1. The document provides historical context on Rwanda and pre-colonial Africa, describing the geography, ethnic groups, languages, and early civilizations that existed. 2. When European missionaries and colonizers arrived, they imposed new borders and systems of indirect rule that disrupted traditional African societies and power structures. 3. Over time, the Belgian colonizers in Rwanda specifically manipulated and exacerbated divisions between the Hutu and Tutsi ethnic groups for purposes of governance, laying the groundwork for future conflict.
The document provides an overview of early African history from various regions of the continent up to 1000 CE. It discusses the issues with studying African history due to the lack of written records from many societies and reliance on oral traditions, archaeology and other sources. Several early civilizations and empires are summarized, including the Kushite kingdoms, Meroitic Empire, Aksumite Empire, various states in the western and central Sudan, as well as the Bantu expansion and diffusion across central, southern and east Africa. The physical geography of Africa and development of agriculture, trade and ironworking on the continent are also covered.
This presentation will give you information about Historical overview of african Peoples African arts and crafts Folklore and religion Clothing and CuisineAfrican music and there Languages find more http://www.ghanalive.tv/
The document provides information about Africa, including:
- Africa is the second largest continent and home to over 1 billion people across more than 50 countries.
- It has a diverse geography ranging from deserts to mountains and tropical rainforests. Long rivers like the Nile drain the continent.
- Africa has rich traditions and cultures that have developed due to adaptations to different regions. Colonial exploitation disrupted cultural continuity but African art, music and literature are increasingly recognized globally.
The document summarizes key population patterns and cultural geography of Africa. It notes that Africa has a very young population that is growing rapidly. It also discusses the uneven population density, challenges of food insecurity and disease, rapid urbanization, and cultural and linguistic diversity across hundreds of ethnic groups. The document traces Africa's history from early civilizations to European colonization and the independence movements of the 1900s. It concludes by looking at current challenges around literacy, governance, and water crises.
The document provides information about the cultures of Burkina Faso and Ivory Coast. It discusses the geography, demographics, religions, arts, and ethnic groups of the two West African countries. Burkina Faso's largest ethnic groups are the Mossi and Gurunsi people. Most Burkinabes are Muslim or adhere to traditional African religions. Ivory Coast has over 60 ethnic groups, mainly Akan, Krou, Southern Mande and Northern Mande people. Around half of Ivory Coast's population practices Islam or indigenous beliefs. Traditional arts like masks, carvings, and dance remain an important part of the cultures in both countries.
1) The document discusses the Bantu people of central Africa, who had a civilization over 4,000 years old based around fishing, farming, and herding.
2) The Bantu underwent migrations over thousands of years, moving south and encountering other groups. These groups either joined the Bantu or moved to new lands.
3) Many chose to join the Bantu because they had superior farming techniques and could make iron tools, which helped with farming, hunting, and warfare. Today, most people in sub-Saharan Africa are descended from the Bantu.
1) This document provides an overview of early African societies from 400-1450 CE, including the development of agriculture, kingdoms in West Africa like Ghana and Mali, and the Christian kingdom of Axum in Ethiopia.
2) Major kingdoms like Ghana and Mali grew into powerful states due to strong agriculture and trade along trans-Saharan routes, with cities like Timbuktu becoming centers of learning.
3) While cultures and environments varied significantly across the vast African continent, settled agriculture, powerful kingdoms, and religion heavily influenced many societies during this time period.
Early migrations bantu, indo europeans, austronesiansJanet Pareja
Answer the questions about this video - due on Tuesday and Wednesday, September 16 and 17. Use Ink / Type. Directly answer the questions that are asked, and support.
The document provides an overview of early African history from various regions of the continent up to 1000 CE. It discusses the issues with studying African history due to the lack of written records from many societies and reliance on oral traditions, archaeology and other sources. Several early civilizations and empires are summarized, including the Kushite kingdoms, Meroitic Empire, Aksumite Empire, various states in the western and central Sudan, as well as the Bantu expansion and diffusion across central, southern and east Africa. The physical geography of Africa and development of agriculture, trade and ironworking on the continent are also covered.
This presentation will give you information about Historical overview of african Peoples African arts and crafts Folklore and religion Clothing and CuisineAfrican music and there Languages find more http://www.ghanalive.tv/
The document provides information about Africa, including:
- Africa is the second largest continent and home to over 1 billion people across more than 50 countries.
- It has a diverse geography ranging from deserts to mountains and tropical rainforests. Long rivers like the Nile drain the continent.
- Africa has rich traditions and cultures that have developed due to adaptations to different regions. Colonial exploitation disrupted cultural continuity but African art, music and literature are increasingly recognized globally.
The document summarizes key population patterns and cultural geography of Africa. It notes that Africa has a very young population that is growing rapidly. It also discusses the uneven population density, challenges of food insecurity and disease, rapid urbanization, and cultural and linguistic diversity across hundreds of ethnic groups. The document traces Africa's history from early civilizations to European colonization and the independence movements of the 1900s. It concludes by looking at current challenges around literacy, governance, and water crises.
The document provides information about the cultures of Burkina Faso and Ivory Coast. It discusses the geography, demographics, religions, arts, and ethnic groups of the two West African countries. Burkina Faso's largest ethnic groups are the Mossi and Gurunsi people. Most Burkinabes are Muslim or adhere to traditional African religions. Ivory Coast has over 60 ethnic groups, mainly Akan, Krou, Southern Mande and Northern Mande people. Around half of Ivory Coast's population practices Islam or indigenous beliefs. Traditional arts like masks, carvings, and dance remain an important part of the cultures in both countries.
1) The document discusses the Bantu people of central Africa, who had a civilization over 4,000 years old based around fishing, farming, and herding.
2) The Bantu underwent migrations over thousands of years, moving south and encountering other groups. These groups either joined the Bantu or moved to new lands.
3) Many chose to join the Bantu because they had superior farming techniques and could make iron tools, which helped with farming, hunting, and warfare. Today, most people in sub-Saharan Africa are descended from the Bantu.
1) This document provides an overview of early African societies from 400-1450 CE, including the development of agriculture, kingdoms in West Africa like Ghana and Mali, and the Christian kingdom of Axum in Ethiopia.
2) Major kingdoms like Ghana and Mali grew into powerful states due to strong agriculture and trade along trans-Saharan routes, with cities like Timbuktu becoming centers of learning.
3) While cultures and environments varied significantly across the vast African continent, settled agriculture, powerful kingdoms, and religion heavily influenced many societies during this time period.
Early migrations bantu, indo europeans, austronesiansJanet Pareja
Answer the questions about this video - due on Tuesday and Wednesday, September 16 and 17. Use Ink / Type. Directly answer the questions that are asked, and support.
1) African peoples developed diverse societies as they adapted to varied environments across the continent between 1500 BC to 500 AD. Some key early civilizations included Egypt, Carthage, and the kingdom of Kush.
2) The kingdom of Aksum in modern-day Ethiopia became a powerful international trading empire after adopting Christianity in the 4th century AD. It developed strong institutions and infrastructure like stone architecture and coinage.
3) Starting around 900 AD, Bantu-speaking peoples migrated southward across central and southern Africa, spreading their languages and skills like ironworking. Within 1500 years, they reached the southern tip of the continent, interacting and intermingling with other groups.
The document discusses the Bantu migration from central Africa southward. It describes how the Bantu people were originally farmers and herders located in the savanna of Africa but increased population and limited land forced them to migrate south in search of more land. As they migrated, they introduced new cultures and iron smelting technology to other groups and displaced some groups from their lands, creating a diffusion of culture.
Early African civilizations developed diverse societies between 1500 BC and AD 700 to adapt to Africa's varied geographic regions. West African societies organized around family clans and local religions, with oral traditions instead of writing. By 500 BC, West African cultures produced iron tools and weapons, and the earliest sub-Saharan cities like Djenne-Djeno emerged as trade centers by 600-200 BC, demonstrating advanced civilizations in West Africa long before European contact.
Big unit 5 patterns of inter-regional_unity_300-1500Walter Price
During the period from 300-1500 CE (Big Era Five):
- Cultural exchanges across Afroeurasia increased significantly as ideas, technologies, religions, and goods spread more widely through population growth, migrations, expanding trade networks, and large empires.
- While cultural developments also occurred internally in the Americas, the two hemispheres remained largely isolated from one another until 1492 when European voyages first connected Afroeurasia and the Americas on a global scale.
This document provides brief overviews of several early human societies and civilizations:
- Hunter-gatherer societies organized into small clans led by strongest males, with few possessions and oral traditions.
- Indo-Europeans migrated from 3000-1000 BCE as semi-nomadic pastoralists and farmers using iron weapons and wheel technology. They spread across Europe and Asia.
- Bantu migrations from 500 BCE-1000 CE saw expansion of Bantu peoples from West Africa across central and southern Africa, introducing farming and ironworking.
- Early river valley civilizations included Mesopotamia, Egypt, India's Indus Valley, and China's Shang dynasty, which developed organized governments, religion,
This document discusses the climate changes in ancient Africa and how they influenced the spread of human languages. During a dry period from 18,000-8,000 BCE, humans were hunter-gatherers with arid conditions. A wet period from 7,500-3,000 BCE turned the Sahara into grasslands, allowing migrations that dispersed languages. As the climate became drier after 3,500 BCE, languages continued to evolve and spread. Four main language families - Afroasiatic, Nilo-Saharan, Khoisan, and Niger-Korddofanian/Niger-Congo - developed, influenced by the migrations and subsistence methods of associated cultures.
Traditional African societies were based around kinship groups like extended families rather than strong centralized governments. Bantu migrations helped spread agriculture and herding across the continent. There was immense diversity with over 1000 languages and tribes. Social structures ranged from large kingdoms to small states organized by kinship, gender, age, and lineage. Family, age groups, religion, land ownership, and slavery were all important community institutions before colonial influence.
Africa is the second largest continent, home to over 3,000 tribes and more than 2,100 languages. It has incredible biodiversity with the largest desert, highest peak, and fastest land animal. African cultures are known for colorful clothing, masks made of wood used in ceremonies, rock paintings, and jewelry crafted from organic materials.
Africa is a highly diverse continent with over 3,000 distinct ethnic groups and 2,000 languages. The major language families include Afro-Asiatic, Niger-Congo, Nilo-Saharan, and Khoisan. Religion also varies widely, with Christianity, Islam, and traditional beliefs coexisting across different regions. African culture is expressed through varied cuisines, traditional customs like weddings and housing, clothing incorporating local and foreign influences, and festivals and sports like football being most popular.
Africa is a large and diverse continent with many different land regions and climates. It has over 50 countries and over 800 ethnic groups. Some of its key physical features include the Nile River, the Sahara Desert, and Mount Kilimanjaro. The continent is also home to a wide variety of animals, from elephants and giraffes on the savanna to crocodiles in its rivers. Its people also show great diversity in terms of culture, language, religion and traditions. While many Africans have adopted modern lifestyles, some continue traditional practices of dress, food and nomadic lifestyles. Africa faces challenges of development as it tries to modernize while preserving cultural heritage.
The document summarizes the major ancient African civilizations between 750 BCE and 1500 CE. It discusses the Kush civilization in Nubia, the Axum civilization in Ethiopia, the Ghana empire which dominated gold and salt trade, the large Mali empire under Mansa Musa, and the Songhai empire centered along the Niger River. It also describes the Bantu migrations and establishment of trading port cities along the East African coast that participated in Indian Ocean trade networks.
Muslims have had a long presence in Latin America, with the largest populations found in Argentina, Brazil, Venezuela, Suriname, and Guyana. Three waves of Muslims immigrated - as African slaves, with the Spanish, and later from the Middle East. While Muslims make up only a small minority, Islam has been practiced in the region for centuries. The religion blended with the cultural influences of native peoples and European colonizers. Today, the values of Islam around family, education, and modesty continue in Latin American Muslim communities of varying sizes across the continent.
The document provides an overview of Africa, beginning with how Europeans originally viewed it as the "Dark Continent" due to lack of knowledge about sub-Saharan regions. It describes Africa's geography including deserts, rivers, mountains and climate zones. Early civilizations and empires are mentioned. The document also discusses European colonization of Africa starting in the late 15th century and the impact of the Atlantic slave trade. Natural resources, current conflicts, and tourism potential in South Africa are briefly covered.
This document provides an overview of the geography and history of North and Sub-Saharan Africa. It describes the major geographic regions of Africa including the Sahara Desert and Atlas Mountains in North Africa, the Nile River Valley, East Africa's Great Rift Valley, West Africa's Sahel region and rainforests, Central Africa's Congo Basin rainforest, and the southern plateaus and basins. It then discusses Egypt's ancient civilization, the Bantu migrations that spread across Africa, African empires that formed, the Atlantic slave trade that devastated the population, European colonization following the Berlin Conference, and the late 20th century independence movements.
Mount Kilimanjaro in Tanzania is the highest point in Africa at 19,340 feet. The lowest point is Lake Assal in Djibouti, which lies 155 meters below sea level. The Sahara desert, located in North Africa, is the largest desert in the world, covering a third of the African continent. The longest river is the Nile River, which flows through eleven countries in northeast Africa and has a length of 6,670 km.
AP World: Mongols (12:2) + Mongol Reading ResourcesCassidy Baker
The Mongols, a nomadic people from the Mongolian steppe, conquered much of Asia under the leadership of Genghis Khan in the 13th century. Genghis Khan united the Mongol tribes and built a powerful military force that allowed the Mongols to establish the largest contiguous land empire in world history. After Genghis Khan's death, the Mongol Empire was divided into four khanates that were ruled by his descendants and continued expanding the empire's territories to include regions like Korea, Persia, Russia, and parts of Eastern Europe. The Mongol Empire promoted trade and interaction between different peoples during a period of stability known as the Pax Mongolica.
Ancient African societies developed towns that served as centers of government, trade, and crafts. Towns were ruled by kings who held audiences and maintained order in exchange for taxes and trade. Extended families and lineage groups provided the basic social structure, and while women held important economic roles, societies were usually patriarchal. Religions varied but often involved belief in supreme beings, ancestors, and an afterlife. Slavery, trade, and the spread of Islam impacted African cultures over this period.
This document provides a timeline and overview of major events and developments in African history from ancient times through the 1600s AD. It notes that ancient civilizations like Kush and Axum emerged in Northeast Africa as early as 2500 BC. Major empires like Ghana, Mali, and Songhai rose and fell in West Africa between 400-1500 AD, controlling important trade networks. The Bantu migrations spread new peoples and languages across Central and Southern Africa between 500 BC-1500 AD. East African city-states like Kilwa and Sofala flourished as trading hubs. The slave trade intensified between 1500-1800, transporting over 11 million Africans across the Atlantic.
African civilizations from 500 BC to 1500 AD were influenced by trade, technology, and religion. Key developments included the spread of Islam through trans-Saharan trade routes connecting North and sub-Saharan Africa. Major West African kingdoms like Ghana, Mali, and Songhai grew wealthy from gold and salt trade. The Bantu migrations influenced the spread of Bantu languages in sub-Saharan Africa between 500 BC to 1500 AD. The Kingdom of Zimbabwe rose as a center of wealth and trade in Southeast Africa between the Zambezi and Limpopo Rivers.
La crisis financiera global provocó la nacionalización, estatización, absorción o rescate de numerosos bancos e instituciones financieras en Estados Unidos y Europa. Gobiernos de distintos países tuvieron que intervenir bancos como Northern Rock, Bradford & Bingley, Hypo Real Estate, Dexia, Yndymac, Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac y Lehman Brothers, así como inyectar capital en bancos estadounidenses para evitar su quiebra. La intermediación financiera global se vio gravemente afectada.
El documento consiste en una serie de caracteres repetidos y no proporciona información sustantiva. No es posible generar un resumen significativo de 3 oraciones o menos a partir de este contenido.
1) African peoples developed diverse societies as they adapted to varied environments across the continent between 1500 BC to 500 AD. Some key early civilizations included Egypt, Carthage, and the kingdom of Kush.
2) The kingdom of Aksum in modern-day Ethiopia became a powerful international trading empire after adopting Christianity in the 4th century AD. It developed strong institutions and infrastructure like stone architecture and coinage.
3) Starting around 900 AD, Bantu-speaking peoples migrated southward across central and southern Africa, spreading their languages and skills like ironworking. Within 1500 years, they reached the southern tip of the continent, interacting and intermingling with other groups.
The document discusses the Bantu migration from central Africa southward. It describes how the Bantu people were originally farmers and herders located in the savanna of Africa but increased population and limited land forced them to migrate south in search of more land. As they migrated, they introduced new cultures and iron smelting technology to other groups and displaced some groups from their lands, creating a diffusion of culture.
Early African civilizations developed diverse societies between 1500 BC and AD 700 to adapt to Africa's varied geographic regions. West African societies organized around family clans and local religions, with oral traditions instead of writing. By 500 BC, West African cultures produced iron tools and weapons, and the earliest sub-Saharan cities like Djenne-Djeno emerged as trade centers by 600-200 BC, demonstrating advanced civilizations in West Africa long before European contact.
Big unit 5 patterns of inter-regional_unity_300-1500Walter Price
During the period from 300-1500 CE (Big Era Five):
- Cultural exchanges across Afroeurasia increased significantly as ideas, technologies, religions, and goods spread more widely through population growth, migrations, expanding trade networks, and large empires.
- While cultural developments also occurred internally in the Americas, the two hemispheres remained largely isolated from one another until 1492 when European voyages first connected Afroeurasia and the Americas on a global scale.
This document provides brief overviews of several early human societies and civilizations:
- Hunter-gatherer societies organized into small clans led by strongest males, with few possessions and oral traditions.
- Indo-Europeans migrated from 3000-1000 BCE as semi-nomadic pastoralists and farmers using iron weapons and wheel technology. They spread across Europe and Asia.
- Bantu migrations from 500 BCE-1000 CE saw expansion of Bantu peoples from West Africa across central and southern Africa, introducing farming and ironworking.
- Early river valley civilizations included Mesopotamia, Egypt, India's Indus Valley, and China's Shang dynasty, which developed organized governments, religion,
This document discusses the climate changes in ancient Africa and how they influenced the spread of human languages. During a dry period from 18,000-8,000 BCE, humans were hunter-gatherers with arid conditions. A wet period from 7,500-3,000 BCE turned the Sahara into grasslands, allowing migrations that dispersed languages. As the climate became drier after 3,500 BCE, languages continued to evolve and spread. Four main language families - Afroasiatic, Nilo-Saharan, Khoisan, and Niger-Korddofanian/Niger-Congo - developed, influenced by the migrations and subsistence methods of associated cultures.
Traditional African societies were based around kinship groups like extended families rather than strong centralized governments. Bantu migrations helped spread agriculture and herding across the continent. There was immense diversity with over 1000 languages and tribes. Social structures ranged from large kingdoms to small states organized by kinship, gender, age, and lineage. Family, age groups, religion, land ownership, and slavery were all important community institutions before colonial influence.
Africa is the second largest continent, home to over 3,000 tribes and more than 2,100 languages. It has incredible biodiversity with the largest desert, highest peak, and fastest land animal. African cultures are known for colorful clothing, masks made of wood used in ceremonies, rock paintings, and jewelry crafted from organic materials.
Africa is a highly diverse continent with over 3,000 distinct ethnic groups and 2,000 languages. The major language families include Afro-Asiatic, Niger-Congo, Nilo-Saharan, and Khoisan. Religion also varies widely, with Christianity, Islam, and traditional beliefs coexisting across different regions. African culture is expressed through varied cuisines, traditional customs like weddings and housing, clothing incorporating local and foreign influences, and festivals and sports like football being most popular.
Africa is a large and diverse continent with many different land regions and climates. It has over 50 countries and over 800 ethnic groups. Some of its key physical features include the Nile River, the Sahara Desert, and Mount Kilimanjaro. The continent is also home to a wide variety of animals, from elephants and giraffes on the savanna to crocodiles in its rivers. Its people also show great diversity in terms of culture, language, religion and traditions. While many Africans have adopted modern lifestyles, some continue traditional practices of dress, food and nomadic lifestyles. Africa faces challenges of development as it tries to modernize while preserving cultural heritage.
The document summarizes the major ancient African civilizations between 750 BCE and 1500 CE. It discusses the Kush civilization in Nubia, the Axum civilization in Ethiopia, the Ghana empire which dominated gold and salt trade, the large Mali empire under Mansa Musa, and the Songhai empire centered along the Niger River. It also describes the Bantu migrations and establishment of trading port cities along the East African coast that participated in Indian Ocean trade networks.
Muslims have had a long presence in Latin America, with the largest populations found in Argentina, Brazil, Venezuela, Suriname, and Guyana. Three waves of Muslims immigrated - as African slaves, with the Spanish, and later from the Middle East. While Muslims make up only a small minority, Islam has been practiced in the region for centuries. The religion blended with the cultural influences of native peoples and European colonizers. Today, the values of Islam around family, education, and modesty continue in Latin American Muslim communities of varying sizes across the continent.
The document provides an overview of Africa, beginning with how Europeans originally viewed it as the "Dark Continent" due to lack of knowledge about sub-Saharan regions. It describes Africa's geography including deserts, rivers, mountains and climate zones. Early civilizations and empires are mentioned. The document also discusses European colonization of Africa starting in the late 15th century and the impact of the Atlantic slave trade. Natural resources, current conflicts, and tourism potential in South Africa are briefly covered.
This document provides an overview of the geography and history of North and Sub-Saharan Africa. It describes the major geographic regions of Africa including the Sahara Desert and Atlas Mountains in North Africa, the Nile River Valley, East Africa's Great Rift Valley, West Africa's Sahel region and rainforests, Central Africa's Congo Basin rainforest, and the southern plateaus and basins. It then discusses Egypt's ancient civilization, the Bantu migrations that spread across Africa, African empires that formed, the Atlantic slave trade that devastated the population, European colonization following the Berlin Conference, and the late 20th century independence movements.
Mount Kilimanjaro in Tanzania is the highest point in Africa at 19,340 feet. The lowest point is Lake Assal in Djibouti, which lies 155 meters below sea level. The Sahara desert, located in North Africa, is the largest desert in the world, covering a third of the African continent. The longest river is the Nile River, which flows through eleven countries in northeast Africa and has a length of 6,670 km.
AP World: Mongols (12:2) + Mongol Reading ResourcesCassidy Baker
The Mongols, a nomadic people from the Mongolian steppe, conquered much of Asia under the leadership of Genghis Khan in the 13th century. Genghis Khan united the Mongol tribes and built a powerful military force that allowed the Mongols to establish the largest contiguous land empire in world history. After Genghis Khan's death, the Mongol Empire was divided into four khanates that were ruled by his descendants and continued expanding the empire's territories to include regions like Korea, Persia, Russia, and parts of Eastern Europe. The Mongol Empire promoted trade and interaction between different peoples during a period of stability known as the Pax Mongolica.
Ancient African societies developed towns that served as centers of government, trade, and crafts. Towns were ruled by kings who held audiences and maintained order in exchange for taxes and trade. Extended families and lineage groups provided the basic social structure, and while women held important economic roles, societies were usually patriarchal. Religions varied but often involved belief in supreme beings, ancestors, and an afterlife. Slavery, trade, and the spread of Islam impacted African cultures over this period.
This document provides a timeline and overview of major events and developments in African history from ancient times through the 1600s AD. It notes that ancient civilizations like Kush and Axum emerged in Northeast Africa as early as 2500 BC. Major empires like Ghana, Mali, and Songhai rose and fell in West Africa between 400-1500 AD, controlling important trade networks. The Bantu migrations spread new peoples and languages across Central and Southern Africa between 500 BC-1500 AD. East African city-states like Kilwa and Sofala flourished as trading hubs. The slave trade intensified between 1500-1800, transporting over 11 million Africans across the Atlantic.
African civilizations from 500 BC to 1500 AD were influenced by trade, technology, and religion. Key developments included the spread of Islam through trans-Saharan trade routes connecting North and sub-Saharan Africa. Major West African kingdoms like Ghana, Mali, and Songhai grew wealthy from gold and salt trade. The Bantu migrations influenced the spread of Bantu languages in sub-Saharan Africa between 500 BC to 1500 AD. The Kingdom of Zimbabwe rose as a center of wealth and trade in Southeast Africa between the Zambezi and Limpopo Rivers.
La crisis financiera global provocó la nacionalización, estatización, absorción o rescate de numerosos bancos e instituciones financieras en Estados Unidos y Europa. Gobiernos de distintos países tuvieron que intervenir bancos como Northern Rock, Bradford & Bingley, Hypo Real Estate, Dexia, Yndymac, Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac y Lehman Brothers, así como inyectar capital en bancos estadounidenses para evitar su quiebra. La intermediación financiera global se vio gravemente afectada.
El documento consiste en una serie de caracteres repetidos y no proporciona información sustantiva. No es posible generar un resumen significativo de 3 oraciones o menos a partir de este contenido.
Jesus tells a rich man to sell all his possessions and give to the poor in order to have treasure in heaven and follow him. However, the man goes away sad because he has many possessions. Jesus then notes how hard it is for the rich to enter the kingdom of God. He promises his disciples peace of mind and heart as a gift that the world cannot give and tells them not to be troubled or afraid.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms for those who already suffer from conditions like anxiety and depression.
Advantage Leasing Corporation provides financing options for small business sign projects between $2,000 and $200,000. They offer expertise in sign financing, sales guidance and support, customized programs and materials, and fast turnaround times. Advantage works with dealers to train them in using financing as a sales tool, helping increase average ticket sizes and raise profit margins. They aim to become a long-term financial resource partner for vendors and customers.
Victoria Falls located in Zimbabwe, Africa is one of the most magnificent waterfalls in the world at a height of 128 meters. Known as "The Devil's Swimming Pool", during September and December months people can swim near the edge of the falls without falling over. These falls are becoming increasingly popular among extreme tourists as more people seek thrilling experiences.
The document provides an outline for a presentation to Palestinian educators on using lessons from the Rwandan genocide and constitution to develop civic engagement curriculum for Palestinian youth. The morning session includes trust and team building exercises, reviewing analytical exercises on Rwanda, discussing case studies on how Rwanda's constitution promotes reconciliation, and having educators develop initial lesson plans around Palestinian basic laws. The objective is to help educators create child and youth friendly methods of civic engagement in Palestine using knowledge gained from Rwanda's experience with reconciliation.
A call to action for Osaka to not allow Silicon Valley to supplant Kansai Areas global leadership in Energy Efficiency, Environmental and Industrial Electronics Cleantech markets. A presentation made 10/27/2009 at Plug and Play Sunnyvale to visitors from Osaka government, Osaka University and Mitsubishi Estate
- US venture capital investment declined significantly in 2009, with few IPO exits and decreased M&A activity, continuing a difficult exit environment. VC investment levels and number of deals declined to levels not seen since the 1990s.
- Protective investing increased as firms focused on supporting existing portfolio companies rather than new investments. Cleantech emerged as a new area of focus, outpacing software deals for the first time.
- Global VC activity showed signs of increasing, particularly in China, where the number of IPO exits grew. However, the overall number of global exit deals declined slightly from 2008.
The survey of over 325 venture capital investors found that in 2010:
- 44% believed total VC investment would increase slightly between $21-25 billion
- 49% said their firm would invest in the same number of portfolio companies
- 72% thought the percentage of deals outside their current geographic footprint would remain the same
- Most said investment would increase or remain unchanged in sectors like clean tech, internet, software, and decline in media/entertainment
- The median predicted number of venture-backed IPOs was 25, ranging from 5 to 120
- 91% believed the number of venture-backed acquisitions would increase in value
- Most said firm resources like number of investors and staff would remain largely
The corporate world relies on instant access to reliable information. A new Indian website called www.meraevents.com aims to be a one-stop shop for information about conferences, exhibitions, and trade shows. It allows organizers to post event details, promote events, and find service providers, while delegates can search for events and access services like badge printing. The site offers opportunities for networking and aims to simplify event planning, marketing, and attendance. It also provides advertising opportunities for businesses like venues and printers, opening a new avenue for reaching customers.
The document outlines a 4-pillar plan by the National Venture Capital Association (NVCA) to restore liquidity in the US venture capital industry in the wake of the financial crisis and IPO drought. Pillar I calls for strengthening ecosystem partnerships between venture capital firms, entrepreneurs, investment banks, accounting firms, law firms and others. Pillar II proposes enhancing liquidity paths for venture-backed companies through mechanisms like boutique investment banks and the reemergence of smaller IPOs. Pillar III involves tax incentives to encourage investment. Pillar IV relates to tailored regulation. The plan aims to revive the venture capital industry and fuel job creation and innovation.
This document discusses improving overall equipment effectiveness (OEE) using the Honky-Tonk concept to reduce costs and increase throughput. It begins by introducing OEE and its three components: availability, performance, and yield. It then discusses the author's company, Toyota Boshoku, and explores how visual controls like the Honky-Tonk concept can help effectively use resources to drive improvements in lean manufacturing, total productive maintenance (TPM), and jidoka (autonomation).
The document appears to be a collection of medical terms and images related to dermatology. It includes terms such as dermatitis, moluscum contagiosum, psoriasis, fungal infections, melanoma, acro dermatitis enteropathica, various types of skin cancers, drug reactions, herpes, and warts. The document also references several image files but does not include the image content.
Creating Global Ventures - The Next Challenge for Japan's Evolving Venture Ha...Allen Miner
Presentation on SunBridge and the evolving environment for Entrepreneurism and Venture Capital in Japan given at Stanford University US-Asia Technology Management Center April 20, 2010. Identifies failure to expand internationally as a key failure of Japanese startups relative to their peers in the US and Europe.
O documento analisa os artigos 4o e 5o da Lei 11.419/2006, que tratam da intimação via portal eletrônico ou por diário da justiça eletrônico no processo judicial eletrônico. O autor discute as implicações destes dispositivos legais e como eles vêm sendo interpretados pela jurisprudência brasileira.
The essay discusses how the Portuguese colonization of Africa impacted the Kingdom of Kongo in western central Africa in the 15th-16th centuries. Though King Nzinga Mbemba initially cooperated with the Portuguese, corruption and exploitation by Portuguese settlers undermined the kingdom. Later King Alfonso I pleaded with the King of Portugal to remove corrupt settlers and send religious and medical professionals instead, but his pleas went unanswered. Resistance to Portuguese rule grew, including military attacks led by the Zimba people motivated by economic concerns. The kingdom's power declined as traditional markets were disrupted.
The document provides information about the contributions of ancient Carthage and Hannibal Barca to world civilizations. It states that Carthage was one of the first major empires in Africa and continues to influence the world through military tactics. Hannibal was one of the greatest generals of the ancient world and led the Carthaginian army to several victories using innovative tactics like surrounding the enemy with cavalry and infantry. He is still studied today for his leadership and strategic abilities. The document also credits Carthage with inventing glass, sun dials, and perfumes, contributing technologies that allowed them to have global impact.
16
CHAPTER
1
Africa: The Continent
and Its People
Africa is not one country. It’s a continent: the second
largest continent. Not only is it vast, but it also overwhelms
the rest of the world in the diversity of its people, the
complexity of its cultures, the majesty of its geography,
the abundance of its resources, and the resiliency
and vivacity of its people.
INTRODUCTION
People writing about Africa customarily begin with a brief reference to how little Africa is known among
Americans. Unlike European powers, the United States never had colonies in Africa, although Liberia (in
West Africa) was founded in 1847 by freed African slaves from the United States, and the U.S. government
has maintained special ties with Liberia from then until now. Since the early 1960s, when dozens of African
colonies became independent nations, public ignorance in the United States about Africa has declined
markedly. Air travel between Africa and America has increased since then, and American television has
reported on a wide range of African problems—from severe drought and famine throughout the Sahel and the
Horn to political crises in Libya, Nigeria, and Rwanda. Educated Americans now realize that countries such
as Egypt, which had formerly (and mistakenly) been regarded exclusively as part of the Middle East (Asia
Minor), are actually located in Africa.
The United States has long been a favorite destination of Africans in search of higher education. During
the early years of Africa’s independence, tens of thousands of African students traveled to the United States
to further their education. The presence of these students made it possible for many educated Americans to
meet Africans from different parts of the continent and to show some appreciation for the diversity of the
African continent and its people. As the struggle for racial justice and equality in America has involved
increasing numbers of African Americans, traditional civil rights organizations like the National Association
for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) and the National Urban League have joined efforts with
such lobbying groups as Africa Action (formerly the American Committee on Africa) and Trans Africa
Forum in seeking actively to influence U.S. government policies toward Africa. Although Africa accounts for
the smallest proportion of new American immigrants, nevertheless more African students and visitors are
choosing to live permanently in the United States, thereby helping to expand Americans’ familiarity with
Africa.
Despite such developments and the fact that media coverage of events in independent Africa hasC
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This document discusses the colonial history of Africa and how it led to the current political boundaries on the continent. It describes how European powers colonized Africa in the late 19th century, dividing it up without regard for ethnic or linguistic groups. This caused issues after independence as new countries contained diverse populations. Properly redrawing the map of Africa would require considering the thousands of languages and ethnicities rather than arbitrary colonial borders.
Defining and Studying the Modern African DiasporaAuthor.docxAASTHA76
This document discusses defining and studying the modern African diaspora. It begins by noting the increased interest in studying the African diaspora as an academic field. The author attempts to provide a comprehensive definition of the modern African diaspora by identifying 5 major diasporic streams involving the movement of African peoples over time, including early migrations out of Africa around 100,000 years ago, the Bantu migrations around 3000 BCE, pre-Atlantic trading diasporas beginning in the 5th century BCE, the Atlantic slave trade beginning in the 15th century, and post-slavery migrations of the 19th century to today. The author argues the modern African diaspora should be defined as millions of peoples of African descent united
1. The document provides an overview of prehistoric regions in Africa, including the Sahara desert acting as a barrier between northern and sub-Saharan Africa, and early civilizations along the Nile River and Ethiopian highlands.
2. It describes the spread of religions like Christianity and Islam through northern Africa and their influence on society, as well as the development of kingdoms and empires in Egypt, Axum, and elsewhere.
3. The climatic changes that caused the Sahara to become a desert around 5000 BC are also summarized, forcing migrations of populations to areas like the Nile River valley.
The document discusses the objectives of learning about Africa's rich cultural heritage and literature. It provides background information on Africa, including its population, location, climate, and natural resources like agriculture, woods, minerals, oil, and fresh water. It then discusses African literature, including oral literature traditions as well as literature written in colonial languages of French, Portuguese, and English. Oral literature serves to educate, entertain, and remind communities of their history, traditions, and customs.
The document discusses the objectives of learning about Africa's rich cultural heritage and literature. It provides background information on Africa, including its population, location, climate, and natural resources like agriculture, woods, minerals, oil, and fresh water. It then discusses African literature, including oral literature traditions as well as literature written in colonial languages of French, Portuguese, and English. Oral literature serves to educate, entertain, and remind communities of their history, traditions, and customs.
Africa is the second largest continent, covering about 20% of Earth's total land area. It has over 1 billion people, accounting for about 15% of the world's population. Africa has an abundance of natural resources and wildlife, but remains the world's poorest continent due to issues like disease, corruption, and human rights violations. It is also extremely diverse linguistically, culturally, and religiously.
The document provides an overview of the history and geography of Africa. It discusses the major climate regions including the Sahara desert and savannas. It describes how civilizations developed along major rivers like the Nile and Niger. Key events discussed include the Bantu migrations, rise of powerful kingdoms like Mali and Songhai in West Africa, the Aksum civilization in East Africa, and the city-state of Great Zimbabwe in Southern Africa. The document also outlines the influences and spread of religions like Christianity, Islam, and how cultural blending occurred.
This document provides a narrative history of the Swahili people from ancient times to the present day. It describes how the Swahili originated in East Africa thousands of years ago and developed extensive trade networks along the coast and with other regions by taking advantage of monsoon winds. Their culture and language incorporated influences from traders from Arabia, Persia, India, and other places they interacted with. While the Swahili states declined after being colonized by Arabs and Europeans, their culture and language have survived and remain influential in East Africa today.
This document summarizes Africa between 400-1450 AD. It notes that most history from this period comes from oral tradition rather than written records. It describes how the Sahara desert divided northern and southern Africa. It discusses some of the major empires that rose and fell in this period, including influences from the Roman Empire and spread of Christianity. It also describes the complex divisions among groups based on factors like race, religion, language and origin. Slavery increased with the introduction and spread of Islam across Africa.
Islam unified the tribes of Northern Africa and led to civilizations, society, power, science, and technology. For centuries, there were many schools and libraries across North Africa where advances in learning occurred. Islam then slowly began to spread to Central and Southern Africa. Today, religion in Africa has been a major influence, with most followers being Christian, Muslim, or practitioners of tribal religions and animism, though religious beliefs are sometimes blended with traditional practices.
How MJ Global Leads the Packaging Industry.pdfMJ Global
MJ Global's success in staying ahead of the curve in the packaging industry is a testament to its dedication to innovation, sustainability, and customer-centricity. By embracing technological advancements, leading in eco-friendly solutions, collaborating with industry leaders, and adapting to evolving consumer preferences, MJ Global continues to set new standards in the packaging sector.
Navigating the world of forex trading can be challenging, especially for beginners. To help you make an informed decision, we have comprehensively compared the best forex brokers in India for 2024. This article, reviewed by Top Forex Brokers Review, will cover featured award winners, the best forex brokers, featured offers, the best copy trading platforms, the best forex brokers for beginners, the best MetaTrader brokers, and recently updated reviews. We will focus on FP Markets, Black Bull, EightCap, IC Markets, and Octa.
Storytelling is an incredibly valuable tool to share data and information. To get the most impact from stories there are a number of key ingredients. These are based on science and human nature. Using these elements in a story you can deliver information impactfully, ensure action and drive change.
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This PowerPoint compilation offers a comprehensive overview of 20 leading innovation management frameworks and methodologies, selected for their broad applicability across various industries and organizational contexts. These frameworks are valuable resources for a wide range of users, including business professionals, educators, and consultants.
Each framework is presented with visually engaging diagrams and templates, ensuring the content is both informative and appealing. While this compilation is thorough, please note that the slides are intended as supplementary resources and may not be sufficient for standalone instructional purposes.
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INCLUDED FRAMEWORKS/MODELS:
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5. Agile Innovation Framework
6. Doblin’s Ten Types of Innovation
7. McKinsey’s Three Horizons of Growth
8. Customer Journey Map
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11. Strategyn’s Jobs-To-Be-Done (JTBD) Framework with Job Map
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To download this presentation, visit:
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Sec 1 Africa & Rwanda
1. 1. A Brief History of Rwanda and ‘Pre-Independence’ Africa;
In order to understand contemporary Rwanda—and the underlying values of
cooperation, tolerance and justice—and in order to analyze the new Rwandan
Constitution and its implications in society and civic engagement, we must take a large
step back. We need to place Rwanda in a historical and geopolitical context. In this
journey, we will walk through Rwanda in the context of Africa; we will examine the root
causes of conflict and the genocide in Rwanda; we will examine the Rwandan, regional,
and global consequences of the Rwandan genocide; we will explore contemporary
Rwanda in light of their new constitution, civic engagement and the different paths
reconciliation has taken in Rwanda; and we will attempt to make the links between
reconciliation in Rwanda and possible links to Palestine and civic engagement by the
young people of Palestine. At the end of each section there will be questions that you
may choose to discuss with friends, peers, colleagues or your journals.
What I present to you is information that will help you analyze the overlaps between the
Palestinian story and the Rwandan story. For example, where we talk about religion in
Palestine, we may be talking about ethnicity in Rwanda. So whereas, we may speak of
Muslim and non-Muslim in Palestine, we may be talking about Hutu and Tutsi in
Rwanda. The following study will allow you to draw your own conclusions about what led
to the war and genocide in Rwanda and how the country views citizenship and civic
engagement, rights and the Constitution and how this informs the renewal of Rwandan
society while meeting the challenges of tolerance, cooperation and justice through
reconciliation.
• Africa
Many studies will conclude that the African continent is the mother of civilization. The
first people’s, cities and societies grew out of Africa. Studies usually conclude that the
Nile-River Basin and Valley in present day Egypt and Sudan are the beginning of what
we know as humanity today.i This is the assumption that I make.
Geography
Africa, today, is made up of 53 countries and numerous territories on its mainland and
outlying islands (according to the World Bank). But it was not always this way. The term
‘Africa’ is a relatively new one, eventually brought on by colonizers and missionaries—
but more on that later. Borders, as outlined on a map, did not always exist within Africa.
The kind of borders that Africa has are natural. The land of Africa is diverse and dynamic
(PICTURE OF AFRICA):
1) In the north is the Saharan Desert, stretching from the West to the East, in line
with the Arabian Peninsula. This area is dry and mostly desolate, with little arid land.
Often we talk about Sub-Saharan Africa and Northern Africa—the Maghreb. Northern
Africa is that part of Africa whose cultures, languages, and societies are often linked as
more Arabic or Mediterranean than African.
2) At the equator, Africa is predominately a rainforest—lush and green, humid
and wet—mostly in present-day Democratic Republic of Congo. Rwanda is part of this
particular area. It lies just south of the equator, high up in thousands of green hills and
2. volcanoes. This is important to remember later when we talk about the causes and
consequences of the Rwandan genocide.
3) The Sahel is the land where the tropical, equatorial climates meet the edges of
the Sahara; you find this topography mostly in West Africa.
4) South of the equator and the vast rainforest areas, the land of Africa again
becomes very diverse with a range of deserts, mountain ranges, inland deltas, small and
large bodies of water and rivers.
5) Africa, today, is often categorized by regions: Northern Africa (the Maghreb),
the Horn of Africa, East Africa, The Great Lakes Region (Rwanda included), West Africa,
and the Southern African Development Community.
When understanding the land of Africa, it is important to recognize the vast wealth of
natural resources and minerals that are present. These resources are the theme that ties
together what we will discover later about missionary, colonial, and imperial work in
Africa, along with the eventual conflict in relatively resource poor areas, like Rwanda.
Ethnicity, language and Migration
In pre-missionary Africa, people moved as groups or tribes. Like with other continents,
there was a mix of nomadic or herding groups that hunted and gathered and were
always on the move depending on the weather and the need; stationary groups that built
their communities around farms and agriculture; mercantile groups that took advantage
of the vast waterways to trade amongst the different groups; and more. In this way
distinct languages were developed as well as localized dialects that mixed languages
and forms of communication.
Africa, before missionaries, had thousands of different languages and dialects—it still
has many of these, but many are disappearing. The large numbers of ethnic groupings
and languages is important to remember with the context of contemporary Rwanda.
Rwanda, today, has only one distinct language: Kinyarwandan, and only three distinct
ethnic groups: BaTwa, BaTutsi and BaHutu, whom all share the same language. This is
unique to Rwanda—within Africa.
Africa was mostly made up of migratory populations. As groups moved, some individuals
or community subsets gradually ‘stayed’ and started less mobile groups. It is in these
areas that great cultures became established. These cultures were dynamic and
innovative: in Timbuktu (Tomboctou), on the edge of the Sahara in present-day Mali and
on the Niger River, one of the world’s first great universities was built–this is often
overlooked historically, by those who choose to focus on the Greek lyceums or the
Roman Empire. In present-day southern Zimbabwe, the Shona built infrastructures of
roads, castles and other structures to rival that of the Mayans and the Greeks. And, of
course, in present-day Egypt the pyramids were built with amazing foresight. These are
only a few of thousands of examples of pre-missionary Africa achievements.
(PICTURES?—Timbuktu or Djenne Mosque, Pyramids, Great Zimbabwe?)
Missionary Settlement
It is often believed the Portuguese were the first European power to push religion on
3. Africa when they arrived in the Congolese rainforest. Unlike travelers and merchants
who had come before from Asia and Europe, it was the proselytizing groups that stayed
in Africa. In many ways, Christians and Muslims converged on the continent of Africa, as
before the Christians came, Muslims had already had a great influence in Africa—with
culture, language, trade and agricultural innovations. While Muslims did attempt to
convert people’s in various regions, it was not like the mass attempts of European
Christians.
Before Christians from Europe and Muslims from the Arabic world, many African groups
had group-specific spiritual beliefs. These were not related to the Ibrahamic religions of
the world (Islam, Christianity, Judaism), and were built around ideas of community, crops
and animals, land and, sometimes, weather patterns. Ethnic groups were, and are,
deeply spiritual and had social mores much in the way of scripted religions, but they
were not recorded (codified?) as such.
European Christians decided to ‘civilize’ the ‘uncivilized’ masses of the world and set out
on grand expeditions to ‘discover’ new territories and spread the word of their God—
while occupying new lands. Africa was a huge target for Europeans, given its relative
proximity and accessible waterways to Europe. After the Portuguese came the Dutch,
British, French, Germans, Italians, Spanish and Belgians—to differing degrees of
success. As imperial battles were being fought in Europe, many of these countries
‘controlled’ lands throughout the world.
As the Christian missionaries spread out in Africa, many began to realize the amount of
minerals, materials, agri-products and resources that were available. As word was sent
back to European capitals about the wealth of resources, more Europeans invested in
parts of Africa, scrambling to send officials to Africa and strategize how to co-opt land
that was not theirs. The advantage of guns and steel produced in Europe (with minerals
already extracted from Africa and Latin America) helped European nations conquer vast
tracts of African land with little human power. Massive amounts of people in different
regions of Africa were brought under the control of European governments and traders.
With the paths paved by missionaries—already attempting to ‘educate’ and spread the
Christian principles—Africa was a source of prosper relatively quickly for European
nations.
Slave-trade
Europeans, much like their Arabic counter-parts, took full advantage of the lands and the
people of Africa. European contact meant disease and conflict-creation from the very
beginning. It also meant the creation of the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade (TAST), moving
and killing millions of humans from the African continent. The TAST was a network of 4
continents, yet few of the people actually made it to Europe—most were sent to North &
South America and the Carribbean to serve as slave labor in those regions. The
European ‘explorers’ had already damaged these regions and wiped out people’s
indigenous to these lands with disease, warfare and manipulation. Labor being short,
and land being everywhere, Europeans took from Africa. (photo of slave trade castle
on West Africa)
European missionary settlers, Arabic merchants and African leaders were just as likely
to enslave Africans on the continent of Africa as well. There was land to exploit, so there
4. was a need for human labor on Africa too.
Exploration & ‘official’ Colonization
By the 19th century European powers still felt there was more to exploit in Africa that had
yet to be uncovered. While their brethren from the Arabic world had done a better job at
assimilating and integrating with African people’s, languages, and cultures on the Horn
and East Africa, Europeans had no intention of doing this. So they put a lot of money
into ‘exploration’ and ‘settlement’ completely disregarding the people’s, culture’s and
languages that already existed. Again, Europeans had not come to assimilate.
In the capitols of Europe, there was the desire to ‘more officially’ control parts of Africa
(and Asia). The powerful wanted to feel like they would not be challenged by other
European entities for land and resources in Africa. The king of Belgium, Leopold,
decided to hold a conference in Berlin that would, literally, slice up Africa with borders
and boundaries within which the European colonial powers could do as they please.
Leopold, king of a relatively small, non-descript European nation, had managed to come
into control of most of the central region of Africa, now known as the Democratic
Republic of the Congo. This area had been little ‘explored’ and he figured he could
manipulate other European colonizers that he should have it—and he did.
The conference was known as the ‘Berlin Conference’ and this is where Africa was
divided up in 1884 and 1885. Borders were drawn where none had existed before.
European bureaucracies put man-power into Africa—setting up governing and military
bodies in lands largely unknown to the average European. Direct and in-direct rule were
set up by the European powers. For a country like France, they were direct rulers over
‘their’ land in Africa (eg present-day Algeria) because they put French military and
bureaucrats on the ground to govern and control. Whereas a smaller country like
England used indirect rule by sending a few bureaucrats and empowering a few local
elites of the African land to help handle official and military duties. This is important to
remember in the case of Rwanda. They were mostly ruled indirectly. More on this later.
From Colonialism to Independence
European powers seemed to lack humanity when it came to interaction with their fellow
Europeans as well. As the Industrial Revolution of Europe and North America excelled at
the end of the 19th Century, there was a greater need to extract resources from Africa.
By this point the TAST had officially ended. The colonizing bodies of the new African
territories—having already disregarded old African empires like the Asante and the Zulu
—continued their policies of human and resource exploitation. But now Europe was on
the brink of self-destruction and governing far off lands was becoming more difficult.
European powers were so weakened by the First World War that countries turned over
their African properties to the victors of the First World War. For example, Germany lost
all of its ‘property,’ including Rwanda (and Burundi) which was then ‘administered’ by
Belgium. Following World War II, Europe was once again ravaged by their own savagery
and the continued control of colonies was becoming unviable. There were no longer the
European manpower and money to control land in far away places. All but a few of the
European colonies around the world started to gain control of their own bureaucracies,
systems and infrastructure’s. With the institutionalization of the United Nations, there
was a renewed ‘hope’ in the ability of nations to work together to promote rights and
5. dignity. Ironically, no previously colonized African nation was yet independent at the
writing of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in 1948. But by the late 1950’s
African nations started becoming independent—based on the boundaries drawn up by
Europeans at the Berlin Conference. Most countries or territories of Africa are now
independent. But due to many factors, not least of which is the arbitrariness of borders
that split ethnic and language groups where there had never been borders and the
impact of a new kind of imperial colonization, there are still plenty of issues that face this
resource rich continent.
• Rwanda (picture of Rwanda)
Rwanda within an African context
Present-day Rwanda lies on thousands of hills in the heart of Central Africa. It is part of
the Great Lakes Region and its land mass is not much larger than the Palestinian
Territories combined. Even after the genocide that killed almost a million people,
Rwanda is still the most densely populated country in Africa.
Due to its location in the mountains, in the rainforest, on the equator and no where near
an ocean (plus other factors), Rwanda has a unique history within the context of the
African continent. The ethnic groups that came into the region were mostly nomadic
cattle-herders. There was little agricultural technology to cultivate large amounts of
mountainous land. Everyone in the region spoke the same language, what is now known
as Kinyarwandan (a close relative of kiSwahili, itself related to Arabic). This will be
important to remember: a unifying, single language amongst all the people of Rwanda.
But there were basically three different classifications of people that came to call the
Rwandan hills home: BaTwa were those who were artisans and crafts makers and made
up about 1% of the population; BaHutu were the cattle-herders, later to be classified as
those who owned less than ten cows and made up about 85% of the people; and the
BaTutsi who owned more than ten cows and thus were considered better-off and about
15% of the population. These became the ethnic groupings in Rwanda and its sister
country to the south, Burundi—random creations of ethnicity.
Early on, many Hutu’s saw the Tutsi’s as outsiders. Hutu’s and Tutsi’s created negative
stereotypes of one another based on their privilege, but it would later be the colonizing
powers that divided the ethnic groups by looks as well. Until the Berlin Conference,
Ruanda-Urundi (the name of the two countries as one entity) was a kingdom and
governed as such by mostly Tutsi kings. At the Berlin Conference, it was Germany that
staked claim to this relatively small, remote patch of land in the hills. The Germans had
full privilege to plunder and pillage Ruanda-Urundi at their will and they did, mostly
through indirect rule. When Germany suffered defeat in World War One, Ruanda-Urundi
came under the ‘administration’ of the Belgians. They already controlled the massive
amount of land west of Ruanda-Urundi all the way to the Atlantic, so another small piece
of land was not considered a big deal.
Between the Germans and the Belgians, the ethnic groupings—based on economic
class in Ruanda-Urundi—were kept and perpetuated by the colonizers. In the 1930’s the
Belgian rulers, who had already switched the governing language from German to
French, decided to also use identification cards to ensure the separation of the
6. ethnicities. They made up physical descriptions to go along with the economic
descriptions to divide Rwandan ethnic groups even further. The physical descriptions
were arbitrary but became a part of the Rwandan conscience. Naturally, the Belgian
administrators needed local support in their work, so they had to favor one ethnic group
over the others, and thus used Tutsi’s –those physically described as lighter-skinned and
taller (thus more ‘European’ in look)—as the local administrators. This was meant to
divide and conquer within Ruanda-Urundi, as the Hutu’s were angered that Tutsi
children were allowed to go to Catholic mission schools and their men were employed
and trained by the Belgians, while the Hutu’s were left behind.
The Belgians pushed Catholicism as the religion of the people. They purposely did not
allow large numbers of children to be educated and they did not build roads in this
mountain country (like they had in other of their territories). Ruanda-Urundi was a
footnote in the history of Belgium, but it was a large enough footnote that even after
World War II, as the Belgians realized they were about to lose control of Ruanda-Urundi,
they fomented further conflict by suddenly switching ethnic allegiance. Whereas for
decades they used and trained Tutsi’s, in the mid 1950’s as Rwandan independence
became a likely possibility, Belgium suddenly stopped supporting Tutsi’s and began
supporting Hutu’s—thus, beginning decades of fighting between Hutu’s and Tutsi’s. The
thinking was that if there were enough confusion and not enough infrastructure at the
time of independence than the governing Hutu’s would come asking the Belgians for
help in governing the newly independent Rwandan country, as opposed to the Tutsi’s
who would have been better prepared to govern. The Belgians even created a Hutu
political group, PARMETHU, founded on sectarian ethnic ideology and violence.
Ruanda-Urundi achieved independence in 1962 and split into two mirror nations:
Rwanda and Burundi—both Hutu majority. Violence began immediately in both
countries. The Tutsi king went into exile and along with him an exodus of those
ethnically classified as Tutsi’s for fear of retribution. The Rwanda Diaspora went all over
the world, but mostly into the neighboring countries of Tanzania, Uganda and Congo
(DRC). Remember, there was not much livable land in Rwanda to begin with and so it
did not bother the governing Hutu’s that so many people fled to other countries, it meant
more resources for those that remained.
Unlike other African nations, with their arbitrary borders and exploitive colonial affects,
Rwanda at independence had only three ethnic groups and one language. Compare that
to Nigeria which has hundreds of both or South Africa that has 11 national languages
and ethnicities. One unifying language made Rwanda the only African country at
independence able to govern in a non-colonial language. This may have a lot to do with
the ignorance of non-Rwanda’s of what was going on within Rwanda leading up to the
eventual genocide.
QUESTIONS:
• Are land and resources related to ethnic identity in Rwanda? Why or why
not?
• How did the lack of natural resources and land contribute to the formation
of ethnic identity in Rwanda?
• Are ethnic identities given or are they created by the people who embody
them? What was it like in Rwanda? Why? What about in Palestine?
7. • Why is it important to understand Rwandan issues within the context of
Africa? Think about Palestine within the Middle East (Near East/Arabic
Peninsula) context.