The document discusses systems mapping and how to create a cluster map. It explains that a cluster map involves throwing a topic in the center of a page and then freely associating related nodes or elements. There are no wrong ideas, as everything is interconnected. Connections are then drawn between the nodes to show relationships within the system. The basic steps are to identify a topic, add associated words and concepts to the page without restriction, and then draw lines between items to illustrate flows within the system.

1. The Language
MachineLCD 105 – Class 2 – Professor Nathacia

2. POP-UP Activity
Systems Mapping: Cluster Map
https://medium.com/disruptive-design/tools-for-systems-thinkers-systems-mapping-2db5cf30ab3a
In a cluster map, we throw a topic,
question, or arena down in the middle
of a page, and then free associate
nodes (elements within the system).
There are no wrong or right words or
ideas here, as everything is
interconnected. We quickly move from
one part to another, diving into an
exploration of the elements that make
up a system along with all the
relationships and connections that feed
into its maintenance.

3. POP-UP Activity
Systems Mapping: Cluster Map
https://medium.com/disruptive-design/tools-for-systems-thinkers-systems-mapping-2db5cf30ab3a
Here are the basic steps to doing a cluster map:
1. Grab a large piece of paper and some markers/pens (different colors help, as you can start to
use them to explore the different elements of the system).
2. Start by identifying what you want to explore and writing it in the center of the page (this could
be ‘education,’ ‘voter apathy,’ or ‘childhood obesity,’ for example).
3. Make sure everyone working on the map has a pen (this is not a scribbling experience where
one person writes what others say; it should be that all people are contributing to the map).
4. Start to throw down everything that relates to the arena you are exploring (there is no wrong
concept, word, or idea here—just free associate all the parts that make up the system).
5. Once you have a page full of random works/concepts/nodes, then start to draw connections
between them (here is where you can create a key and use different colors to define different
flows, such as ‘power’ and ‘government’).
6. Keep going until you have filled your page and it’s a complete mess or intermingled lines and
words. Then, start to identity the key areas of interconnection and seek to define three new
insights that have evolved from the exercise.

4. System
A set of connected things or parts forming a complex whole, in particular.
A set of principles or procedures according to which something is done;
an organized scheme or method.
GREEK
sun-
with
GREEK
histanai
set up
GREEK
sustēma systema
LATE LATIN
FRENCH
système
system

5. System
A set of connected things or parts forming a complex whole, in particular.
A set of principles or procedures according to which something is done;
an organized scheme or method.
STRUCTURE
The arrangement of and relations between the parts or elements of
something complex.

6. System PROCESS
STRUCTURE PRODUCT
REPRESENTATION

7. PROCESS
PRODUCT PRODUCT
INPUT OUTPUT
REPRESENTATIONREPRESENTATION

8. 300lb

9. 220lb 180lb

10. 220lb 180lb 140lb

11. 220lb 180lb 140lb 115lb

12. 220lb 180lb 140lb 115lb
OUTPUTINPUT

13. 220lb 180lb 140lb 115lb
OUTPUT
INPUT INPUT INPUT
OUTPUT OUTPUT

14. DERIVATION
PROCESS 1
PROCESS 2
PROCESS 3
PROCESS N
(General or Global Process)

15. DERIVATION
PROCESS 1
PROCESS 2
PROCESS 3
PROCESS N
(General or Global Process)
SYSTEM
OPERATES
AND CONTROLS

16. SYSTEM
GENERATOR OF
PRODUCTS
(OR REPRESENTATIONS)
THROUGH
DERIVATION
(OR ORGANIZED PROCESSES)

17. DISCUSSION SESSION

18. Saussure
Sign
Sig
n 1
Sig
n 2

19. Hjelmslev
Sign
Tradition: sign is a symbol for something;
representative. Content is exterior to the sign
itself.
Ex: letters, numbers, words, expressions, icons,
gestures etc.
Modern Theory: sign is a whole thing composed
by Both expression and content.
Semiotic Function:
Sign (expression, content) = expression +
content
Those terms are shapes, clips, of an undefined
set of sounds and of an undefined set of
concepts (amorphous bulk).

20. Saussure
Sign
Sig
n 1
Sig
n 2
Two important
postulates:
- Arbitrariness of
sign
- Linguistic value

21. LANGUAGE
SYSTEM
GENERATOR OF
LANGUAGE
STRUCTURE

22. PERSUING STRUCTURE
Language Structure is
not accessible to us the
same way its outer
shape is.
(Gussenhoven & Jacobs, 2011)

23. PERSUING STRUCTURE
“How then can we ever develop an awareness of that
structure? […] First, there are the demands that are
made on you—as well as the natural inclination you
have—to look into such issues. […] Second, the
language itself will reveal some elements of structure
more readily than others. That is, the structural
elements of any one language vary in ‘salience’, and
it is understandably easier to become aware of more
striking elements than of less striking elements. […]
But again, we must remember that languages vary,
and thus also vary in the salience of comparable
notions.”
(Gussenhoven & Jacobs, 2011)

24. PERSUING STRUCTURE
Study language structure
involves three different
factors: cognition,
perception, and culture/
society.
(Gussenhoven & Jacobs, 2011)

25. Concerning Structure
André Martinet
Double articulation of
Language:
1. First articulation - minimal
meaningful unit
2. Second articulation -
minimal distinctive unit

26. Emile Benveniste
Language:
1. Articulated nature of language
2. Discrete nature of its units
Analysis:
1. Segmentation
2. Substitution
Concerning Structure

27. Emile Benveniste
Language:
1. Articulated nature of language
2. Discrete nature of its units
Analysis:
1. Segmentation - unveils syntagmatic relations
2. Substitution - unveils paradigmatic relations
Concerning Structure

28. Emile Benveniste
Language:
1. Articulated nature of language
2. Discrete nature of its units
Units:
1. Distributional relationships
2. Integrative relationships
Concerning Structure

29. PERSUING STRUCTURE
“The notion of level seems to us to be
essential in determining the analytical
procedure. It alone is suited to do justice
to the articulated nature of language and
to the discrete nature of its elements; it
alone can lead us to discover within the
complexity of the forms the peculiar
architecture of the parts and of the
whole”
(Benveniste, p. 101)

30. PERSUING STRUCTURE
Linguistic VALUE and PARADIGMATIC relations
determine what are the units of language
structure.
SYNTAGMATIC relations determine what are the
rules and restrictions of language system.