlines the pros and cons of this technique, covering its implications in biotechnology and animal reproduction. Key points include the historical background of cloning, the process of nuclear transplantation, and the ethical considerations surrounding these practices.

1. SOMATIC CELL
NUCLEAR
TRANSPLANTATION
The Magical Method Of
Getting Your Own Twin

2. OVERVIEW OF THE TOPIC:-
1. Introduction to the Topic.
2. What Cloning is and it’s types.
3. The Main Ingredient:- SCNT(Somatic Cell Nuclear
Transplantation).
4. Case Study of Few Transgenic animals.
5. Pros and cons.
6. Conclusion.

3. INTRODUCTION :-
Before going into the topic let’s get familiar with few terms which we are going to
encounter frequently.
Somatic Cells :- All the Diploid cells of our body except the Haploid Germ cells are
known as Somatic Cells. Which means they contain two sets of chromosomes.
Nuclear Transplantation :- It’s a Process that involves transferring the nucleus of a
donor cell into a recipient cell that has had its nucleus removed.
Enucleation :- It is the process of removing a cell’s nucleus and replacing it with a
different nucleus.
Stem Cells :- The Specialised Cells which can either Regenerate themselves or get
Differentiated into other functional cells.

5. CLONING
Cloning is the process of producing individual organisms with identical genomes, either
by natural or artificial means.
NATURAL CLONING:-
Cloning happens often in nature—for example, when a cell replicates itself asexually without
any genetic alteration or recombination .The copied material, which has the same genetic
makeup as the original, is referred to as a clone.
Bacteria, produce genetically identical offspring through a process called asexual
reproduction. In asexual reproduction, a new individual is generated from a copy of a single
cell from the parent organism.
Natural clones, also known as identical twins, occur in humans and other mammals. These
twins are produced when a fertilized egg splits, creating two or more embryos that carry
almost identical DNA. Identical twins have nearly the same genetic makeup as each other,
but they are genetically different from either parent.

6. ARTIFICIAL CLONING:-
Artificial cloning involves a complex technique of collecting genes from one organism
called the foreign DNA and inserting it into a vector. The different types of artificial
cloning include:-
Gene or DNA cloning:- This technique Is used to make many identical copies of a DNA
molecule or a particular stretch of DNA.
Reproductive cloning:- This Technique Is Used to replicate an entire organism.
Therapeutic cloning:- This technique is used to produce undifferentiated cells (stem cells) for
the purpose of studying and treating diseases.
The different artificial cloning methods have varied uses in different fields. These methods
use DNA, genes, or a cell to produce more DNA, stem cells, or a complete animal.
Now we are going to study in detail about The Reproductive Cloning Which is usually
done mainly by NUCLEAR TRANSPLANTATION.

7. NUCLEAR TRANSPLANTATION:-
Nuclear Transplantation is a form of cloning. It involves placing a nucleus from a
donor cell into another (recipient) cell. If the cloned cells are placed in the
uterus of a female mammal, a cloned organism develops to term in rare instances.
In this chapter, we refer nuclear transplantation as Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer
(SCNT), in which the nucleus of the somatic cell (donor cell) is transferred into an
enucleated egg or oocyte (recipient).
However, other examples of nuclear transplantation involve Non-somatic cells,
such as sperm, foetal cells, embryonic stem cells, and germ cells .
We use the term interspecies SCNT (iSCNT) when donor and recipient cells come
from different species, families, orders, or classes.
Other names are used to designate this process generically (Xeno-nuclear NT) or
for specific situations (cross-species NT, crossbreed NT, interspecies NT,
intergeneric NT, and cross-subfamily NT).

8. SOMATIC CELL NUCLEAR
TRANSPLANTATION:-
So As We Know It is a laboratory technique that involves
transferring the nucleus of a somatic (body) cell into the
cytoplasm of an enucleated egg cell. The egg is then
allowed to develop into a blastocyst, which can be used for
reproductive cloning or to create embryonic stem cells
(ESCs).
Reproductive cloning:-The blastocyst is implanted into a
surrogate mother’s uterus to clone animals with desirable
traits, such as farm animals that produce large quantities of
milk.
ESCs:-The blastocyst can be used to create a culture of ESCs,
which can be used to clone specific tissues and cell types.

9. Earlier instances of SCNT exist as early as the 1950s. The research of Sir John Gurdon in
1958 entailed the cloning of Xenopus laevis utilizing the principles of SCNT.
This Experiment consisted of inducing a female specimen to ovulate, then her eggs were
harvested. Later which was Enucleated using ultra-violet irradiation to disable the egg’s
pronucleus. The prepared egg cell and nucleus from the donor cell were combined, and
then incubation and eventual development into a tadpole proceeded.
Gurdon’s application of SCNT differs from more modern applications and even
applications used on other model systems of the time (i.e., Rana pipiens) due to his usage
of UV irradiation to enucleate the egg instead of using a pipette to remove the nucleus
from the egg.

10. Making of DOLLY THE SHEEP:-
In the Early 90’s Ian Wilmut , Keith Campbell , Steen Willadsen and some other colleagues
of the Roslin Institute, Scotland experimented process of Cloning on Mammals which
resulted in the Creation of Dolly The Sheep.
Dolly was born on 5 July 1996 and had Three Mothers:-
• One who provided the Enucleated Egg was a Scottish Blackface sheep.
• Second one provided the Nucleus (Extracted from Udder Cells of Mammary Gland) was
a 6-year-old Finn Dorset sheep.
• The Third mother was again a Scottish Blackface who carried the Blastocyst and gave
birth to Dolly as a Surrogate Mother.

13. The production showed that genes in the nucleus of such a mature differentiated somatic
cell are still capable of reverting to an embryonic totipotent state, creating a cell that can then
go on to develop into any part of an animal.
Dolly (initially identified as 6LL3) was the only lamb born alive from 277 attempts! It was
reported that 29 embryos were successfully created, and subsequently implanted into 13
surrogate mothers, but Dolly was the only pregnancy that went to full term.
Dolly went on to have Six Lambs—Bonnie in 1998, Twins Sally and Rosie in 1999, and Lucy,
Darcy and Cotton in 2000.
A CT scan in 2003 revealed the full extent of Ovine Pulmonary Adenomatosis (OPA), [which
had already affected a quarter of the 16 animals housed in the same barn ]disease’s
progression and tumour formation in Dolly’s lungs, and, as she was already anesthetised to
perform the scan, the decision was made, out of kindness, to euthanize her the same day
That is on 14th
February 2003.
Dolly was donated to National Museums Scotland by the Roslin Institute. She has been on
display at the National Museum of Scotland since 2003 and is popular with visitors of all ages.

14. DOLLY AS A LAMB WITH HER SURROGATE MOTHER A SCOTTISH BLACKFACE

15. DOLLY WITH SIR IAN WILMUT

16. DOLLY AND HER FIRST BORN BONNIE

17. DOLLY WITH HER THREE LAMBS LUCY, DARCY AND COTTON

18. PRO’S
1. It proves the possibility of creating multiple
animals that are genetically identical to one
another.
2. Transgenic animals are formed which have
many applications in Biotechnology and our
Life.
3. It helps in conserving genetic diversity and for
expanding populations of endangered animal
species.
4. It can remove the Negative Traits and
Diseases and influence the Positive traits in
the progeny.
5. It Solves the problem of infertility and enables
same-gender couples to have offspring.
CON’S
1. It is inefficient in most species, with high foetal
and neonatal death rates.
2. It can stress the offspring and surrogate
mother, and people are concerned about the
health effects of long-term use of cloned
animal products.
3. This process often produces abnormal
phenotypes due to incomplete reprogramming.
4. The maintenance of the Tools and
surroundings is very High.
5. It is sometimes against the Laws of Nature and
Ethics.
PRO’S AND CON’S OF NUCLEAR TRANSPLANTATION:-

19. I HOPE YOU ENJOYED OUR PRESENTATION.
THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION AND HAVE
A NICE DAY.
MADE AND PRESENTED BY:- AKANSHA SANTOSH ROY
BIJAYINI BIHARI
PADMATULA TAKIRI