This presentation explores modern cloning, a brief history of cloning, uses for cloning technology, cloning laws, and connections between current cloning and Cloud Atlas.

1. JEREMEY FREELY• ERIKA ONTIVEROS • ISELA HERNANDEZ

2.  Cloning had been thought of as a
subject of speculation for most of the
1900s
 It wasn’t until the late 1960s that the
idea of cloning was taken seriously.
 Joshua Lederberg was an advocate of
cloning and genetic engineering

3. History of Cloning (Continued)
 In the 1800’s Hans Dreisch cloned a sea urchin
 In 1902 Hans Spemann cloned a salamander by splitting a two-
celled salamander embryo in two, then letting each cell grew to
be adult salamanders.
 Between 1902 and 1951 there were no major advances in regards
to cloning.

4. In 1928, Spemann then conducted the first nuclear transfer experiment , from
this experiment procedure a different salamander clone was created. In 1952,
Robert Briggs and Thomas J King successfully cloned tadpoles. In 1972, there
was the first cloning of a gene, and later the injection of human DNA into
newly fertilized mouse eggs to produce mice that are part human. By the
1990’s the cloning technique started being used for cloning animals such as
pigs, sheep, cows and rabbits.

5. A Brief History on Dolly
 In 1996, Dolly the Sheep was the first cloned animal
 She was cloned by the process called: somatic cell
nuclear transfer (SCNT)
 Though having been only 6.5 years old before being
euthanized, her legacy allowed many other large
animals to be cloned.
 The idea of human cloning began with the success of
Dolly the Sheep.
 She was euthanized due to a progressive lung disease
called Sheep Pulmonary Adenomatosis (SPA)
 It is speculated that she could have been born
(cloned) as a 6 year old

6. Dolly’s birth was
not revealed until
February of 1997.
She was cloned at
the Roslin Institute
in Scotland by Ian
Wilmut and his
colleagues.

8. In 1998, Advanced Cell Technology was able to create a
hybrid human clone by the same process as Dolly’s.
However, in this case, a nucleus was removed from a
man’s leg cell and inserted into a cow’s egg. It was then
cultured and it eventually developed into an embryo.
It was destroyed 12 days later.

9. In 2013, Shoukhrat Mitalipov
published a report that they
successfully cloned embryonic stem
cells using SCNT
In 2014, Robert Lanza reported that
he and his team have replicated
Mitalipov’s successful results.

10. Australia – Prohibits human cloning. As of 2006, therapeutic cloning
and creation of human embryos for stem cell research is legal.
Britain- In February 2003, the government approved work on frozen
embryos left over from in vitro fertilization, and will allow strictly
regulated therapeutic cloning. Scientists apply for licenses, submit to
grilling from fellow academics, file reports on how the embryos are
being used and entertain inspectors unannounced. In December it
launched the world's first human-stem-cell bank to maintain the cell
lines, manage the intellectual-property rights and make cells available to
scientists
Canada – Prohibits human cloning, cloning stem cells, growing human
embryos for research, buying/selling embryos, reproductions cells and
material

11. Continued: Cloning Laws
Singapore - The government of Singapore approved
stem-cell and therapeutic-cloning research in July
and now wants to transform itself into a world-class
life sciences hub by 2010. It is building a state-of-the-
art biomedical R&D center, called Biopolis, to bring
together venture capitalists, researchers, clinical
scientists and academics.
United Kingdom – Prohibits reproductive cloning;
Allows hybrid human-animal embryos for research for
treatments in diseases
Romania, Serbia, Greece, Spain, Portugal,
Columbia and European Union all prohibit human
cloning.

12. Prohibits federal funding for human cloning. The
states: CA, AR, CT, IA, IN, MA, MD, MI, VA, ND, NJ, RI,
and SD prohibits reproductive cloning. The states AZ,
MD and MO prohibits use of public funds for cloning.
Last year the House passed a bill that would forbid all
forms of human cloning, including the
therapeutic cloning that would be part of some stem-
cell therapies.
“Congress can and should act to ban cloning of human beings during this session. But it
should not act in haste, and it should not pass legislation that goes far beyond what the
American people want or what the scientific and medical community understands is
necessary or appropriate” (Senator Kennedy ). Though cloning is already performed with
certain species, human cloning is a more difficult procedure; but if more people were for
cloning instead of against, then the success human cloning would come sooner rather than
later.”

13. Cloning technology is represented in Cloud
Atlas in a negative manner. The clones were
created to serve as free mindless servants
called fabricants. These clones or “fabricants”
are enslaved, abused, and even killed. They
are not allowed any freedom, they are not
allowed to think or speak for themselves, and
they are not allowed to develop their own
identity. These clones are taken advantaged
of and treated unethically and morally
wrong, not only by their boss, but by
children, employees, and soldiers. A clone
named Somni-451, proved that though she is
a clone, she is very much human with dreams
and needs of her own. These clones, if given
the freedom, are very capable of building
their own self identity; all they need is that
the opportunity.
“Papa’s Song” diner clones

14.  Extracting embryonic stem
cells
 Gene modification
 Drug production
 and other beneficial
medical research
 The resulting "cloned" cells
remain in a dish in the lab
 Reproducing an animal or a
deceased pet
 Reproductive cloning is the
production of a genetic duplicate of
an existing organism.
 The “cloned” cells can be implanted
in the female’s uterus.

15.  This question is difficult to answer due to one’s
morals.
 On one hand, there is the scientific freedom of
inquiry
 On the other, there is the sanctity of freedom of life
- which is half-and-half in itself.
 It is unethical and ethical at the same time. It is a
matter of one’s personal stance on human cloning
 Some oppose reproductive cloning because of safety
considerations.
 Many scientists believe that reproductive cloning
can never be made safe.
 Human reproductive cloning would also threaten
the psychological well-being of cloned children,
open the door to more powerful genetic
manipulation technologies, and raise other social
and ethical concerns.

16.  If this were to happen in the 21st century, it would deprive others of work and
income.
 It could affect the way society looks at children who are born this way.
 Clones will have an identity and individuality crisis
 Might be considered as products of a designed manufacturing process instead
of as “gifts”
 Possibly be seen as scapegoats; targeted by discriminatory groups against clones

18. Isela Hernandez

19. The demand
for human reproductive cloning is already
evident. Calls for permitting it have come
from gay men, lesbians and infertile couples
who wish to have genetically related
children, and from people who want to
clone lost children or other relatives. They
have cloned human embryos, but none has
yet successfully grown past the early stage
where they are solid balls of cells known as
morulas. In the U.S., not all states have
banned human reproductive cloning. The
United Nations has adopted a nonbinding
ban. If human cloning happens, it will
"occur in a less restrictive area of the world.
Yet human cloning will almost surely
happen. In the past, other new reproductive
technologies were also denounced at first;
but then they were adapted to
serve human pro-creational needs and
ultimately became commonplace
practices. Human cloning already has
advocates—according to polls, six to seven
percent of adult Americans, including, no
doubt, many who cannot or prefer not to
have children by conventional means.
If human cloning is made reliably safe for
both mother and child, market demand for
it will gain considerable force, likely
overpowering the residue of moral
objection.

20. Animal cloning is being done today. However, human cloning is
not. Human cloning isn’t as easy for scientist to practice because it
is banned. Many people are against human cloning because it is
unethical, but the people who cannot conceive are against the
ban and are for human cloning. They see it as another means of
being a parent, like artificial insemination. Artificial insemination
was once ridiculed and not accepted by many people, but as more
success stories were shared, the more people learned to accept it
and see it as a common alternative to parenthood.

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