Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina was a 16th century Italian composer. During the Protestant Reformation, Martin Luther allowed polyphonic music in Latin services but also supported vernacular hymn singing. John Calvin initially condemned all music but later allowed simple psalm settings in the vernacular. The Council of Trent removed secular elements from sacred music and emphasized textual clarity through simpler polyphonic techniques. Instrumental music emerged in the 16th century including settings of vocal music, variations, imitative works, dances, and songs with instrumental accompaniment.

1. Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina (c. 1525-94)

3. Europe During the Time of the Reformation

4. Music in the Reformation Martin Luther: Admired rich polyphonic music of the Franco-Netherlander tradition; still allowed polyphonic music in Latin in services, but also supported the cultivation of a tradition of hymn-singing in the vernacular John Calvin: Initially condemned all music in religious services as distracting from the real purpose of worship. Ultimately relented, and supported the singing of simple psalm settings, in the vernacular. Henry VIII and the Anglican Church: Position regarded music was in flux: composers continued writing Latin motets and liturgical music alongside Anthems and Services in English. Like in Germany, a native tradition of simple vernacular hymn-singing gradually evolved.

5. The Council of Trent (1545-1563) General Outcomes Acceptance of the Nicene Creed Fixed Biblical Canon Clarified Sacraments and concepts of original sin and transubstantiation Issued decrees on Episcopal jurisdiction and clerical discipline Concerning Music Removal of secular elements from sacred music Emphasis on textual clarity through a minimization of complex polyphonic techniques

6. Pope Marcellus II Born Marcello Cervini, Tuscany President of the Council of Trent Rigorous defender of Papal prerogative Elected Pope: April 9, 1555 Died: April 30, 1555

7. Gillis van Coninxloo III (1544-1607), Flemish A wooded landscape with hunters by a forest lake

8. Anonymous: Alla Cazza (The Hunt) To the hunt, to the hunt; come on, everyone, hurry. To our hunt come gladly with pointers and hounds. Whoever wants to come must hurry. For it’s time to go; sound the horn, master of the hunt, and hurry, hurry!

10. Orlando Lassus (1532-1594) Bon jour: et puis, quelle nouvelles? Good morning. So now, what news have we? Shouldn’t I expect some from you? If you don’t tell me quickly, I’ll make a bit of news myself. Well, since you are so stubborn, good eventide, good night, good evening, good day.

11. Thomas Morley (1557-1602) Now is the Month of Maying

12. The Emergence of Instrumental Music in the 16 th Century Vocal music played by instruments (including secular music and mass arrangements for keyboard) Settings of pre-existing melodies Variation sets Pieces in style of imitative polyphony Idiomatic/virtuosic pieces Dance music Songs composed specifically for voice with instrumental accompaniment

13. The Fitzwilliam Virginal Book