The greenhouse effect makes life on Earth possible by trapping heat in the atmosphere like glass in a greenhouse. Without it, the Earth would be 33°C cooler. The greenhouse effect is natural but human emissions reinforce it, especially carbon dioxide, methane and nitrogen dioxide from fossil fuel use, industry and agriculture. During the 20th century the average temperature rose 0.6°C and is estimated to rise 1.4-5.8°C in the next century, causing hurricanes, diseases, famine and species extinction. International cooperation is needed to drastically cut emissions through treaties like the Kyoto Protocol, with industrialized countries reducing emissions most to address climate justice issues. Renewable energy sources in Finland need to increase from
The presentation talks about Global Warming and its consequences in India. The presentation even includes topic like Enviornmental Refugee, Carbon Foot Prints etc. A social Work Perspective is there.
Global warming is long-term rise in the average temperature of the earth’s climate system. It is a major aspect of current climate change, and has been demonstrated by direct temperature measurements of various effects of the warming. The term commonly refers to the human caused increase in global surface temperatures. Although there prehistoric phases of global warming, but observed changes since the mid 20th century have been much greater than previous records covering decades to thousands of years.
a detailed compilation of global warming- definition, history of discovery, causes, proposed alternative causation theory, green house gases and their potential, current GHGs production rate of India, effects of Global warming, methods to prevent and international protocols applied for GHGs reduction.
The Presentation is about Global Warming that is the most top matters which currently discuses in United Nation and all around the world, All countries around the world should work on this subject to prevent global warming and keep the earth gold based on rules and regulations govern by United Nation
This Presentation is regarding the Global warming, the causes and cure. This was made by Shakeel Ahmed to be presented at Mehran University Institute of Science and Technology Development Jamshoro Sindh Pakistan.
Here I put between your hand my graduation project in order to get my academic licence degree, which is about the Global warming.
I wish it will be useful for you guys.
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I was included some material regarding climate change issue this can benefited to all who are searching for climate change related material. the climate change and global warming are very sensitive issue for global living things the shifting of climate, rising sea level, increasing temperature and increasing green house gases concentration effect the plant, animal and animal.
The presentation talks about Global Warming and its consequences in India. The presentation even includes topic like Enviornmental Refugee, Carbon Foot Prints etc. A social Work Perspective is there.
Global warming is long-term rise in the average temperature of the earth’s climate system. It is a major aspect of current climate change, and has been demonstrated by direct temperature measurements of various effects of the warming. The term commonly refers to the human caused increase in global surface temperatures. Although there prehistoric phases of global warming, but observed changes since the mid 20th century have been much greater than previous records covering decades to thousands of years.
a detailed compilation of global warming- definition, history of discovery, causes, proposed alternative causation theory, green house gases and their potential, current GHGs production rate of India, effects of Global warming, methods to prevent and international protocols applied for GHGs reduction.
The Presentation is about Global Warming that is the most top matters which currently discuses in United Nation and all around the world, All countries around the world should work on this subject to prevent global warming and keep the earth gold based on rules and regulations govern by United Nation
This Presentation is regarding the Global warming, the causes and cure. This was made by Shakeel Ahmed to be presented at Mehran University Institute of Science and Technology Development Jamshoro Sindh Pakistan.
Here I put between your hand my graduation project in order to get my academic licence degree, which is about the Global warming.
I wish it will be useful for you guys.
Climate change current Scenario and future Prospective.pptxJAYSingh256
I was included some material regarding climate change issue this can benefited to all who are searching for climate change related material. the climate change and global warming are very sensitive issue for global living things the shifting of climate, rising sea level, increasing temperature and increasing green house gases concentration effect the plant, animal and animal.
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The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
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1. The greenhouse effect makes life on Earth possible
• The gases in the atmosphere behave
like glass panels in a greenhouse: they
trap some of the heat energy of the Sun.
• The greenhouse effect is natural –-
without it, the Earth's surface would be
33°C cooler.
• Water vapour is the most significant
natural greenhouse gas.
1
2. In the case of climate change, emissions reinforce the
greenhouse effect
• The most important human-produced
greenhouse gases are carbon dioxide (CO2),
methane (CH4), and nitrogen dioxide (N2O).
• Gases are produced by the use fossil fuels
– coal, oil, natural gas and peat– and by
forest fires, industrial processes, landfills,
and agriculture.
• The amount of carbon dioxide in the
atmosphere is now greater than in the past
20 million years.
2
3. The temperature has already risen – and it's getting even
hotter
• During the 20th century, the average
temperature of the Earth rose by 0.6°C.
• The warming is mostly caused by human
action.
• During the next 100 years, the temperature is
estimated to rise by 1.4–5.8°C.
• The sea level is estimated to rise by 10–90
cm during the next 100 years.
3
4. Variation in
Lämpötila suhteessa
temperature in the vuoden 1990 arvoon
Northern
Hemisphere
over the last
1,000 years
Lähde: IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
4
5. The climate change causes hurricanes, diseases, and famine
• It is estimated that the climate change will:
• Melt glaciers and cause water shortage
• Rise the sea level > island states and low-lying coastal
regions will be covered with water
• Increase the number and potency of extreme weather
events like floods,draughts and storms
• promote the spread of tropical diseases, like malaria,
into new regions
• Lead to crop failures and famine
• Wipe out species
• Increase the number of environmental refugees
A temperature rise of 1,5 degrees may put 50
million people in risk of famine, 200 million in
risk of malaria, and 2 billion in risk of water
shortage.
5
6. Temperature will also rise in Finland – especially in winter
• It is estimated that in 2100, the temperature in Finland
will be circa 1.1–6.6°C higher than today. The rainfall will
increase by 3–16 %.
• It is estimated thatArctic areas will warm twice as fast as
the rest of the planet.
• Temperature will rise especially in winter and in spring. In
2100, winter sports and white Christmas may be just a
dream in Southern Finland.
• Because of the impact of the Golf Stream the average
temperature in Finland is 20-30°C higher than in Siberia
and Greenland, for example. The climate change may
also have an impact on sea currents, and in that case,
the climate might even get colder in Finland.
Lähde: SWECLIM. Swedish Regional Climate Modelling Program
6
7. Species will die out – even in Finland
• The climate change will cause the
vegetation zones to shift northwards,
and some of the Finnish biotopes may
disappear.
• The Saimaa ringed seal, for example,
may die out because the ice season
shortens and makes its nesting
difficult.
• Butterflies will spread northwards. In
2001, more butterfly species than ever
before were found in Finland. The snow nest has collapsed and a wet seal
pup is lying on the ice, waiting for its mother.
7
8. The climate change may get out of hands
• Feedback effects: warming may launch reactions that speeds it up
• Warming melts the permafrost, and the methane trapped under it is released into
the atmosphere.
• The warming seas release carbon dioxide into the atmosphere
• The climate change increases the number of forest fires which release even more
carbon dioxide.
• In the worst scenario, the climate change feeds on itself uncontrollably. In that
case, the temperature might rise by 10ºC, and the consequences would be
catastrophic.
8
9. A rise of 2 degrees in the A rise of 10 degrees in the
Earth's average Earth's average
temperature temperature
Permafrost Methane is
melts released
10. Do people have equal rights to produce emissions?
Tons of carbon dioxide /
person
World average
Lähde: Tilastokeskus 2006
10
11. Climate is also a matter of justness
• Who causes the climate change?
So far, industrial countries have caused over 80 % of the global warming.
• Who suffers?
In the hot regions of the developing countries, even a mild warming has damaging
effects.
• Who decides?
Not everyone can join the political decision-making process concerning the climate.
11
12. Emissions must be cut drastically
• Worldwide, emissions must be cut by 2/3 to prevent the climate change.
• Finland produces a lot of emissions. Thus, we must cut our emissions
even more: 75–95 %.
• It would be fair to distribute the rights to produce emissions equally among all
people.
In Finland, emissions must
be cut drastically to slow
down the climate change.
Lähde: Lammi & Tynkkynen 2001
12
13. International co-operation is needed
• International climate treaties:
• 1992 UN Climate Treaty was signed in Rio de Janeiro; all countries, including the
USA, have signed it.
• 1997 Kioto Protocol, by which industrial countries agreed to cut down their emissions
by 5 % by 2008-2012.
• The Kioto Protocol should be strengthened so that it would require industrial
countries to reduce their emissions more drastically, and developing countries to act
actively in the issue.
• The rights to produce emissions must be distributed equally among all people.
• Emissions in the industrialising third world countries can be limited by renewable
energy and by a mutually agreed coal tax, for example
• International treaties can be successful
The Montreal Protocol signed in 1987 to prevent ozone depletion has stopped the use of
ozone depleting substances in almost all the industrialised countries.
13
14. Energy production causes the greatest carbon dioxide emissions in
Finland
Energy sector total 83 %
Energy production 65 %
• for industry
• for the electricity
consumption in households
and
heating in the service
sector
traffic 18 %
• private cars
• transport within
industry and trade
•public
transportation
Lähde: Ilmastotavoite 2050
14
15. Energy sources
Renewable:
- wood
- field biomass Unrenewable:
(e.g. reed canary-grass) - coal
- biogas - oil
-wind power - natural gas
- terrestrial heat - peat
- solar power - nuclear power
- hydropower
15
17. Less than ¼ of Finland's total energy demand is produced by
renewable forms of energy
Turve
Ydinvoima 16 % Sähkön
7%
nettotuonti 1 %
Muut 1 %
Maakaasu 11 %
Vesivoima 2 %
Uusiutuvat
Puupolttoaineet
22 %
19 %
Hiili 17 %
Öljy 25 %
Lähde: Tilastokeskus 2004
17
18. Wind power
• The market for wind power is growing at the rate of 20 % a year.
• In other countries, the development is rapid:
- Denmark:produces over 1/5 of the electricity by wind power and is
committed to raise the share to 50 % by the year 2030
- Compared to Finland, Germany's wind power capacity is 300-fold, Spain's
capacity is 120-fold and Denmark's capacity is 60-fold. The increase in the
wind power capacity of Austria in 2004 was 5 times as big as Finland's total
capacity.
• In Finland, only 0.1% of the electricity is produced by wind power.
• The wind conditions in Finland are better than those in Germany, a
leading country in the wind power production.
• Wind power provides 2–5 times more jobs per produced energy unit
than fossil or nuclear energy.
Lumituuli Oy:n voima-
laitos Lumijoella tuottaa
tuulisähköä verkkoon
18
19. We need more emission-free bioenergy
• Today, 20 % of Finland's energy is
produced by bioenergy.
• There are good opportunities for
making bioenergy use even more
common.
• Examples of bioenergy:
- wood
- wood chips
- wood pellets
- biogas
- reed canary-grass
In the Kalmari farm in Laukaa the farm's own
- energy willow biogas generator generates the heat and electricity
- rape-seed oil needed on the farm In addition, the car runs by
biogas produced on the farm.
19
20. Finland must do its share
• If all the people in the world
consumed as much natural
resources as we do, we would
need four globes.
• We have plenty of room for
improvement in Finland. For
example: with low-energy
technology, the energy
consumption of new apartment
buildings could be reduced by 70%
20
21. Domestic policies have impact on climate change
• Means of economic steering
• taxation (e.g. energy tax)
• subsidies (e.g. investment subsidies for
wind power)
• Emission trade (e.g. EU carbon dioxide
trade)
• Legislation
• laws,regulations, and recommendations
(esim. building regulations)
• Information and education
21
22. Choose energy efficient alternatives
• Buy energy-efficient appliances. Energy saving light bulbs use
80% less energy than normal light bulbs.
• Keeping home appliances, like TV and videos, in standby-state
consumes as much energy as a coal-fueled power plant
produces. So, turn off the devices completely!
• About 1/5 of the energy consumed in Finland is used for
heating. By reducing room temperature by one degree you
reduce the energy consumption of heating by 5 %.
• Turn lights and appliances off when you do not need them.
• Don't waste warm water.
Energy saving bulb
22
23. Buy green energy
• You can choose which supplier you buy your
electricity from.
• At the cheapest, green energy costs the same
as ordinary energy on average.
• Changing your energy supplier is easy. You
can choose the energy supplier you like and
fill in a contract form on the “Vaihda virtaa”
campaign site.
• Energy produced by domestic renewable
energy sources is environmental friendly.
www.vaihdavirtaa.net
23
24. Walking, biking, and public transportation: environmental friendly
choices
• More
• buses
• biking
• train trips
• transportation on rails
• Less
• cars
• fllying
Nearly half of all car rides are shorter than 5 km, and
one of four rides is shorter than three km.
24
25. Bike or motorcycle?
Carbon dioxide emissions / 10 km
Lähde: Liikennevälineiden yksikköpäästöt http://lipasto.vtt.fi
25
26. Think before you buy – reduce, re-use, recycle
• Fix broken clothes and items
• Recycle
• Don't buy unnecessary things
• Reduce the amount of waste; avoid heavily packaged
products, for example
• Sort out and compost
• Buy organic and locally grown food,
eat less meat
• Don't smoke
26
29. The cost of shopping
Manufacturing five low-quality t-shirts takes fives times as much energy as
manufacturing one high-quality t-shirt.
29
30. Summary
• Climate change is the most serious
environmental problem in the world.
• If we can't slow down the climate change, the
consequences may be dramatic to both humans
and environment.
• Fortunately, reducing emissions is possible.
Steps to prevent the climate change have been
taken all over the world.
• We can slow down the climate change through
our own choices!
30
31. What is the greatest challenge to the world economy?
-Cliate change, because it can change
everything. No terrorist can beat us, but we
cannot know when we exceed the ecosystem's
capacity for good. This is a great threat, but also
a great opportunity to create a better world,
including more jobs for people. Therefore, I
amserious about this.
Bill Clinton, 9.5.2006, Tampere
31
32. Sources for climate information
Polttopallo
www.ilmasto.org/peli
– Luonto-Liiton ilmasto-opas
www.ilmasto.org
32
34. Nuclear power is the wrong choice
• Nuclear power cannot be a long-term
solution to climate problems.
• Uranium is unrenewable
• Only 3 % of the world's energy is
produced by nuclear power
• There are still no solutions to the
problems concerning uranium mines and
radioactive waste
• Nuclear power is expensive and takes
resources from the development of
renewable energy sources.
• It is safe to build small-scale power
plants based on renewable energy
sources anywhere in the world.
Spider-Man volunteered to bring some cement
to the Olkiluoto nuclear plant construction
site in May 2006.