Class 9 SCI CH 1 - Session 2
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The document discusses temperature scales and the effects of temperature changes. It defines absolute zero as the lowest possible temperature where particle motion is minimal. The Kelvin scale is used in science, where zero represents no thermal energy. Conversion formulas are provided between Celsius, Fahrenheit and Kelvin scales. Evaporation and boiling are also explained, where evaporation is the change from liquid to gas and boiling occurs at a substance's boiling point. Factors like surface area and temperature are described to affect evaporation rates.
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An inversion occurs when warm, less dense air moves over cold, dense air causing the temperature to increase with altitude instead of the normal decrease. This creates an absolutely stable environment where the environmental lapse rate is less than the moist adiabatic lapse rate, meaning a rising air parcel will continue to cool with altitude rather than warm, becoming denser than the surrounding air. An inversion therefore represents an absolutely stable atmosphere where any rising air will continue to cool after passing through the inversion layer.
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This document discusses different changes of state that matter undergoes. It explains that boiling and condensation involve a transfer of thermal energy without a change in temperature, where boiling transforms liquid to gas and condensation transforms gas to liquid. Melting and solidification also involve thermal energy transfer without temperature change, transforming between solid and liquid. Evaporation differs in that it can occur at any temperature and involves molecules at the surface of a liquid escaping into the air, lowering the liquid's temperature. Factors like temperature, pressure and surface area affect evaporation rates.
Climate feedbacksWe talked briefly about the positiv
Climate �feedbacks�
We talked briefly about the positive feedback processes of climate
change in previous lectures. What is “feedback”?
Feedback is a concept that explains the interaction of the climate
system that alters changes in climate. When the rate of climate change
is amplified (either by warming or cooling), the process is called
“positive feedback”. The upper figure demonstrates the basic way that
these feedbacks operate.
On the other hand, when the rate of climate change is suppressed, then
the process is called “negative feedback” (lower figure).
Primary Climate System Feedbacks
• Radiation feedback (hotter planet radiates
more energy out to space, E=sT4)
• Snow/ice-albedo feedback
• Water Vapor feedback
• Cloud feedback (high versus low clouds)
So, climate feedbacks are a loop of cause and effect; positive (amplifier) and
negative feedbacks (stabilizer). Some feedback processes are more
complicated than others. Here are a few important feedbacks that affect our
climate system.
Temperatureà radiation feedback
Energy emitted = σT4
éTemperature
éradiation to
space
éCO2
êTemperature
The temperature of the Earth is increasing due to a rise in greenhouse gases in
the atmosphere. Thus, how will the climate feedback system change with this
temperature increase?
First, increases in temperature will alter radiation feedback because the energy
emitted from a blackbody is proportionate to its temperature to the fourth (σT4).
Feedback process: Increasing CO2 concentration in the atmosphere – increasing
temperature – increasing associated energy radiation to space – decreasing
temperature
Thus, increasing CO2 is a negative feedback process in the long term. However,
this feedback process in the climate system is far more complex. This is not the
only feedback loop that we know of.
Snow/sea ice albedo feedback
Melting of snow/sea ice directly affects the
albedo of the Earth (less ice = decrease in albedo)
Measuring Earth’s Albedo
https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php
?id=84499
https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=84499
Also, we have seen how
recent warming has
been impacting the
arctic sea ice (see the
following two slides)
Polar amplification!
Global temperature departures from average
during January through May 2020, compared
with a 1951-1980 average. (Berkeley Earth).
Greater climate change observed near the pole responds to changes in the
radiation balance (e.g. intensified greenhouse effect). This phenomenon is
known as “polar amplification”.
Melting sea ice in the Arctic decreases the Earth’s albedo. Changes in albedo are
likely contributing to significant temperature increases in the northern
hemisphere. The increase in surface temperature is observed mainly in the
higher latitude in the northern hemisphere, where most sea ice is, and where
there is a greater continental distribution (more continent is located in the
northern hemisph ...
Thermal properties.ppt
This document discusses different thermal processes involving changes of state:
- Boiling occurs when a liquid absorbs thermal energy and changes to a gas at a constant temperature, breaking molecular bonds. Condensation is the reverse process where a gas releases thermal energy forming liquid bonds.
- Melting absorbs thermal energy at a constant temperature to break solid bonds into liquid. Solidification releases energy forming new solid bonds.
- Evaporation differs from boiling in occurring at any temperature as more energetic molecules overcome surface forces, cooling the remaining liquid. Factors like temperature, pressure and airflow affect evaporation rates.
Similar to Class 9 SCI CH 1 - Session 2 (20)
Cooling of mine air by chilled water system (final)
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Climate feedbacksWe talked briefly about the positiv
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- 5. Effect of Change of Temperature
- 7. Absolute Zero The lowest temperature that is theoretically possible, at which the motion of particles which constitutes heat would be minimal.
- 9. Kelvin (K), base unit of thermodynamic temperature measurement in the International System of Units (SI) The Kelvin temperature scale is used by scientists because they wanted a temperature scale where zero reflects the complete absence of thermal energy.
- 11. Convert 300 K to Celsius scale
- 12. Convert 80oC to oF F = (9/5)C + 32
- 13. Convert 212 oF to oC F = (9/5)C + 32 C = (F – 32) x 5/9
- 14. Evaporation
- 15. Evaporation is the process by which water changes from a liquid to a gas or vapor.
- 16. Factors Affecting Evaporation Condition Rate of Evaporation Increase in Surface Area Increases Increase in temperature Increases Increase in humidity Decreases Increase in wind speed Increases
- 17. How evaporation causes cooling? The process of evaporation uses the energy of the liquid particles. Therefore, the particles absorb energy from the surroundings in order to compensate the energy that is being lost in the process of evaporation. This results in cooling of the surrounding area.
- 18. Boiling
- 19. Boiling The process in which a substance changes from liquid-state to the gaseous state