Clinical immunology question
Mr. R.M., a 60-year-old Caucasian man, was stung by a bee while gardening. He had been stung
once before earlier in the summer. Within a few seconds, his hand began to itch and he began to
experience abdominal cramping. He subsequently began experiencing difficulty breathing.
Fortunately, he was able to reach a first aid kit in his garage. Inside of the kit was an EpiPen
(injectable epinephrine) that his wife kept for herself because she was allergic to bee venom. He
immediately had his wife drive him to the hospital.
He was asymptomatic on arrival at the hospital. R.M. had no history of adverse reactions to bee
venom or antibiotics. Because of the nature of the incident, a diagnosis of anaphylactic shock
due to bee venom sensitivity was made. An IgE level was ordered. The results indicated a level
more than twice the (normal) reference range value. In addition, a follow-up skin test was
performed. The patient was extremely positive for bee venom.
Questions:
1.Which of the 4 types of hypersensitivity reactions does this case represent?
2.What is the immunologic mechanism involved in anaphylaxis?
3.What types of agents can induce anaphylactic shock?
4.Describe 2 different types of testing to diagnosis this patient.
5.What is the risk in performing a skin test?
Solution
Answer:
1) There are four types of hypersensitivity reactions, they include:
1) Type - I ; Allergy , 2) Type- II ; Cytotoxic, antibody-dependent, 3) Type III; Immune
complex disease
4) Type IV; Delayed-type hypersensitivity.
2) Anaphylaxis is an Type-I reaction ; allergic reaction. During allergic reaction, IgE react with
antigen, and it activates basophils and mast cells, due this activation, histamines are released.
3) Anaphylactic shock could be due to the food agents such as milk, eggs and shellfish. In few
cases, insect stings can cause shock.
4) Diagnosis includes, 1) Allergy testing (skin allergy test), 2)Differential diagnosis.
5) Skin test is available only to test effect of penicillin drug allergy.so, it is risk for allergies..
Dr. ihsan edan abdulkareem alsaimary
PROFESSOR IN MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR IMMUNOLOGY
ihsanalsaimary@gmail.com
mobile : 009647801410838
university of basrah - college of medicine - basrah -IRAQ
Hypersensitivity (Allergy) - Drug allergy, Contact dermatitis, Allergic asthmaAvinandan Jana
A condition in which the immune system reacts abnormally to a foreign substance.
Drug allergy
An abnormal reaction of the immune system to a medication.
Food allergies
An unpleasant or dangerous immune system reaction after a certain food is eaten.
Contact dermatitis
A skin rash caused by contact with a certain substance.
Latex allergy
An allergic reaction to certain proteins found in natural rubber latex.
Allergic asthma
Asthma triggered by exposure to the same substances that trigger allergy symptoms.
Seasonal allergies
An allergic response causing itchy, watery eyes, sneezing and other similar symptoms.
Animal allergy
An abnormal immune reaction to proteins in an animal's skin cells, saliva or urine.
Anaphylaxis
A severe, potentially life-threatening allergic reaction.
Allergy to mold
An abnormal allergic reaction to mould spores.
Skin prick testing of pediatric allergies copy.pptxdrgsvt
Skin prickly test is the most useful, easiest and affordable investigation to identify the suspected allergen as to the cause of sensitisation … it will detect bound IgE … it is preferred to immunocap assay test…
Hypersensitivity reactions for Medical StudentsNCRIMS, Meerut
Hypersensitivity (animated) for MBBS Students
Hypersensitivity refers to undesirable (damaging, discomfort-producing and sometimes fatal) reactions produced by the normal immune system.
Hypersensitivity reactions require a pre-sensitized state of the host.
Four types of hypersensitivity
Type I – anaphylactic
Type II – cytotoxic
Type III – immune complex mediated
Type IV – contact, tuberculin and granulomatous
Anaphylaxis is defined as a life-threatening allergic reaction set in action by a wide range of antigens and involving multiple organ systems.
The true incidence is difficult to estimate, but in 1973 the Boston Collaborative Drug Surveillance Program reported six anaphylactic reactions and 0.87 deaths from anaphylaxis per 10,000 patients.
Reactions to insect stings alone are responsible for at least 50 deaths in the United States each year.
These figures reveal the importance of continued research into the biology of anaphylaxis along with developing new (and improving existing) therapies.
Anaphylaxis Management: Problems with the Current Paradigm and the need for ...Michael Langan, M.D.
Michael Langan, MD
Geriatrician, MGH Senior Health
September 10, 2012
Epi-Port (cartridge housing, portable, fashionable, easy to use)
Epi-Pod (cartridge, removable, replaceable)
A new drug delivery system for treatment of anaphylactic shock
Twist, Turn, Push (TTP)
From concept to patent to market
1:30P.M.-2:30P.M.
Fox Hill Village Auditorium
Sponsored by the MGH Wellness Center
*************************
dear reader
This Powerpoint Illustrates The Hypersensitivity Type-I Only
Actually This My First Project That I create And Upload,Hope You Find This Powerpoint Helpful Even 10% ^_^ Thanks In Advance
Rania Hadi
Dr. ihsan edan abdulkareem alsaimary
PROFESSOR IN MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR IMMUNOLOGY
ihsanalsaimary@gmail.com
mobile : 009647801410838
university of basrah - college of medicine - basrah -IRAQ
Src jbbr-21-125 Dr. ihsan edan abdulkareem alsaimary PROFESSOR IN MEDICAL M...dr.Ihsan alsaimary
Dr. ihsan edan abdulkareem alsaimary
PROFESSOR IN MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR IMMUNOLOGY
ihsanalsaimary@gmail.com
mobile : 009647801410838
university of basrah - college of medicine - basrah -IRAQ
Dr. ihsan edan abdulkareem alsaimary
PROFESSOR IN MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR IMMUNOLOGY
ihsanalsaimary@gmail.com
mobile : 009647801410838
university of basrah - college of medicine - basrah -IRAQ
Hypersensitivity (Allergy) - Drug allergy, Contact dermatitis, Allergic asthmaAvinandan Jana
A condition in which the immune system reacts abnormally to a foreign substance.
Drug allergy
An abnormal reaction of the immune system to a medication.
Food allergies
An unpleasant or dangerous immune system reaction after a certain food is eaten.
Contact dermatitis
A skin rash caused by contact with a certain substance.
Latex allergy
An allergic reaction to certain proteins found in natural rubber latex.
Allergic asthma
Asthma triggered by exposure to the same substances that trigger allergy symptoms.
Seasonal allergies
An allergic response causing itchy, watery eyes, sneezing and other similar symptoms.
Animal allergy
An abnormal immune reaction to proteins in an animal's skin cells, saliva or urine.
Anaphylaxis
A severe, potentially life-threatening allergic reaction.
Allergy to mold
An abnormal allergic reaction to mould spores.
Skin prick testing of pediatric allergies copy.pptxdrgsvt
Skin prickly test is the most useful, easiest and affordable investigation to identify the suspected allergen as to the cause of sensitisation … it will detect bound IgE … it is preferred to immunocap assay test…
Hypersensitivity reactions for Medical StudentsNCRIMS, Meerut
Hypersensitivity (animated) for MBBS Students
Hypersensitivity refers to undesirable (damaging, discomfort-producing and sometimes fatal) reactions produced by the normal immune system.
Hypersensitivity reactions require a pre-sensitized state of the host.
Four types of hypersensitivity
Type I – anaphylactic
Type II – cytotoxic
Type III – immune complex mediated
Type IV – contact, tuberculin and granulomatous
Anaphylaxis is defined as a life-threatening allergic reaction set in action by a wide range of antigens and involving multiple organ systems.
The true incidence is difficult to estimate, but in 1973 the Boston Collaborative Drug Surveillance Program reported six anaphylactic reactions and 0.87 deaths from anaphylaxis per 10,000 patients.
Reactions to insect stings alone are responsible for at least 50 deaths in the United States each year.
These figures reveal the importance of continued research into the biology of anaphylaxis along with developing new (and improving existing) therapies.
Anaphylaxis Management: Problems with the Current Paradigm and the need for ...Michael Langan, M.D.
Michael Langan, MD
Geriatrician, MGH Senior Health
September 10, 2012
Epi-Port (cartridge housing, portable, fashionable, easy to use)
Epi-Pod (cartridge, removable, replaceable)
A new drug delivery system for treatment of anaphylactic shock
Twist, Turn, Push (TTP)
From concept to patent to market
1:30P.M.-2:30P.M.
Fox Hill Village Auditorium
Sponsored by the MGH Wellness Center
*************************
dear reader
This Powerpoint Illustrates The Hypersensitivity Type-I Only
Actually This My First Project That I create And Upload,Hope You Find This Powerpoint Helpful Even 10% ^_^ Thanks In Advance
Rania Hadi
Dr. ihsan edan abdulkareem alsaimary
PROFESSOR IN MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR IMMUNOLOGY
ihsanalsaimary@gmail.com
mobile : 009647801410838
university of basrah - college of medicine - basrah -IRAQ
Src jbbr-21-125 Dr. ihsan edan abdulkareem alsaimary PROFESSOR IN MEDICAL M...dr.Ihsan alsaimary
Dr. ihsan edan abdulkareem alsaimary
PROFESSOR IN MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR IMMUNOLOGY
ihsanalsaimary@gmail.com
mobile : 009647801410838
university of basrah - college of medicine - basrah -IRAQ
Need 2 -3 paragraphConsidering the aesthetics of the late 19th cen.pdfARCHANASTOREKOTA
Need 2 -3 paragraph
Considering the aesthetics of the late 19th century, how, in your opinion, did 19th century artists
influence Modernism in the 20th century? Use at least one example of 19th century art in your
response as a basis for your analysis.
Solution
Modernism : it is a philosophical development that, alongside social patterns and changes,
emerged from wide-scale and expansive changes in Western culture amid the late nineteenth and
mid twentieth hundreds of years. Among the elements that formed innovation were the
improvement of present day modern social orders and the quick development of urban areas,
took after then by responses of ghastliness to World War I. Innovation additionally dismisses the
conviction of Enlightenment considering, and numerous pioneers rejected religious conviction.
An eminent normal for innovation is reluctance and incongruity concerning scholarly and social
conventions, which regularly prompted to explores different avenues regarding structure,
alongside the utilization of methods that attracted consideration regarding the procedures and
materials utilized as a part of making a canvas, ballad, building, and so on.
modernism unequivocally dismisses the philosophy of authenticity and makes utilization of the
works of the past by the work of repeat, joining, modifying, reiteration, update and farce. Present
day specialists explored different avenues regarding better approaches for seeing and with crisp
thoughts regarding the way of materials and elements of workmanship. An inclination far from
the account, which was trademark for the customary expressions, toward deliberation is normal
for much present day craftsmanship. Later imaginative generation is frequently called
contemporary craftsmanship or postmodern workmanship..
Match each statement to the most appropriate choices. More than one .pdfARCHANASTOREKOTA
Match each statement to the most appropriate choices. More than one choice may be appropriate.
Choices:
A – System Call
B – Library Function
C – User Program
Statements:
Enters the OS kernel via a trap instruction ______
Code is stored in user space ______
Code is stored in kernel space ______
Switches the processor to kernel (supervisor) mode ______
Encapsulates (wraps) other functions ______
Always starts at a fixed physical memory address ______
Returns control to user space once finished ______
Pushes library function arguments onto program stack ______
Calling convention is highly machine dependent ______
Implements the POSIX standard ______
Solution
A) System call - Switches the processor to the kernel (supervisor) mode
B)Library function - Returns control to user space once finished
C)User program - code is stored in kernel space.
List three sources of variability in material properties. If that va.pdfARCHANASTOREKOTA
List three sources of variability in material properties. If that variability can be reduced, describe
how.
Solution
Homogeneous materials: A material of uniform composition throughout that cannot be
mechanically separated into different materials. Examples of homogeneous materials are certain
types of plastics, ceramics, glass, metals, alloys, paper, board and resins.
Isotropic materials: Isotropic material means a material having identical values of a property in
all directions. Glass and metals are examples of isotropic materials.
Anisotropy materials: It is a term used in various scientific disciplines to indicate that certain
properties of matter (such as a material or radiation) vary with the direction from which they are
measured. For instance, if the refractive index or density of a material is different when
measured along different axes, that property is said to be anisotropic.Anisotropy is the opposite
of isotropic, a term used when properties are the same when measured from any direction.
Orthotropic materrials: In materials science and solid mechanics, orthotropicmaterials have
material properties that differ along three mutually orthogonal twofold axes of rotational
symmetry. They are a subset of anisotropic materials, because their properties change when
measured from different directions.
A design is expected to have a good concept about mechanical properties of materials. Different
manufacturing methods and heat treatment can change the materials properties.
Engineering materials are divided as follows:-
1. Metal and Metal Alloys; Example: Iron, Copper, Nickel etc.
2. Non- Metals; Example: Ceramics, rubber, glass etc.
Important Mechanical Properties of Materials are Described Below
a. Strength: This describes the ability to resist any external force. Without Yielding (Yield point
is that point at which plastic deformation starts) breaks.
b. Stiffness: This is measured by modulus of elasticity. It is ability of the material to prevent
deformation when stress is applied.
There are many mechanical properties are present .
The mechanical properties of a materialare those which effect the mechanical strength and ability
of material to be molded in suitable shape. Some of the typical mechanical properties of a
material are listed below-
Strength
Toughness
Hardness
Hardenability
Brittleness
Malleability
Ductility
Creep and Slip
Resilience
Fatigue.
Need the fill in the blank questions answeredSolution1) CamboB.pdfARCHANASTOREKOTA
Need the fill in the blank questions answered
Solution
1) CamboBox
2)CheckedListBox
3)Loop
4)infiniteloop
5)counter
6)Do While loop
7)iteration
8)Exit Do
9)Nested
10)Random
11)Next method
12)nextDouble
13)ppmt function //confirm with code functionality
14)pwt function //should be confirmed with code functionality
15)Ipmt //should be confirmed with code functionality.
making and testing a prediction suppose that after 22 months, gupp.pdfARCHANASTOREKOTA
making and testing a prediction
suppose that after 22 months, guppies from the transplanted population were returned to the
source pool.what would most likely happen to those guppies.
Solution
Answer:
1) Due to habitat change the feeding frequency affect
2) Predation problem: Guppies have many predators, such as larger fish and birds, in their
natural habitats. Some of their common predators in the wild are Crenicichla alta, Anablepsoides
hartii, and Aequidens pulcher. Guppies\' small bodies and the bright coloration of males make
them easy prey, and like many fish, they often school together to avoid predation..
Life is wholly dependent on water. List and discuss two reasons why .pdfARCHANASTOREKOTA
Life is wholly dependent on water. List and discuss two reasons why this is?!!
Solution
Life is wholly dependent on water because,
1). Plants get the carbon dioxide necessary for photosynthesis in exchange with water
2). Animals use water in several ways such as, to transport the molecules in the body, to maintain
body temperature, to excrete the waste, etc.
As plants are the primary producers, their survival is the key for survival of the remaining
organisms. The biological cycle will be terminated if there is no water because the platn\'s
survival needs water..
John Rawls argued that societys goal should be to lessen the welfar.pdfARCHANASTOREKOTA
John Rawls argued that society\'s goal should be to lessen the welfare of the most well off
property rights should be equally distributed among all citizens.
Solution
Rawls refers to “the two principles of Justice as Fairness,” but the second has two parts. These
principles address two different aspects of the basic structure of society: the “First Principle”
addresses the essentials of the constitutional structure. It holds that society must assure each
citizen “an equal claim to a fully adequate scheme of equal basic rights and liberties, which
scheme is compatible with the same scheme for all.”
So answer here will be B..
In Exercises 19-24, find the volume of the solid generated by revolvi.pdfARCHANASTOREKOTA
In Exercises 19-24, find the volume of the solid generated by revolving the region bounded by
the graphs of the equations about the x-axis.
Solution
Area = Integral(ydx) from x= 0 to 3 = int[1/sqrt(1+x) dx] from x= 0 to 3 = 2
sqrt(1+x) from x = 0 to 3 = 2 [sqrt(4) - sqrt(1)] = 2 Volume when rotated along x axxis = Area *
2 *pi = 2*2*pi = 4pi.
In which step of meiosis, the members of tetra separate Solutio.pdfARCHANASTOREKOTA
In which step of meiosis, the members of tetra separate?
Solution
Answer: The tetrads separate during anaphase I of meiosis.
Explanation: Tetrads are formed towards the end of prophase I of meiosis.Separation of
homologous chromosomes (with four sister chromatids) takes place during anaphase I of
meiosis..
Identify the distinguishing characteristics of member of Phylum Cnid.pdfARCHANASTOREKOTA
Identify the distinguishing characteristics of member of Phylum Cnidaria, including symmetry,
number of embryonic tissue layers, unique structures, skeleton and polymorphism (polyp and
medusa), place Cnidaria on a cladogram
Compare and contrast how a general polyp and a medusa feed
Describe why a nerve net was such a major evolutionary adaptation
Describe the characteristics of the four classes of Cnidarians
Label the following on a drawing: tentacles, mouth, anus, gastrovascular cavity, cnidocytes,
nerve net
Solution
Answer1) Symmetry- Radially symmetrical body
Number of embryonic tissue layers- two (endoderm and ectoderm)
Unique structures- Stinging cells (Cnidocytes)
Skeleton- Hydrostatic skeleton
Polymorphism (polyp and medusa)- polyp is a flower like solitary form and medusa is a free-
floating miniature of cnidarians.
Answer 2) a tubular shaped body form is called as polyp. They are sessile and are found as
attached bottom (basal plate) to a solid surface with the opened mouth at the top. while medusa is
an umbrella or bell shape form, having their mouth facing downwards. And they are free
floating. Being a sessile, polyp filter their food from the water by their tiny-beating cilia. While
medusas are free floating and motile so they can trap their feedings, and need not to filter the
water all the time though these structures were more related to the sexual reproduction.
Answer 3) Nerve net is a diffused framework of neurons in the body which can transmit
signals/impulse in different directions from a single point of stimulus.
This became a major evolutionary adaptation because it allowed the organism to sense the
environmental stimulus from any region of its body and respond accordingly. This allowed the
readily development and motion of different body parts such as limb like structures.
Answer 4) These are the four classes of cnidarians.
Hydrozoa are diploblastic and multicellular animals. Which has only mouth opening. They have
a fixed polyp stage and the reproductive medusa stage. They have the gonads as well.
Scyphozoan are present in medusoid forms. They have tentaculocysts as Sense organs. They
have Velarium in endodermal canal (Acraspedote). They endodermal gonads.
Anthozoan are present only in polyp forms. Their medusa stage is absent. They have Mesenteries
which bear nematocyst. They also possess endodermal Gonads.
Cubozoan looks like the jelly fish and called as jelly boxes. They possess box shaped medusa
and they share typical characteristics of scyphozoans..
If most evolutionary change occurs during and immediately after spec.pdfARCHANASTOREKOTA
If most evolutionary change occurs during and immediately after speciation, could speciation
rates and extinction rates explain major patterns in macroevolution? In turn, what factors may
influence speciation and extinction rates (are they all biological, or can geological /
meteorological / astronomical factors also play a role)?
Solution
In the course of evolution, some mutations keep on occurring with every replicative step. These
mutations lead to differences in alleles, which further result in different genotypes. Some
genotypes have higher fitness while others have lower fitness. Natural selection selects the
phenotypes which have higher fitness, and slowly discards the others during the course of
evolution. So, extinction rate depends on fitness and natural selection.
As new phenotypes are selected, they result in formation of new species; the process is known as
speciation. Speciation further results in evolution. Higher the speciation rate, higher will be the
rate of evolution.
So, you can say that most evolutionary changes occur during and after speciation.
Overall the biological factors affecting speciation and extinction rates are:
It is important to note that that apart from the above two factors, geological/astronomical factors
also affect speciation, extinction and evolution. Changes in the earth since times immemorial
ultimately resulted in changes like:.
Imagine that someone picking up roses in a garden gets a scratch fro.pdfARCHANASTOREKOTA
Imagine that someone picking up roses in a garden gets a scratch from a thorn. Some bacteria
(Staphyloccocus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes) take advantage of the wound to gain access
to the deeper layers of the skin and attempt to cause an infection. Describe the different stages of
the host response (in particular the types of cells and receptors involved) and how the bacteria
will be recognized and eliminated.
Solution
The superficial staphylococcal and streptococcal infections are very common in skin. The
physiological condition of the skin is much suitable to these bacteria. Both these bacteria are
potent toxin and enzyme producing strains.
S.auresus infection on the skin immediately stimulates the inflammatory response and
macrophages and neutrophils are proliferated at the site of infection. The organism can enter the
body through openings in the skin barrier like hair follicles and can cause infections like
folliculitis, pimples, furuncle which is type of abscess. The furuncles also damage the
neighboring tissue by invading deep in to the tissue. This is known as carbuncle. Staphylococci
cause a highly contagious skin infection in children known as impetigo. The impetigo is two
types-nonbullous impetigo is caused by both S.aureus and S.pyogenes; bullous impetigo is
caused by staphylococcal toxin. It is also known as staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome. At
later stages of toxic shock syndrome the scalded skin syndrome is the characteristic feature.
Streptococci also secrete toxin and enzymes. The toxins are called hemolysins that lyse the red
blood cells. Various hemolysins like alpha, beta and gamma are produced by various
streptococcus strains. S.pyogenes is an important beta hemolytic streptococcus. Streptococcus
skin infections are generally superficial but some times may reach the deeper tissues also.
S.pyogenes infects the dermis of the skin and also causes a disease known as erysipelas in which
the skin erupts in to reddish patches.
The skin scraping is cultured and stained to observe the bacteria under microscope.
Staphylococci and streptococci both are gram positive and round shaped bacteria. The
staphylococci occur as grape-like clusters (Staphylococci name indicates bunch of grapes in
Greek). The streptococci are arranged in chains or pairs. Topical antibiotics like Mupirocin and
oral antibiotics like first generation cephalosporins and erythromycin are used to eliminate the
bacteria..
I need help working out this question . woman has normal vision al.pdfARCHANASTOREKOTA
I need help working out this question .
woman has normal vision although her maternal grandfather (her mother’s father) had red-
green colorblindness, a sex-linked recessive trait. Her maternal grandmother and the woman’s
own father are assumed to not possess a copy of the mutant allele. The woman marries a man
with normal vision although his father was colorblind. What is the probability that the first child
of this couple will be colorblind?
Solution
As it is x linked inheritance, the genotype of women is either xx = Normal or xxc =Carrier for
disease. If she is carrier (xxc) and married normal man, then the probability of 1st chaild getting
colour blindness is 1/4 = 0.25
Color blind ness is x linked and it inherit criss cross manner. That mean, male transfer color
blindness to her female children and. female transfer her male children.
XXc x XY ----------------> XX, XY, XXc & XcY
XcY progeny is only colour blind. So probability is 1\\4.
How is ATP produced in mammalian cells under aerobic conditions1..pdfARCHANASTOREKOTA
How is ATP produced in mammalian cells under aerobic conditions?
1. photophosphorylation
2. oxidative phosphorylation
3. substrate-level phosphorylation
4. phosphorolysis
a. 1
b. 2,3 and 4
c. 2
d. 1 and 2
e. 2 and 3
Solution
Hi,
4.Phosphorolysis: in this process cleavage of a compound where attacking group is phosphate.
Hence by analysing above explanation it is obvious that only option c. 2 (oxidative
phosporylation) is correct.
I hope my answer is satisfactory.
Thanks!!.
How con osmosis work for and against homeostasis How do osmosis .pdfARCHANASTOREKOTA
How con osmosis work for and against homeostasis? How do osmosis and diffusion relate to
dialysis? (Short paragraph o fine)
Solution
Multi cellular organisms should maintain a balance between internal and external environments
to carry out proper metabolic activities. The maintenance of relatively stable environment
internally is known as homeostasis.
All the body functions carried out by various systems of the body contribute to the homeostasis
to maintain a stable environment in the body for its survival and function. Homeostasis is much
required and the vital force for the each cell and through performing specialized activity, each
cells maintain a stable internal environment.
The net diffusion of water down the concentration gradient through the selectively permeable
membrane is called osmosis..
Enzymes and KE. Whats the relationship in terms of substrate mo.pdfARCHANASTOREKOTA
Enzymes and KE. What\'s the relationship in terms of substrate molecules
Enzymes and KE. What\'s the relationship in terms of substrate molecules
Solution
ANS:
Enzyme KE(kinetic energy)and substrate molecules relationship:
When the temperature raises the kinetic energy of reactants is also raised, increasing in
temperature results in higher activation energy molecules and more molecular (enzyme and
substrate) collision and interaction for the reaction to proceed faster.
The enzymes present in the human body usually need 37.5 o C (optimal temperature). The
optimum temperature for most of the enzymes between 40-45o C.
In this condition rate is increased. Increasing substrate concentration means an increasing rate at
which the enzyme and substrate molecules encounter one another
In general, the enzymes are exposed to a temperature above 50 o C, denaturing leading to
derangement in native structure. Majority of enzymes became inactive at higher temperature
above 70 o C
In enzymes at higher temperatures intra and intermolecular bonds are broken down, so the
enzyme molecules gain even more kinetic energy.
After reaching the maximum point, the rate of the reaction suddenly fall down due to the enzyme
degradation..
Explain membranes. Include the definition and name the four types an.pdfARCHANASTOREKOTA
Explain membranes. Include the definition and name the four types and which tissues each type
contains.
Solution
Answer : Membranes are the flat sheets of pliable tissue that cover or line a part of the body. The
combination of an epithelial layer and an underlying connective tissue layer constitutes an
epithelial membranes. These includes,
Mucous membranes : These membranes lines the body cavity that opens directlyto the exterior.
Mucous membranes lines the entire digestive, respiratory and reproductive tracts and much of
the urinary tract.
Serous Membranes : A serous membrane or Serosa lines a body cavity that does not open
directly to the exterior and it covers the organs that lie within the cavity.serous membranes
consist of areolar connective tissue covered by mesothelium and also consists of two layers such
as Parietal and visceral layer.
Cutaneous Membrane : These membarnes covers the surface of the body and consists of a
superficial portion called the epidermis and a deeper portion called the dermis.
Synovial Membranes : Like serous membranes, synovial membranes line structures that do not
open to the exterior. They lack in epithelium and are composed of discontinuous layer of cells
called synoviocytes, which secretes synovial fluid. Synovial fluid lubricates and nourishes the
cartilage covering the bones at movable joints and contains macrophages that moves microbes
and debris from the joint cavity..
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
A Survey of Techniques for Maximizing LLM Performance.pptx
Clinical immunology questionMr. R.M., a 60-year-old Caucasian man,.pdf
1. Clinical immunology question
Mr. R.M., a 60-year-old Caucasian man, was stung by a bee while gardening. He had been stung
once before earlier in the summer. Within a few seconds, his hand began to itch and he began to
experience abdominal cramping. He subsequently began experiencing difficulty breathing.
Fortunately, he was able to reach a first aid kit in his garage. Inside of the kit was an EpiPen
(injectable epinephrine) that his wife kept for herself because she was allergic to bee venom. He
immediately had his wife drive him to the hospital.
He was asymptomatic on arrival at the hospital. R.M. had no history of adverse reactions to bee
venom or antibiotics. Because of the nature of the incident, a diagnosis of anaphylactic shock
due to bee venom sensitivity was made. An IgE level was ordered. The results indicated a level
more than twice the (normal) reference range value. In addition, a follow-up skin test was
performed. The patient was extremely positive for bee venom.
Questions:
1.Which of the 4 types of hypersensitivity reactions does this case represent?
2.What is the immunologic mechanism involved in anaphylaxis?
3.What types of agents can induce anaphylactic shock?
4.Describe 2 different types of testing to diagnosis this patient.
5.What is the risk in performing a skin test?
Solution
Answer:
1) There are four types of hypersensitivity reactions, they include:
1) Type - I ; Allergy , 2) Type- II ; Cytotoxic, antibody-dependent, 3) Type III; Immune
complex disease
4) Type IV; Delayed-type hypersensitivity.
2) Anaphylaxis is an Type-I reaction ; allergic reaction. During allergic reaction, IgE react with
antigen, and it activates basophils and mast cells, due this activation, histamines are released.
3) Anaphylactic shock could be due to the food agents such as milk, eggs and shellfish. In few
cases, insect stings can cause shock.
4) Diagnosis includes, 1) Allergy testing (skin allergy test), 2)Differential diagnosis.
5) Skin test is available only to test effect of penicillin drug allergy.so, it is risk for allergies.
