Climate change, trade and animal health

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Presentation by Delia Grace at a webinar on Exploring the impact of climate change on the global food system: Climate change and animal health, 3 May 2022.

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Climate change, trade and animal health
STDF Event on Linkages Between Climate Change and SPS Issues
STDF Secretariat in Collaboration with OIE And FAO
Climate Change and Animal Health
3 May 2022
Delia Grace
Professor Food Safety Systems, Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich, Central Avenue, Chatham Maritime, Kent ME4 4TB. UK
Joint appointed scientist, Animal and Human Health Program, International Livestock Research Institute, Box 30709, Nairobi, Kenya

HLPE 2017 Food Systems and Nutrition Report
Food systems for health and nutrition
CGIAR
Triple burden

Zoonoses: neglected and emerging
•Neglected zoonoses: brucellosis,
bovine tuberculosis, leptospirosis,
Rift Valley fever
•Emerging zoonoses: mad cow,
bird flu, SARS, MERS, COVID-19

4
Warning! Increasing frequency of pandemics
Graphics: Annabel Slater, ILRI; adapted fromUnited Nations Environment Programme and International Livestock Research
Institute (2020). Preventing the Next Pandemic: Zoonotic diseases and how to break the chain of transmission. Nairobi, Kenya.

5
These trends have important drivers
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Land purchase by foreigners
Inequality
In-migration
Irrigation
Wildlife conservation
Poverty increase
Conflict
Land use change
Biodiversity
Habitat loss
Wildlife areas incursion
Food price
Urbanisation
Deforestation
Economic growth
Social change
Wildlife reservoirs
Intensifying livestock
Human population growth
Trade in livestock & products
Climate change

World Organisation for Animal Health · Protecting animals, Preserving our future | 6
External Factors Important For Vet Services
2.00
2.50
3.00
3.50
4.00
4.50
Member
Country
perspective
0 is no
importance
5 is maximum
importance
Triple burden

AH impacts on trade
21st Conference of the OIE Regional commission for Africa,
16th-20th February, 2015, Rabat, Morocco
D Grace et al.

Trade, climate change and animal health
Zoonoses
Ectopar
Liver fluke
FMD
HS
CBPP
Diarrhoeal diseases
RVF
CSAD
Anthrax
Lepto
Schisto
Tryps
TADs
Flu
Corona
Flu
Corona
TB
Rabies
Leish
Brucella
Climate Sensitive Animal Disease – CCAFS/ILRI
Top zoonoses – ILRI
Transboundary animal diseases – EMPRES, FAO
Triple
burden

Initiatives related to AH, CC, trade
• 2020 GBADs launched
• 2020 OHRECA launched: zoonoses, FBD, AMR
• 2020 AU SPS Policy Framework and Animal Health
Strategy for Africa endorsed
• 2021 AfCFTA - 55 member states – enacted
• 2022 COHESA – 11 countries - launched
• 2022 Animal Health Systems Facilitating Trade within the
African Union launched

Rift Valley fever (RVF) is a viral, vector borne zoonosis that has significant threat to livestock health and production and public health in Africa. Recent outbreaks have led to high livestock mortalities and human morbidity and socio economic impacts in Garissa. To assess the level of knowledge of pastoralists to causation and transmission risk factors and describe their attitude and practices in response to RVF outbreaks and management in the context of climate change shocks. To estimate the livelihood losses and burden impacts in Garissa. A population based cross sectional household survey was conducted in March 2012 and March 2013 in four hotspots. A multistage purposive sampling was used to identify 250 participants who included pastoralists, veterinary and medical personnel and livestock traders. KAP evaluation was by questionnaires in depth key informant interviews and focus group discussions. Participatory rural appraisal tools were used to assess the economic significance of the RVF outbreaks, risk factors and management costs. 185 respondents (74%) had good knowledge of RVF (symptoms scored >50%) and risk factor analysis indicated > 150 (60%) understood the consumption of meat of dead or infected animal, milk, touching aborted foetuses caused disease. Estimated lost revenue due to closure of livestock markets and bans was over Ksh.3 billion. Intervention costs and burden of the outbreaks is discussed. There is good knowledge and attitude on RVF risk, transmission and control. It re-emergence is associated with negative impacts on livelihoods and economic endpoints in Garissa.

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Climate change, trade and animal health

1. Climate change, trade and animal health STDF Event on Linkages Between Climate Change and SPS Issues STDF Secretariat in Collaboration with OIE And FAO Climate Change and Animal Health 3 May 2022 Delia Grace Professor Food Safety Systems, Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich, Central Avenue, Chatham Maritime, Kent ME4 4TB. UK Joint appointed scientist, Animal and Human Health Program, International Livestock Research Institute, Box 30709, Nairobi, Kenya

2. HLPE 2017 Food Systems and Nutrition Report Food systems for health and nutrition CGIAR Triple burden

3. Zoonoses: neglected and emerging •Neglected zoonoses: brucellosis, bovine tuberculosis, leptospirosis, Rift Valley fever •Emerging zoonoses: mad cow, bird flu, SARS, MERS, COVID-19

4. 4 Warning! Increasing frequency of pandemics Graphics: Annabel Slater, ILRI; adapted fromUnited Nations Environment Programme and International Livestock Research Institute (2020). Preventing the Next Pandemic: Zoonotic diseases and how to break the chain of transmission. Nairobi, Kenya.

5. 5 These trends have important drivers 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 Land purchase by foreigners Inequality In-migration Irrigation Wildlife conservation Poverty increase Conflict Land use change Biodiversity Habitat loss Wildlife areas incursion Food price Urbanisation Deforestation Economic growth Social change Wildlife reservoirs Intensifying livestock Human population growth Trade in livestock & products Climate change

6. World Organisation for Animal Health · Protecting animals, Preserving our future | 6 External Factors Important For Vet Services 2.00 2.50 3.00 3.50 4.00 4.50 Member Country perspective 0 is no importance 5 is maximum importance Triple burden

7. AH impacts on trade 21st Conference of the OIE Regional commission for Africa, 16th-20th February, 2015, Rabat, Morocco D Grace et al.

8. Trade, climate change and animal health Zoonoses Ectopar Liver fluke FMD HS CBPP Diarrhoeal diseases RVF CSAD Anthrax Lepto Schisto Tryps TADs Flu Corona Flu Corona TB Rabies Leish Brucella Climate Sensitive Animal Disease – CCAFS/ILRI Top zoonoses – ILRI Transboundary animal diseases – EMPRES, FAO Triple burden

9. Initiatives related to AH, CC, trade • 2020 GBADs launched • 2020 OHRECA launched: zoonoses, FBD, AMR • 2020 AU SPS Policy Framework and Animal Health Strategy for Africa endorsed • 2021 AfCFTA - 55 member states – enacted • 2022 COHESA – 11 countries - launched • 2022 Animal Health Systems Facilitating Trade within the African Union launched

10. Acknowledgements and Further Reading

Climate change, trade and animal health

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