Climate and Language of Ancient Africa
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This document discusses the climate changes in ancient Africa and how they influenced the spread of human languages. During a dry period from 18,000-8,000 BCE, humans were hunter-gatherers with arid conditions. A wet period from 7,500-3,000 BCE turned the Sahara into grasslands, allowing migrations that dispersed languages. As the climate became drier after 3,500 BCE, languages continued to evolve and spread. Four main language families - Afroasiatic, Nilo-Saharan, Khoisan, and Niger-Korddofanian/Niger-Congo - developed, influenced by the migrations and subsistence methods of associated cultures.
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187The World of Inner Africa Geography, Race, and Langua
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The World of Inner Africa
Geography, Race, and Language
The World’s Three Transformations
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Humans, Farmers, and States
The Nile Connection
The Saharan Separation
The Bantu Migrations
Words, Seeds, and Iron
A Common Culture?
Empires, States, and Stateless Societies
Politics, Population, and Climate
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Cattle and Colonization
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Inner Africa and the World
The World of the Americas
States and Empires of Middle America
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Parallel Worlds of Inner Africa,
the Americas, and Oceania
Before 1450
Reilly, K. (2018). The human journey : A concise introduction to world history, prehistory to 1450. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.
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Reilly, K. (2018). The human journey : A concise introduction to world history, prehistory to 1450. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.
Created from nu on 2021-11-15 03:45:35.
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Parallel Worlds of Inner Africa, the Americas, and Oceania 189
WHILE THE Afro-Eurasian world came together as a single system between the classical age 2,000
years ago and the rise of the West 500 years
ago, other parts of the world carried out their
own traditions, established their own networks
of interaction, and experienced their own arcs
of change. We turn in this chapter to these
“parallel worlds” in inner Africa, the Ameri-
cas, and the Pacific Ocean because their stories
are as compelling as they are separate. Indeed,
their very separateness gives us a greatly ex-
panded field of evidence and example to help
us understand the human condition and his-
torical change. To focus only on the dominant
trend is very much like telling only the history
of the victors. In either case, we end with a
lesser sense of who we are and an even lesser
sense of w ...
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The spread of iron technology after 500 BC enabled more effective farming and population growth in Africa. Iron tools made clearing land for agriculture easier and improved weapons increased survival. The Bantu people then migrated widely, spreading knowledge of ironworking and agriculture throughout the continent. This led to more complex societies, especially in southern Africa by 900 AD, with status determined by cattle herds.
Africa
Africa is the second largest continent covering about 30.3 million square kilometers. It has over 1.1 billion people and is surrounded by water on three sides. Africa has a large diversity of ethnicities, cultures, and languages and was colonized by European powers in the late 19th century. It is home to the Sahara desert, the longest river in the world the Nile, and the tallest mountain on the continent Mount Kilimanjaro.
West African Civilizations [PDF]
The kings of Ghana became wealthy by taxing salt and controlling the price of gold. They taxed salt heavily as it was traded across the Sahara Desert. They also kept the location of gold mines secret to keep gold prices high and only allowed people to own gold dust, not large nuggets. Ghana's empire declined after losing a war to the Almoravids, which weakened the kingdom and led to internal rebellions. The Mali Empire then rose to power under Sundiata and grew greatly wealthy under Mansa Musa as he expanded the empire and promoted Islam. However, Mali later declined and the Songhai Empire formed, becoming powerful under Sunni Ali before Askia Muhammad rose to lead a successful
Early migrations bantu, indo europeans, austronesians
Answer the questions about this video - due on Tuesday and Wednesday, September 16 and 17. Use Ink / Type. Directly answer the questions that are asked, and support.
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This document provides an overview of History 8 Academic Recovery presented by Mr. Ndeshimona. It covers several themes:
1. Early humankind, including the evolution of humans in Africa and their migration worldwide.
2. Hunters and gatherers in Africa, including coastal, Kalahari, and Pygmy groups.
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African cultures
This presentation will give you information about Historical overview of african Peoples African arts and crafts Folklore and religion Clothing and CuisineAfrican music and there Languages find more http://www.ghanalive.tv/
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Defining and Studying the Modern African DiasporaAuthor.docx
This document discusses defining and studying the modern African diaspora. It begins by noting the increased interest in studying the African diaspora as an academic field. The author attempts to provide a comprehensive definition of the modern African diaspora by identifying 5 major diasporic streams involving the movement of African peoples over time, including early migrations out of Africa around 100,000 years ago, the Bantu migrations around 3000 BCE, pre-Atlantic trading diasporas beginning in the 5th century BCE, the Atlantic slave trade beginning in the 15th century, and post-slavery migrations of the 19th century to today. The author argues the modern African diaspora should be defined as millions of peoples of African descent united
Africa the darK continent <---
The document provides an overview of Africa, beginning with how Europeans originally viewed it as the "Dark Continent" due to lack of knowledge about sub-Saharan regions. It describes Africa's geography including deserts, rivers, mountains and climate zones. Early civilizations and empires are mentioned. The document also discusses European colonization of Africa starting in the late 15th century and the impact of the Atlantic slave trade. Natural resources, current conflicts, and tourism potential in South Africa are briefly covered.
Chapter 24
This document provides an overview of the key topics covered in Chapter 24 of the World Geography textbook, which introduces the continent of Africa. The chapter sections will cover the historic overview of Africa, the physical characteristics of the continent including its climate and ecosystems, the diverse peoples and cultures of Africa, the economic activities and environment of the continent, and conclude with a database providing population statistics for several African countries.
Essay On Africa
The essay discusses how the Portuguese colonization of Africa impacted the Kingdom of Kongo in western central Africa in the 15th-16th centuries. Though King Nzinga Mbemba initially cooperated with the Portuguese, corruption and exploitation by Portuguese settlers undermined the kingdom. Later King Alfonso I pleaded with the King of Portugal to remove corrupt settlers and send religious and medical professionals instead, but his pleas went unanswered. Resistance to Portuguese rule grew, including military attacks led by the Zimba people motivated by economic concerns. The kingdom's power declined as traditional markets were disrupted.
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- 1. Climate and Language Families of Ancient Africa
- 2. Ancient African Climate Image from http://www.esd.ornl.gov/projects/qen/afr(pre.gif c. 18,000 BCE to c. 8,000 BCE • This was a dry period for Africa, which grew drier over time through the Younger Dryas period (aka. The Big Freeze, roughly 10,300 to 9,000 BCE). This was a swiftly developing ice age that led to very arid conditions-drier than the even the map portrays. • Humans were hunter-gatherers
- 3. Ancient African Climate Image from http://www.esd.ornl.gov/projects/qen/afr(8-7.gif c. 7,500 BCE to c. 3,000 BCE • A wet period, known as the Neolithic Subpluvial or Holocene Wet Phase followed. • Deserts, including the Sahara, became grasslands that supported more humans than it did before or than it does now. • The Neolithic or agricultural revolution occurred.
- 4. Ancient African Climate c. 7,500 BCE to c. 3,500 BCE • This wet period led to a migrations of people due to more hospitable conditions. • As people migrated, they spread their culture, languages, and practices (including agriculture). • The migrations, as represented on the map, reflect the dispersal of language we see represented in modern Africa. Image from http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S096098220902065X
- 5. Modern African Climate Image from http://www.esd.ornl.gov/projects/qen/afr(pre.gif After c. 3,500 BCE • The wet period came to an end, and the climate came to resemble what it does now. • The Sahara gradually became a desert again and the peoples is supported migrated again to its edges or perished. • The development of agriculture continued and allowed for settlements that led to cities, kingdoms, and empires.
- 6. Climate and Language • Just as scientist believe humans can tie their origins to Africa, linguists believe language originated in Sub- Saharan Africa. • The theory is that as humans spread, language spread and evolved. • As changes in climate caused the people of Africa to migrate, language spread. Image from http://www.palgrave.com/history/shillington/resources/maps/Map1.2.jpg
- 7. Language • Four language families have been identified: 1. Afroasiatic 2. Nilo-Saharan 3. Khoisan 4. Niger-Korddofanian/Niger- Congo • The language families can be traced from the Late Stone Age • The language families were heavily influenced by the migrations, both of the African people and outsiders, as represented by the map. Image from http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S096098220902065X
- 8. Language The language families are associated with subsidence methods of the cultures who spoke them. The methods of subsidence were in part dictated or encouraged by the climate of the area they inhabited during the wet period. Afro-Asiatic Pastoralists and agropastoralists Nilo-Saharan pastoralists Khoisan Hunters and gatherers Niger-Korddofanian/ Niger-Congo Agriculturalists Image from http://starling.rinet.ru/maps/maps1.php?lan=en
- 9. Language: Afroasiatic Fun facts about the Afroasiatic language group • Only African language group to include a language non-African in origin, Arabic • Arabic currently the most widely spoken language within the group • Currently has over 200 million speakers • 371 languages in group • Earliest written record in ancient Egyptian c. 3400BCE Image from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hamito-Semitic_languages.jpg
- 10. Language: Khoisan Fun facts about the Khoisan language group • Smallest of the African language families • 36 languages within group • Most Khoisan languages are endangered or extinct • Many languages within the group have no written record • Currently 200,000 to 300,000 speakers • Best known for click sounds Image from http://www.findtripinfo.com/assets/Africa/south_africa/northern-cape/khoisan-kalahari.jpg
- 11. Language: Nilo-Saharan Fun facts about the Nilo-Saharan language group • Roughly 200 languages within group • Currently approximately 30 million speakers • One major unifying characteristic of the group is how the languages is how numbers are used Image from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lenguas_nilo-saharianas.PNG
- 12. Language: Niger-Korddofanian/Niger-Congo Fun facts about the Niger-Korddofanian/Niger-Congo language group • Largest of the groups • Over 1,400 languages within group • Currently over 300 million speakers • Covers the largest area geographically Image from http://mapsof.net/uploads/static-maps/niger_congo_language_map.png
- 13. sources Adams, Jonathan. “Africa During the Last 150,000 Years.” n.d. Web. 28 April 2013. <http://www.esd.ornl.gov/projects/qen/nercAFRICA.html>. Alleyne, Richard. “Language Like People Came Out of Africa.” The Telegraph. 14 April 2011. Web. 28 April 2013. <http://www.telegraph.co.uk/science/evolution/8451185/Language-like-people- came-out-of-Africa.html>. Bosch, Sonja. “African Language Families and Their Structural Properties.” 31 March 2009. Web. 28 April 2013. <http://www.slideshare.net/aflat/tutorial-bosch>. Herlin, Susan J. “Ancient African Civilizations to ca. 1500.” 2003. Web. 28 April 2013. <http://wysinger.homestead.com/africanhistory.html>. “History of Africa.” Wikipedia. n.d. Web 28 April 2013. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Africa>.