Identify the distinguishing characteristics of member of Phylum Cnidaria, including symmetry,
number of embryonic tissue layers, unique structures, skeleton and polymorphism (polyp and
medusa), place Cnidaria on a cladogram
Compare and contrast how a general polyp and a medusa feed
Describe why a nerve net was such a major evolutionary adaptation
Describe the characteristics of the four classes of Cnidarians
Label the following on a drawing: tentacles, mouth, anus, gastrovascular cavity, cnidocytes,
nerve net
Solution
Answer1) Symmetry- Radially symmetrical body
Number of embryonic tissue layers- two (endoderm and ectoderm)
Unique structures- Stinging cells (Cnidocytes)
Skeleton- Hydrostatic skeleton
Polymorphism (polyp and medusa)- polyp is a flower like solitary form and medusa is a free-
floating miniature of cnidarians.
Answer 2) a tubular shaped body form is called as polyp. They are sessile and are found as
attached bottom (basal plate) to a solid surface with the opened mouth at the top. while medusa is
an umbrella or bell shape form, having their mouth facing downwards. And they are free
floating. Being a sessile, polyp filter their food from the water by their tiny-beating cilia. While
medusas are free floating and motile so they can trap their feedings, and need not to filter the
water all the time though these structures were more related to the sexual reproduction.
Answer 3) Nerve net is a diffused framework of neurons in the body which can transmit
signals/impulse in different directions from a single point of stimulus.
This became a major evolutionary adaptation because it allowed the organism to sense the
environmental stimulus from any region of its body and respond accordingly. This allowed the
readily development and motion of different body parts such as limb like structures.
Answer 4) These are the four classes of cnidarians.
Hydrozoa are diploblastic and multicellular animals. Which has only mouth opening. They have
a fixed polyp stage and the reproductive medusa stage. They have the gonads as well.
Scyphozoan are present in medusoid forms. They have tentaculocysts as Sense organs. They
have Velarium in endodermal canal (Acraspedote). They endodermal gonads.
Anthozoan are present only in polyp forms. Their medusa stage is absent. They have Mesenteries
which bear nematocyst. They also possess endodermal Gonads.
Cubozoan looks like the jelly fish and called as jelly boxes. They possess box shaped medusa
and they share typical characteristics of scyphozoans..
In this presentation, Phylum Cnidaria, Coelenterata is described. After watching this you will learn the characteristics of Phylum Cnidaria, Coelenterata, The Body Wall and Nematocysts, Alternation of Generations, Maintenance of Functions, Reproduction, Class Hydrozoa, Class Staurozoa, Class Scyphozoa, Class Cubozoa, Class Anthozoa, locomotion, Digestion, Nutrition,Exchanges with the Environment, Nervous and Sensory Functions, Reproduction and Development, cnidocytes, alternation of generations, polyps, medusa, dactylozooids gastrozooid, gonozoid, obelia, aurelia Jelly fish, coral reef, Hydra, Gonionemus, siphonophora, example and taxonomy of Phylum Cnidaria. It is part of BS Zoology Course Animal diversity.
In this presentation, Phylum Cnidaria, Coelenterata is described. After watching this you will learn the characteristics of Phylum Cnidaria, Coelenterata, The Body Wall and Nematocysts, Alternation of Generations, Maintenance of Functions, Reproduction, Class Hydrozoa, Class Staurozoa, Class Scyphozoa, Class Cubozoa, Class Anthozoa, locomotion, Digestion, Nutrition,Exchanges with the Environment, Nervous and Sensory Functions, Reproduction and Development, cnidocytes, alternation of generations, polyps, medusa, dactylozooids gastrozooid, gonozoid, obelia, aurelia Jelly fish, coral reef, Hydra, Gonionemus, siphonophora, example and taxonomy of Phylum Cnidaria. It is part of BS Zoology Course Animal diversity.
All chordates possess the same four structures in the early embryo. .pdfanandatalapatra
All chordates possess the same four structures in the early embryo. What are they?
Characteristics OF CHORDATES
Four unmistakable determined attributes of chordates recognize them from their precursors:
A. Notochord, or a bar of vacuolated cells, encased by a firm sheath that falsehoods ventral to the
neural tube in vertebrate fetuses and a few grown-ups.
B. Empty nerve rope that falsehoods dorsal to the notochord
C. Pharyngeal pockets
D. Endostyle - extended section in the pharynx floor of protochordates that may create as the
thyroid organ in chordates
In the subphylum Vertebrata, all individuals have the four chordate qualities eventually being
developed, however frequently these structures are adjusted fundamentally in grown-up
creatures.
These four attributes might be found in a portion of the predecessors of chordates and are
normally put in a casual gathering called Protochordates. These serve as living representations of
the missing fossils in vertebrate advancement.
What are the differences between deuterostome, and chordate, and amniote? Provide examples
from lab of each of these. Can animal fall in to more than one of these categories? Which
categories do human fall into?
deuterostome,
chordate
amniote
The name deuterostome signifies \"mouth second\", and alludes to one vital formative element
exceptional to this gathering.
Deuterostomes are any individuals from a superphylum of creatures. It is a sister clade of
Protostomia, with which it shapes the Nephrozoa clade.
Deuterostomia is a subtaxon of the Bilateria branch of the subkingdom Eumetazoa, inside
Animalia, and are recognized from protostomes by their embryonic improvement; in
deuterostomes, the principal opening (the blastopore) turns into the butt, while in protostomes, it
turns into the mouth.
Most deuterostomes show uncertain cleavage, in which the formative destiny of the cells in the
creating fetus are not controlled by the personality of the parent cell. In this manner, if the initial
four cells are isolated, every cell is equipped for shaping an entire little hatchling; and if a cell is
expelled from the blastula, alternate cells will adjust.
In deuterostomes the mesoderm frames as evaginations of the created gut that squeeze off,
shaping the coelom. This is called enterocoely.
lancelets, four-limbed vertebrates - well evolved creatures, reptiles, creatures of land and water,
and birds,sea stars and weak stars)
Chordates are creatures having a notochord, an empty dorsal nerve string, pharyngeal openings,
an endostyle, and a post-butt-centric tail for at any rate some time of their life cycles. The
Chordata, together with sister clade Ambulacraria, shape the deuterostomes as in the incipient
organism improvement organize the rear-end frames before the mouth.
Systematically, the phylum incorporates the subphyla Vertebrata, which incorporates angle,
creatures of land and water, reptiles, winged animals, and warm blooded creatures; Tunicata,
which incorporates salps and o.
• Identify the distinguishing characteristics of member of Phylum Cn.pdfartcraft14
• Identify the distinguishing characteristics of member of Phylum Cnidaria, including symmetry,
number of embryonic tissue layers, unique structures, skeleton and polymorphism (polyp and
medusa), place Cnidaria on a cladogram
• Compare and contrast how a general polyp and a medusa feed
• Describe why a nerve net was such a major evolutionary adaptation
• Describe the characteristics of the four classes of Cnidarians
• Label the following on a drawing: tentacles, mouth, anus, gastrovascular cavity, cnidocytes,
nerve net
• Describe the relationship of coral and zoxanthellae
• Name some major threats to coral reefs and why they are so important to biodiversity
• Know what coral bleaching is.
• Know the effects of increased CO2 in the atmosphere and in the water upon corals.
Solution
1.Characteristic of Phylum Cnidaria:
Symmetry : radial or bi radial
number of embryonic tissues: endoderm and ectoderm with body wall separated by mesoglea
They have single opening into the body which act as mouth . There is tubular sessile polyp form
and swimming medusa forms
2. Polyp have single opening surrounded by tentacles this opening act as both mouth and
exceretion. Medusa form has mouth centrally located in a projection called manubrium on the
ventral concave surface
4.Characteristic of four classes of cinidaria:
2. Scyphozoa:
3. Cubozoa:
4. Hydrozoa:
6. Most reef building corals contain photosynthetic algae called zooxanthellae that live in their
tissue.
The corals and algae have mutualistic relationship.
Coral provide protection and compound they need for photosynthesis.
7.Major threat to coral reef is pollution , over fishing which causes ecological imbalance
8. When water is warmer coral will expel the algae [ zooxanthellae ] living in their tissue causing
the coral to turn completely white this is called coral bleaching..
Echinoderms: Marvels of the Ocean Presentation. pptxFaizRehman50
Echinodermata constitutes amazing species found in the oceans of this world. This presentation gives in detail the basic characteristics of echinoderms.
Read and Have Fun!
Cnidaria is a phylum containing over 9,000 species found only in aquatic and mostly marine environments. All cnidarians have radial symmetrical. There are two major body forms among the Cnidaria - the polyp and the medusa. Sea anemones and corals have the polyp form, while jellyfish are typical medusae.
All chordates possess the same four structures in the early embryo. .pdfanandatalapatra
All chordates possess the same four structures in the early embryo. What are they?
Characteristics OF CHORDATES
Four unmistakable determined attributes of chordates recognize them from their precursors:
A. Notochord, or a bar of vacuolated cells, encased by a firm sheath that falsehoods ventral to the
neural tube in vertebrate fetuses and a few grown-ups.
B. Empty nerve rope that falsehoods dorsal to the notochord
C. Pharyngeal pockets
D. Endostyle - extended section in the pharynx floor of protochordates that may create as the
thyroid organ in chordates
In the subphylum Vertebrata, all individuals have the four chordate qualities eventually being
developed, however frequently these structures are adjusted fundamentally in grown-up
creatures.
These four attributes might be found in a portion of the predecessors of chordates and are
normally put in a casual gathering called Protochordates. These serve as living representations of
the missing fossils in vertebrate advancement.
What are the differences between deuterostome, and chordate, and amniote? Provide examples
from lab of each of these. Can animal fall in to more than one of these categories? Which
categories do human fall into?
deuterostome,
chordate
amniote
The name deuterostome signifies \"mouth second\", and alludes to one vital formative element
exceptional to this gathering.
Deuterostomes are any individuals from a superphylum of creatures. It is a sister clade of
Protostomia, with which it shapes the Nephrozoa clade.
Deuterostomia is a subtaxon of the Bilateria branch of the subkingdom Eumetazoa, inside
Animalia, and are recognized from protostomes by their embryonic improvement; in
deuterostomes, the principal opening (the blastopore) turns into the butt, while in protostomes, it
turns into the mouth.
Most deuterostomes show uncertain cleavage, in which the formative destiny of the cells in the
creating fetus are not controlled by the personality of the parent cell. In this manner, if the initial
four cells are isolated, every cell is equipped for shaping an entire little hatchling; and if a cell is
expelled from the blastula, alternate cells will adjust.
In deuterostomes the mesoderm frames as evaginations of the created gut that squeeze off,
shaping the coelom. This is called enterocoely.
lancelets, four-limbed vertebrates - well evolved creatures, reptiles, creatures of land and water,
and birds,sea stars and weak stars)
Chordates are creatures having a notochord, an empty dorsal nerve string, pharyngeal openings,
an endostyle, and a post-butt-centric tail for at any rate some time of their life cycles. The
Chordata, together with sister clade Ambulacraria, shape the deuterostomes as in the incipient
organism improvement organize the rear-end frames before the mouth.
Systematically, the phylum incorporates the subphyla Vertebrata, which incorporates angle,
creatures of land and water, reptiles, winged animals, and warm blooded creatures; Tunicata,
which incorporates salps and o.
• Identify the distinguishing characteristics of member of Phylum Cn.pdfartcraft14
• Identify the distinguishing characteristics of member of Phylum Cnidaria, including symmetry,
number of embryonic tissue layers, unique structures, skeleton and polymorphism (polyp and
medusa), place Cnidaria on a cladogram
• Compare and contrast how a general polyp and a medusa feed
• Describe why a nerve net was such a major evolutionary adaptation
• Describe the characteristics of the four classes of Cnidarians
• Label the following on a drawing: tentacles, mouth, anus, gastrovascular cavity, cnidocytes,
nerve net
• Describe the relationship of coral and zoxanthellae
• Name some major threats to coral reefs and why they are so important to biodiversity
• Know what coral bleaching is.
• Know the effects of increased CO2 in the atmosphere and in the water upon corals.
Solution
1.Characteristic of Phylum Cnidaria:
Symmetry : radial or bi radial
number of embryonic tissues: endoderm and ectoderm with body wall separated by mesoglea
They have single opening into the body which act as mouth . There is tubular sessile polyp form
and swimming medusa forms
2. Polyp have single opening surrounded by tentacles this opening act as both mouth and
exceretion. Medusa form has mouth centrally located in a projection called manubrium on the
ventral concave surface
4.Characteristic of four classes of cinidaria:
2. Scyphozoa:
3. Cubozoa:
4. Hydrozoa:
6. Most reef building corals contain photosynthetic algae called zooxanthellae that live in their
tissue.
The corals and algae have mutualistic relationship.
Coral provide protection and compound they need for photosynthesis.
7.Major threat to coral reef is pollution , over fishing which causes ecological imbalance
8. When water is warmer coral will expel the algae [ zooxanthellae ] living in their tissue causing
the coral to turn completely white this is called coral bleaching..
Echinoderms: Marvels of the Ocean Presentation. pptxFaizRehman50
Echinodermata constitutes amazing species found in the oceans of this world. This presentation gives in detail the basic characteristics of echinoderms.
Read and Have Fun!
Cnidaria is a phylum containing over 9,000 species found only in aquatic and mostly marine environments. All cnidarians have radial symmetrical. There are two major body forms among the Cnidaria - the polyp and the medusa. Sea anemones and corals have the polyp form, while jellyfish are typical medusae.
Need 2 -3 paragraphConsidering the aesthetics of the late 19th cen.pdfARCHANASTOREKOTA
Need 2 -3 paragraph
Considering the aesthetics of the late 19th century, how, in your opinion, did 19th century artists
influence Modernism in the 20th century? Use at least one example of 19th century art in your
response as a basis for your analysis.
Solution
Modernism : it is a philosophical development that, alongside social patterns and changes,
emerged from wide-scale and expansive changes in Western culture amid the late nineteenth and
mid twentieth hundreds of years. Among the elements that formed innovation were the
improvement of present day modern social orders and the quick development of urban areas,
took after then by responses of ghastliness to World War I. Innovation additionally dismisses the
conviction of Enlightenment considering, and numerous pioneers rejected religious conviction.
An eminent normal for innovation is reluctance and incongruity concerning scholarly and social
conventions, which regularly prompted to explores different avenues regarding structure,
alongside the utilization of methods that attracted consideration regarding the procedures and
materials utilized as a part of making a canvas, ballad, building, and so on.
modernism unequivocally dismisses the philosophy of authenticity and makes utilization of the
works of the past by the work of repeat, joining, modifying, reiteration, update and farce. Present
day specialists explored different avenues regarding better approaches for seeing and with crisp
thoughts regarding the way of materials and elements of workmanship. An inclination far from
the account, which was trademark for the customary expressions, toward deliberation is normal
for much present day craftsmanship. Later imaginative generation is frequently called
contemporary craftsmanship or postmodern workmanship..
Match each statement to the most appropriate choices. More than one .pdfARCHANASTOREKOTA
Match each statement to the most appropriate choices. More than one choice may be appropriate.
Choices:
A – System Call
B – Library Function
C – User Program
Statements:
Enters the OS kernel via a trap instruction ______
Code is stored in user space ______
Code is stored in kernel space ______
Switches the processor to kernel (supervisor) mode ______
Encapsulates (wraps) other functions ______
Always starts at a fixed physical memory address ______
Returns control to user space once finished ______
Pushes library function arguments onto program stack ______
Calling convention is highly machine dependent ______
Implements the POSIX standard ______
Solution
A) System call - Switches the processor to the kernel (supervisor) mode
B)Library function - Returns control to user space once finished
C)User program - code is stored in kernel space.
List three sources of variability in material properties. If that va.pdfARCHANASTOREKOTA
List three sources of variability in material properties. If that variability can be reduced, describe
how.
Solution
Homogeneous materials: A material of uniform composition throughout that cannot be
mechanically separated into different materials. Examples of homogeneous materials are certain
types of plastics, ceramics, glass, metals, alloys, paper, board and resins.
Isotropic materials: Isotropic material means a material having identical values of a property in
all directions. Glass and metals are examples of isotropic materials.
Anisotropy materials: It is a term used in various scientific disciplines to indicate that certain
properties of matter (such as a material or radiation) vary with the direction from which they are
measured. For instance, if the refractive index or density of a material is different when
measured along different axes, that property is said to be anisotropic.Anisotropy is the opposite
of isotropic, a term used when properties are the same when measured from any direction.
Orthotropic materrials: In materials science and solid mechanics, orthotropicmaterials have
material properties that differ along three mutually orthogonal twofold axes of rotational
symmetry. They are a subset of anisotropic materials, because their properties change when
measured from different directions.
A design is expected to have a good concept about mechanical properties of materials. Different
manufacturing methods and heat treatment can change the materials properties.
Engineering materials are divided as follows:-
1. Metal and Metal Alloys; Example: Iron, Copper, Nickel etc.
2. Non- Metals; Example: Ceramics, rubber, glass etc.
Important Mechanical Properties of Materials are Described Below
a. Strength: This describes the ability to resist any external force. Without Yielding (Yield point
is that point at which plastic deformation starts) breaks.
b. Stiffness: This is measured by modulus of elasticity. It is ability of the material to prevent
deformation when stress is applied.
There are many mechanical properties are present .
The mechanical properties of a materialare those which effect the mechanical strength and ability
of material to be molded in suitable shape. Some of the typical mechanical properties of a
material are listed below-
Strength
Toughness
Hardness
Hardenability
Brittleness
Malleability
Ductility
Creep and Slip
Resilience
Fatigue.
Need the fill in the blank questions answeredSolution1) CamboB.pdfARCHANASTOREKOTA
Need the fill in the blank questions answered
Solution
1) CamboBox
2)CheckedListBox
3)Loop
4)infiniteloop
5)counter
6)Do While loop
7)iteration
8)Exit Do
9)Nested
10)Random
11)Next method
12)nextDouble
13)ppmt function //confirm with code functionality
14)pwt function //should be confirmed with code functionality
15)Ipmt //should be confirmed with code functionality.
making and testing a prediction suppose that after 22 months, gupp.pdfARCHANASTOREKOTA
making and testing a prediction
suppose that after 22 months, guppies from the transplanted population were returned to the
source pool.what would most likely happen to those guppies.
Solution
Answer:
1) Due to habitat change the feeding frequency affect
2) Predation problem: Guppies have many predators, such as larger fish and birds, in their
natural habitats. Some of their common predators in the wild are Crenicichla alta, Anablepsoides
hartii, and Aequidens pulcher. Guppies\' small bodies and the bright coloration of males make
them easy prey, and like many fish, they often school together to avoid predation..
Life is wholly dependent on water. List and discuss two reasons why .pdfARCHANASTOREKOTA
Life is wholly dependent on water. List and discuss two reasons why this is?!!
Solution
Life is wholly dependent on water because,
1). Plants get the carbon dioxide necessary for photosynthesis in exchange with water
2). Animals use water in several ways such as, to transport the molecules in the body, to maintain
body temperature, to excrete the waste, etc.
As plants are the primary producers, their survival is the key for survival of the remaining
organisms. The biological cycle will be terminated if there is no water because the platn\'s
survival needs water..
John Rawls argued that societys goal should be to lessen the welfar.pdfARCHANASTOREKOTA
John Rawls argued that society\'s goal should be to lessen the welfare of the most well off
property rights should be equally distributed among all citizens.
Solution
Rawls refers to “the two principles of Justice as Fairness,” but the second has two parts. These
principles address two different aspects of the basic structure of society: the “First Principle”
addresses the essentials of the constitutional structure. It holds that society must assure each
citizen “an equal claim to a fully adequate scheme of equal basic rights and liberties, which
scheme is compatible with the same scheme for all.”
So answer here will be B..
In Exercises 19-24, find the volume of the solid generated by revolvi.pdfARCHANASTOREKOTA
In Exercises 19-24, find the volume of the solid generated by revolving the region bounded by
the graphs of the equations about the x-axis.
Solution
Area = Integral(ydx) from x= 0 to 3 = int[1/sqrt(1+x) dx] from x= 0 to 3 = 2
sqrt(1+x) from x = 0 to 3 = 2 [sqrt(4) - sqrt(1)] = 2 Volume when rotated along x axxis = Area *
2 *pi = 2*2*pi = 4pi.
In which step of meiosis, the members of tetra separate Solutio.pdfARCHANASTOREKOTA
In which step of meiosis, the members of tetra separate?
Solution
Answer: The tetrads separate during anaphase I of meiosis.
Explanation: Tetrads are formed towards the end of prophase I of meiosis.Separation of
homologous chromosomes (with four sister chromatids) takes place during anaphase I of
meiosis..
If most evolutionary change occurs during and immediately after spec.pdfARCHANASTOREKOTA
If most evolutionary change occurs during and immediately after speciation, could speciation
rates and extinction rates explain major patterns in macroevolution? In turn, what factors may
influence speciation and extinction rates (are they all biological, or can geological /
meteorological / astronomical factors also play a role)?
Solution
In the course of evolution, some mutations keep on occurring with every replicative step. These
mutations lead to differences in alleles, which further result in different genotypes. Some
genotypes have higher fitness while others have lower fitness. Natural selection selects the
phenotypes which have higher fitness, and slowly discards the others during the course of
evolution. So, extinction rate depends on fitness and natural selection.
As new phenotypes are selected, they result in formation of new species; the process is known as
speciation. Speciation further results in evolution. Higher the speciation rate, higher will be the
rate of evolution.
So, you can say that most evolutionary changes occur during and after speciation.
Overall the biological factors affecting speciation and extinction rates are:
It is important to note that that apart from the above two factors, geological/astronomical factors
also affect speciation, extinction and evolution. Changes in the earth since times immemorial
ultimately resulted in changes like:.
Imagine that someone picking up roses in a garden gets a scratch fro.pdfARCHANASTOREKOTA
Imagine that someone picking up roses in a garden gets a scratch from a thorn. Some bacteria
(Staphyloccocus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes) take advantage of the wound to gain access
to the deeper layers of the skin and attempt to cause an infection. Describe the different stages of
the host response (in particular the types of cells and receptors involved) and how the bacteria
will be recognized and eliminated.
Solution
The superficial staphylococcal and streptococcal infections are very common in skin. The
physiological condition of the skin is much suitable to these bacteria. Both these bacteria are
potent toxin and enzyme producing strains.
S.auresus infection on the skin immediately stimulates the inflammatory response and
macrophages and neutrophils are proliferated at the site of infection. The organism can enter the
body through openings in the skin barrier like hair follicles and can cause infections like
folliculitis, pimples, furuncle which is type of abscess. The furuncles also damage the
neighboring tissue by invading deep in to the tissue. This is known as carbuncle. Staphylococci
cause a highly contagious skin infection in children known as impetigo. The impetigo is two
types-nonbullous impetigo is caused by both S.aureus and S.pyogenes; bullous impetigo is
caused by staphylococcal toxin. It is also known as staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome. At
later stages of toxic shock syndrome the scalded skin syndrome is the characteristic feature.
Streptococci also secrete toxin and enzymes. The toxins are called hemolysins that lyse the red
blood cells. Various hemolysins like alpha, beta and gamma are produced by various
streptococcus strains. S.pyogenes is an important beta hemolytic streptococcus. Streptococcus
skin infections are generally superficial but some times may reach the deeper tissues also.
S.pyogenes infects the dermis of the skin and also causes a disease known as erysipelas in which
the skin erupts in to reddish patches.
The skin scraping is cultured and stained to observe the bacteria under microscope.
Staphylococci and streptococci both are gram positive and round shaped bacteria. The
staphylococci occur as grape-like clusters (Staphylococci name indicates bunch of grapes in
Greek). The streptococci are arranged in chains or pairs. Topical antibiotics like Mupirocin and
oral antibiotics like first generation cephalosporins and erythromycin are used to eliminate the
bacteria..
I need help working out this question . woman has normal vision al.pdfARCHANASTOREKOTA
I need help working out this question .
woman has normal vision although her maternal grandfather (her mother’s father) had red-
green colorblindness, a sex-linked recessive trait. Her maternal grandmother and the woman’s
own father are assumed to not possess a copy of the mutant allele. The woman marries a man
with normal vision although his father was colorblind. What is the probability that the first child
of this couple will be colorblind?
Solution
As it is x linked inheritance, the genotype of women is either xx = Normal or xxc =Carrier for
disease. If she is carrier (xxc) and married normal man, then the probability of 1st chaild getting
colour blindness is 1/4 = 0.25
Color blind ness is x linked and it inherit criss cross manner. That mean, male transfer color
blindness to her female children and. female transfer her male children.
XXc x XY ----------------> XX, XY, XXc & XcY
XcY progeny is only colour blind. So probability is 1\\4.
How is ATP produced in mammalian cells under aerobic conditions1..pdfARCHANASTOREKOTA
How is ATP produced in mammalian cells under aerobic conditions?
1. photophosphorylation
2. oxidative phosphorylation
3. substrate-level phosphorylation
4. phosphorolysis
a. 1
b. 2,3 and 4
c. 2
d. 1 and 2
e. 2 and 3
Solution
Hi,
4.Phosphorolysis: in this process cleavage of a compound where attacking group is phosphate.
Hence by analysing above explanation it is obvious that only option c. 2 (oxidative
phosporylation) is correct.
I hope my answer is satisfactory.
Thanks!!.
How con osmosis work for and against homeostasis How do osmosis .pdfARCHANASTOREKOTA
How con osmosis work for and against homeostasis? How do osmosis and diffusion relate to
dialysis? (Short paragraph o fine)
Solution
Multi cellular organisms should maintain a balance between internal and external environments
to carry out proper metabolic activities. The maintenance of relatively stable environment
internally is known as homeostasis.
All the body functions carried out by various systems of the body contribute to the homeostasis
to maintain a stable environment in the body for its survival and function. Homeostasis is much
required and the vital force for the each cell and through performing specialized activity, each
cells maintain a stable internal environment.
The net diffusion of water down the concentration gradient through the selectively permeable
membrane is called osmosis..
Enzymes and KE. Whats the relationship in terms of substrate mo.pdfARCHANASTOREKOTA
Enzymes and KE. What\'s the relationship in terms of substrate molecules
Enzymes and KE. What\'s the relationship in terms of substrate molecules
Solution
ANS:
Enzyme KE(kinetic energy)and substrate molecules relationship:
When the temperature raises the kinetic energy of reactants is also raised, increasing in
temperature results in higher activation energy molecules and more molecular (enzyme and
substrate) collision and interaction for the reaction to proceed faster.
The enzymes present in the human body usually need 37.5 o C (optimal temperature). The
optimum temperature for most of the enzymes between 40-45o C.
In this condition rate is increased. Increasing substrate concentration means an increasing rate at
which the enzyme and substrate molecules encounter one another
In general, the enzymes are exposed to a temperature above 50 o C, denaturing leading to
derangement in native structure. Majority of enzymes became inactive at higher temperature
above 70 o C
In enzymes at higher temperatures intra and intermolecular bonds are broken down, so the
enzyme molecules gain even more kinetic energy.
After reaching the maximum point, the rate of the reaction suddenly fall down due to the enzyme
degradation..
Explain membranes. Include the definition and name the four types an.pdfARCHANASTOREKOTA
Explain membranes. Include the definition and name the four types and which tissues each type
contains.
Solution
Answer : Membranes are the flat sheets of pliable tissue that cover or line a part of the body. The
combination of an epithelial layer and an underlying connective tissue layer constitutes an
epithelial membranes. These includes,
Mucous membranes : These membranes lines the body cavity that opens directlyto the exterior.
Mucous membranes lines the entire digestive, respiratory and reproductive tracts and much of
the urinary tract.
Serous Membranes : A serous membrane or Serosa lines a body cavity that does not open
directly to the exterior and it covers the organs that lie within the cavity.serous membranes
consist of areolar connective tissue covered by mesothelium and also consists of two layers such
as Parietal and visceral layer.
Cutaneous Membrane : These membarnes covers the surface of the body and consists of a
superficial portion called the epidermis and a deeper portion called the dermis.
Synovial Membranes : Like serous membranes, synovial membranes line structures that do not
open to the exterior. They lack in epithelium and are composed of discontinuous layer of cells
called synoviocytes, which secretes synovial fluid. Synovial fluid lubricates and nourishes the
cartilage covering the bones at movable joints and contains macrophages that moves microbes
and debris from the joint cavity..
Define1. Reciprocal cross –2. True or pure-breeding –Fill in t.pdfARCHANASTOREKOTA
Define
1. Reciprocal cross –
2. True or pure-breeding –
Fill in the Blank
3. When trying to calculate the probability that two independent events will occur together you
should _____________________ the individual probability of each event.
4. When crossing dihybrid peas, Mendel noticed that there were four phenotypic types amongst
the resulting F2 progeny; two had the phenotype of the parental generation and the other two
were ___________________.
True or False
5. The dominant trait is that which is masked in the F1 generation resulting from a cross between
true breeding parents.
6. Mendel’s law of segregation says that during gamete formation different pairs of alleles
segregate independently of each other.
Short Answer
7. Calculate the probability of A.) drawing a 4 from a deck of playing cards, B.) Drawing a black
4 and a red 8 from a deck of playing cards, C.) drawing a king, queen, or jack and the ace of
spades from a deck of playing cards. (Show your work.)
8.
A. is this an autosomal, X linked or Y linked trait?
B. Is the transmission of this trait dominant or recessive?
C. what is the genotype of individual II-2? 2 2 3 4 2- 1 ! 1 1
Solution
1. Reciprocal cross: a pair of crosses between a male of one strain and a female of another, and
vice versa.
2. True or pure-breeding:True breeding means that the parents will also pass down a specific
phenotypic trait to their offspring. Remember that a phenotype is the outward appearance of
something. True bred organisms will have a pure genotype (genetic expression of a trait) and will
only produce a certain phenotype.
3. When trying to calculate the probability that two independent events will occur together you
should specify size of the individual probability of each event.
4. When crossing dihybrid peas, Mendel noticed that there were four phenotypic types amongst
the resulting F2 progeny; two had the phenotype of the parental generation and the other two
were genotype.
5. The dominant trait is that which is masked in the F1 generation resulting from a cross between
true breeding parents is True.
6. Mendel’s law of segregation says that during gamete formation different pairs of alleles
segregate independently of each other is True..
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Identify the distinguishing characteristics of member of Phylum Cnid.pdf
1. Identify the distinguishing characteristics of member of Phylum Cnidaria, including symmetry,
number of embryonic tissue layers, unique structures, skeleton and polymorphism (polyp and
medusa), place Cnidaria on a cladogram
Compare and contrast how a general polyp and a medusa feed
Describe why a nerve net was such a major evolutionary adaptation
Describe the characteristics of the four classes of Cnidarians
Label the following on a drawing: tentacles, mouth, anus, gastrovascular cavity, cnidocytes,
nerve net
Solution
Answer1) Symmetry- Radially symmetrical body
Number of embryonic tissue layers- two (endoderm and ectoderm)
Unique structures- Stinging cells (Cnidocytes)
Skeleton- Hydrostatic skeleton
Polymorphism (polyp and medusa)- polyp is a flower like solitary form and medusa is a free-
floating miniature of cnidarians.
Answer 2) a tubular shaped body form is called as polyp. They are sessile and are found as
attached bottom (basal plate) to a solid surface with the opened mouth at the top. while medusa is
an umbrella or bell shape form, having their mouth facing downwards. And they are free
floating. Being a sessile, polyp filter their food from the water by their tiny-beating cilia. While
medusas are free floating and motile so they can trap their feedings, and need not to filter the
water all the time though these structures were more related to the sexual reproduction.
Answer 3) Nerve net is a diffused framework of neurons in the body which can transmit
signals/impulse in different directions from a single point of stimulus.
This became a major evolutionary adaptation because it allowed the organism to sense the
environmental stimulus from any region of its body and respond accordingly. This allowed the
readily development and motion of different body parts such as limb like structures.
Answer 4) These are the four classes of cnidarians.
Hydrozoa are diploblastic and multicellular animals. Which has only mouth opening. They have
a fixed polyp stage and the reproductive medusa stage. They have the gonads as well.
Scyphozoan are present in medusoid forms. They have tentaculocysts as Sense organs. They
have Velarium in endodermal canal (Acraspedote). They endodermal gonads.
Anthozoan are present only in polyp forms. Their medusa stage is absent. They have Mesenteries
which bear nematocyst. They also possess endodermal Gonads.
2. Cubozoan looks like the jelly fish and called as jelly boxes. They possess box shaped medusa
and they share typical characteristics of scyphozoans.
