It is essential because it allows several thousand of drugs to be reduced to a manageable number of group. There is no uniform or homogeneous system of classifying drugs that suits all purposes. Drugs are classified according to the convenience of the person discussing them Chemist, Pharmacist, Pharmacologist and Clinician.

1. Pharmacy 5rd semester
Pharmaceutical Chemistry
By:Peshawa Ibrahim
Prof: MalkhaZ Getia

2. CLASSIFICATIONOF DRUGS
 It is essential because it allows several thousand of drugs to be
reduced to a manageable number of group.
 There is no uniform or homogeneous system of classifying drugs that
suits all purposes.
 Drugs are classified according to the convenience of the person
discussing them Chemist, Pharmacist, Pharmacologist and Clinician.
 W e classifythe drugs basedon

3. CLASSIFICATIONOFDRUGS
1. Chemical Nature
2. Source
3. Target organ / Site of Action
4. Mode of Action
5. Therapeutic Uses
6. Physiological system
7. Physical Effects

4. 1. CLASSIFICATIONBASEDON CHEMICAL NATURE
Chemical Nature ofdrugisdiscussedby aChemistandbasedonchemicalnature wedividedrugs into
 INORGANIC DRUGS
Metals and their Salts (Ferrous Sulphate,ZincSulphate, MagnesiumSulphate).
Non Metals ( IncludesSulphur).
 ORGANIC DRUGS
• Alkaloids (atropine, Morphine,Strychnine)
• Glycosides (Digitoxin,Digoxin).
• Proteins (Insuline, Oxytocin)
• Esters, Amide, Alcohol,Glycerides.

5. 2. CLASSIFICATIONBASED ON
SOURCE
Natural Source
 Plants (Morphine,Atropine, Digitoxin)
 Animals (Insuline,eCG)
 Micro organism (Penicillin)
 Mineral (SodiumChloride)
Synthetic Source
 (Sulphonamide, Procaine).
Semi-synthetic Source
 Amoxicillin,
Ampicillin, Doxycycline
Bios-synthetic Source
 Recombinant Human
erythropiotin,
Recombinant bovine
somattotropine
Sourcesofdrugsare discussedbyaPharmacologistand Pharmacist

6. 3. CLASSIFICATIONBASED ON TARGET
ORGAN
Classificationbasedon target organsare done bythe Physicians.
Drugs acting on CNS(Diazepam,Phenobarbitone).
Drugs acting onRespiratory System (Bromhexaine).
Drugs acting on CVS(Digitoxin,Digoxin).
Drugs acting on GIT(Omeprazole, Kaoline,Sulphadimidine).
Drugs acting on Urinary System (Magnesium Sulphate, Lasix
Drugs acting onreproductive system (Oxytocin, Estrogen)

7. 4. CLASSIFICATIONBASEDON MODEOF ACTION
Classificationbasedon mode ofaction isdone byPhysicians&Pharmacologists.
• Inhibitorof bacterial cell wall synthesis (penicillin)
• Inhibitor of bacterial protein synthesis(Tetracycline)
• Calcium Channel blocker (Verapamil,nifedipine)
5. CLASSIFICATIONBASEDON THERAPEUTICUSE
Classificationbasedon mode ofaction isdone byPhysicians &Pharmacologists.
Antimicrobials/ Antibacterials(Penicillin,Streptomycin,Quinolones, Macrolides).
Antihypertensive (Clonidine, hydralazine, Enalpril).
Antidiarrheals (Lopramide,Kaoline).
Antiemetics (Domperidone, MeclizineandMetoclopramide).

8. 6. CLASSIFICATIONBASEDON PHYSIOLOGICALSYSTEM
 Sympathomimetics (Adrenaline,Noradrenaline).
 Parasympathomimetics (Carbachol, Pilocarpine, Neostigmine).
 Neuromuscular blockers Suxamethonium,Gallamine).
7. CLASSIFICATIONBASEDONPHYSICAL EFFECTS
 Emollients (Lanolin,Vaseline)
 Caustics (Silvernitrate)
 Demulcents (Zinc Oxide, TannicAcid).

9. • The term drug nomenclature impliesthat there are severalnamesthatcan
be usedto identifya drug
 Drugshavethree different names;
1. Chemical Name
2. Non Proprietary name
3. Proprietary name.
NOMENCLATURE OF
DRUGS

10.  A chemical nameisgiven when anew chemical entity (NCE)
is developed.
 I t is the name given to drug in accordance with rules of chemical
nomenclature established by International Union of Pure and
Applied Chemistry.
 I t is useful for chemists or technical personnel as it provides the
precise arrangement of atoms and atomic groups in the
molecule.
 I t is not used to identify the drug in a clinical or marketing
situation.

11. NON PROPRIETARY NAME
 I t is a short name given to a drug that is not subject to proprietary rights.
The nonproprietary name should always be concise and meaningful. This
isusedin discussionand textbooks.
 There are two classesofnon proprietary names;
1. ApprovedName
2. Official Names
APPROVED NAME: This name is given to drug by bodies like United Stats
Adopted NameCouncil (USAN)andBritishApprovedName (BAN)soon after its
introduction.
This name sometime referred to as generic name however this term is
used to designate a chemical or pharmacological class of drugs such as
Sulphonamide,Penicillin.

12. OFFICIAL NAMES: It is the name approved by the National Pharmacopeia
Commissionandincluded in the officialbooki.e. Pharmacopeia.
Theofficialnamemust be identical with approved name.
PROPRIETARY NAME
It is the name given to a drug by the pharmaceutical firm which sell the drug.
Thus a single drug is sold under many proprietary names by different
firms.
They are written with capital initial letter and are often further distinguished
by superscript R in circle ®
Clinicians usually described drug by their proprietary names.

13. EXAMP
 Paracetamol
 CHEMICAL NAME: N-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamide.
 NON-PROPRIETARY NAME:
 ApprovedName: BritishApprovedName(BAN): paracetamol
 United StatesAdopted Name(USAN): acetaminophen
 Official Name: Acetaminophen
 PROPRIETARY NAME:Panadol, Calpol,Adol

14. STABILITY
 STABILITY: provides information about the packaging in that it is
not reactive, additive, so that the identity, strength, quantity, and
purity of the product, also to provide clearance on stability
process flow.
 STABILITY of pharmaceutical preparation is defined as the
capability of a particular formulation, in a specific container, to
remain within its physical, chemical, microbiological, therapeutic
and toxicological specification.

15. What is Objective of stability study
 To determine maximum expiration date.
 To get an idea of storage condition.
 To determine the packaging component.
 To establish transport condition.

16. Factors affecting stability
 Environnemental factor (température, light, monitore)
 Drug or excipients
 Microbial contamination.
 Container & closure.

17. types of drug stability
 Physical
 Chemical
 Microbiological
 therapeutic
 toxicological

18. PHYSICAL STABILITY
 The formulation is totally unchanged throughout its shelf life
and has not suffered any changes by way of appearance,
organoleptic properties, hardness, brittleness, particle size
etc.; It is significant as it affects: pharmaceutical elegance,
drug content uniformity and drug release rate.

19. CHEMICAL STABILITY
 Each active ingredient retains its chemical integrity and
labeled potency within the specified limit.

20. MICROBIOLOGICAL
 Sterility or resistance to microbial growth is retained
according to specified requirement.

21. THERAPEUTIC
 Therapeutic effect remains unchanged
TOXICOLOGICAL
 No significant increase in toxicity occurs.