This document discusses various tests used to diagnose and evaluate cardiac disorders: 1) Cardiac enzyme tests measure levels of enzymes like CPK, LDH, and AST that indicate heart muscle damage. 2) An electrocardiogram (ECG) records heart's electrical activity and can detect arrhythmias and ischemia. 3) A Holter monitor records ECG over 24 hours to detect rhythm abnormalities. 4) An echocardiogram uses ultrasound to assess heart function and detect conditions like valve dysfunction. 5) Cardiac catheterization and coronary angiography insert dye into heart chambers and arteries to visualize structures and detect blockages.

1. CARDIAC DISORDER TESTS
PRESENTED BY:
SHARIQUE RAZA
M.PHARM 1st sem
Pharmacy Practice

2. CARDIAC DISEASES
Myocardial infarction( heart attack): occurs when blood flow decreases or stops to a part of the heart,
causing damage to the heart muscle
Angina pectoris: reduction of the heart’s blood and oxygen supply
Arrhythmia: An irregularity in heart rhythm
Congestive heart failure (CHF): heart muscle is unable to keep blood circulating normally
Stroke: when the blood supply to the brain is interrupted.
Coronary artery disease(atherosclerosis)
Hypertension:

3. SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
CHEST PAIN
DYSPNEA
PALPITATION
COUGH
EDEMA
SYNCOPE
FATIGUE

4. Cardiac enzymes tests
Cardiac enzymes test is a basic blood test that measures the level of
specific enzymes related to injury of the heart muscles.
Enzymes are :
Creatinephosphokinase(CPK)
Lactate dehydrogenase(LDH)
Serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (sgot)/Aspartate
aminotransferase(AST)

5. ENZYMES NORMAL RANGE INDICATION
Creatine phosphokinase 5 to 25 IU/L HEART MUSCLE
DAMAGE
LACTATE
DEHYDROGENASE
140 TO 280 U/L CONGESTIVE HEART
FAILURE
SGOT/AST 8 to 20 IU/L MYOCARDIAL
INFRACTION

6. SERUM CHOLESTEROL
Not used to diagnose a disease.
It estimate a risk of developing a heart disease.
Normal range: 150 to 200mg/dl
High blood cholesterol leads to hardening of the arteries
(atherosclerosis).

7. ELECTROCARDIOGRAM
Simplest and quick
way to assess the
heart function.
Records the electrical
activities of the heart.
Detected from the
body surface by
electrodes (lead ) and
galvanometer (ecg
machine).

8. Normal duration:
P wave: 0.08-0.11 sec
PR interval: 0 .12-0.20sec
QRS complex: <0.12sec
QT interval: <0.42sec
CLINICAL VALUE OF ECG
Interpretation of cardiac
arrhythmias
Diagnosis of ischemic
heart disease
Assessment of ventricular
hypertrophy

9. HOLTER MONITOR
Portable electrocardiogram
Monitors digitize, encode
and store the information
in a solid state memory or
on a magnetic tape.
Used for suspected
frequent rhythm
abnormalities

10. ECHOCARDIOGRAM
Ultrasound imaging of the heart .
Study of a patient heart muscle,
heart valves and their risk for
heart disease.
OUTCOMES:
Assessment of overall heart
function.
If a patient has a heart disease
and if so what type.
If a patients heart disease has
progressed.

11. Cardiac catheterisation
Involves passing a
catheter into the right or
left side of the heart.
Right side heart
catheterisation help to
detect oxygen saturation
in different chambers.
Left heart catheterisation
helps to assess coronary
artery disesase
Radio-opaque contrast
material and indicator
solution injected via the
catheter .

12. CORONARY
ANGIOGRAPHY
Procedure that uses a
special dye (contrast
material ) and x rays is
taken to visualize the
inside of blood vessels
Used to detect lesion
that occlude the
vessels.

13. TRANSOESOPHAGEAL
ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY
An ultrasound probe in
the shape of an
endoscope is passed into
the oesophagus and
positioned immediately
behind the left atrium.
HELPS IN DETECTION OF:
Patient with valve
dysfunction.
Congential abnormalities
Patient with systemic
embolism.

14. CARDIAC STRESS TESTING
used to determine to
assess cardiac
function and to
disclose evidence of
exertion-related
cardiac hypoxia.
The level of exercise is
increased until the
patient heart rate will
not increase any
higher, despite
increased exercise.

15. THANK YOU