2. According to the behaviorists, learning can be defined
as “the relatively permanent change in behavior
brought about as a result of experience or practice.”
Permanent change
Change in behavior or knowledge
Learning is the result of experience
Learning is not the result of maturation or
temporary conditions (illness)
3. Classical conditioning: acquiring a new response
(the conditioned response) to a previously neutral
stimulus (the conditioned stimulus) that reliably
signals the arrival of an unconditioned stimulus.
Ivan Pavlov: Russian physiologist who initially was
studying digestion; first identified mechanisms of
classical conditioning
Also known as Pavlovian or Respondent
Conditioning
4. Pavlov was a Russian Behavioral Psychologist who
actually stumbled upon the theory accidently in
his own house using his dogs as the subjects.
He kept his dogs locked up for many hours due to
his different research. When he got the chance to
feed them, he would ring a bell and the dogs knew
that it meant dinner time and responded by
salivating.
5. Pavlov realized his dogs associated the bell with
food, thus they began to salivate.
Intrigued by this phenomenon, Pavlov did
extensive research on this type of learning.
6.
7. 1.Unconditioned Stimulus: a thing that
can already elicit a response.
2.Unconditioned Response: a thing that
is already elicited by a stimulus.
3.Neutral Stimulus: stimulus that
doesn’t evoke a response
4.Conditioned Stimulus: a new stimulus
we deliver the same time we give the
old stimulus.
5.Conditioned Response: the new
response we created by associating a
new stimulus with an old response.
8. The specific model for classical conditioning is:
General model: Stimulus (S) elicits >Response (R)
Classical conditioning starts with a reflex (R): an
innate, involuntary behavior.
This involuntary behavior is elicited or caused by an
antecedent environmental event.
9. The specific model for classical conditioning is:
A stimulus will naturally (without learning) elicit or
bring about a reflexive response
Unconditioned Stimulus (US) elicits >
Unconditioned Response (UR)
10. The specific model for classical conditioning is:
Neutral Stimulus (NS) --- does not elicit the response
of interest
This stimulus is a neutral stimulus since it does not
elicit the Unconditioned (or reflexive) Response.
11.
12. Classical Conditioning Theory
The Neutral/Orienting Stimulus (NS) is
repeatedly paired with the
Unconditioned/Natural Stimulus (US).
13.
14. Classical Conditioning Theory
• The Neutral Stimulus (NS) is
transformed into a Conditioned
Stimulus (CS).
•
•That is, when the CS is presented by itself,
it elicits or causes the CR .
