The document summarizes key aspects of blood and the circulatory and lymphatic systems in the human body. It describes the components of blood, including plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. It also outlines the structure and function of arteries, veins, and capillaries. Key processes like blood clotting, bruising, and blood typing are summarized. The role and components of the lymphatic system are briefly explained.
This presentation is on the topic blood from circulatory system. The presentation can be used in anatomy & physiology for B.Sc Nursing and GNM students.
blood and its functions/B.pharmacy 2 semesterKondal Reddy
Blood Provides the Body's Cells with Oxygen and Removes Carbon Dioxide.
Blood absorbs oxygen from air in the lungs.
It transports the oxygen to cells throughout the body, and it removes waste carbon dioxide from the cells.
This presentation is on the topic blood from circulatory system. The presentation can be used in anatomy & physiology for B.Sc Nursing and GNM students.
blood and its functions/B.pharmacy 2 semesterKondal Reddy
Blood Provides the Body's Cells with Oxygen and Removes Carbon Dioxide.
Blood absorbs oxygen from air in the lungs.
It transports the oxygen to cells throughout the body, and it removes waste carbon dioxide from the cells.
The cellular components of blood are erythrocytes (red blood cells, or RBCs), leukocytes (white blood cells, or WBCs), and thrombocytes (platelets). By volume, the RBCs constitute about 45% of whole blood, the plasma about 54.3%, and white blood cells about 0.7%. Platelets make up less than 1%.
The cellular components of blood are erythrocytes (red blood cells, or RBCs), leukocytes (white blood cells, or WBCs), and thrombocytes (platelets). By volume, the RBCs constitute about 45% of whole blood, the plasma about 54.3%, and white blood cells about 0.7%. Platelets make up less than 1%.
By:M. Thiru murugan
Unit – 5:
Structure and function of lymph vessels
Lymph nodes and lymph circulation
lymphatic tissue - spleen and thymus
Lymphatic system:
The lymphatic system, or lymphoid system, is part of the circulatory system and the immune system.
It is made up of a large network of lymph, lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, lymphatic organs, and lymphoid tissues.
It also maintains fluid balance and plays a role in absorbing fats and fat-soluble nutrients.
Functions:
Return tissue fluid to the bloodstream.
It absorbs and transports fat and fat soluble vitamins from the intestine.
Kill the micro-organism.
LYMPH VESSELS:
A thin tube that carries lymph (lymphatic fluid) and white blood cells through the lymphatic system. Also called lymphatic vessel.
Similar to blood vessels
The lymphatic vessels transport lymph fluid around the body.
There are two main systems of lymph vessels:
Superficial vessels: found superficially and accompany venous flow. They supply into deep vessels.
Deep vessels: collect from the deeper structures of the body, such as the internal organs. They tend to accompany deep arteries.
Structure of lymph vessels:
The endothelium the inner layer, middle is smooth muscles and adventitia is the outermost layer
One of the main structure of lymph vessels is their valves, which are semilunar structures, valves is to prevent backflow of fluid
Function:
Carry the lymph fluid in one direction toward the heart.
Providing sites for certain immune system
Facilitating plasma circulation in the CVS
Lymph node:
It is a part of the body’s immune system.
Lymph nodes filter substances that travel through the lymphatic fluid, and they contain lymphocytes (WBC) that help the body fight infection and disease.
There are hundreds of lymph nodes found throughout the body.
They are connected to lymph vessels.
Lymph nodes are found in the neck, axilla, chest, abdomen, and groin.
Structure:
Lymph nodes are small, bean-shaped glands
Lymph nodes are classified as "secondary" lymphoid organs, with the primary lymph organs being the thymus gland, tonsils, spleen, and bone marrow.
The lymphatic vessels are the highways the immune police cells travel to survey the body, and the lymph nodes are like police stations
Lymph nodes are divided into lobules, each of which contains an outer cortex, para cortex, inner medulla.
B lymphocytes (b cells) are found in the cortex, with T lymphocytes (t cells) and para cortex. Plasma cells and macrophages are present in the medulla.
The entire lymph node is enclosed by a tough fibrous capsule.
Lymph circulation:
Lymph.
After blood travels through capillary and is moved to the venous system, some of fluid is left behind in the tissues it called lymph.
Lymph is a clear, colorless liquid, it contains oxygen, proteins, glucose and WBC.
Fluid that is forced out of the bloodstream during normal circulation is filtered through lymph nodes to remove bacteria, abnormal cells and other matter.
This fluid is then t
The lymphatic system helps in fighting the infection, removing waste, maintaining fluid balance, absorbing fats. The spleen stores blood, filters blood by removing cellular waste, makes white blood cells and antibodies.
2. Rh antigen/factor
• Rh positive
– Antigen is present
– Dominant trait
• Rh negative
– Antigen is absent
– Recessive trait
• Rh+ and Rh- are incompatible
3. Potential Pregnancy
• Mom: Rh -
• Father: Rh +
• Child: Rh +
• Mother creates antibodies against the Rh factor
– Rh + baby is treated like an intruder in the mother’s body
• Rh immunoglobulin (RhIg) is a blood product given via
injection to help the Rh – mother
• Suppresses her ability to react to the Rh + red cells
4. Compatibility of Blood Activity
When an antiserum is added to
blood and clotting occurs, the blood
contains that antigen
10. Be sure to know how to tell the difference between an
artery and vein by description and/or picture.
11. Blood Vessels
• Capillaries
– One cell thick
– Connects arteries
and veins
– Diffusion takes
place in these
blood vessels.
– Found all over the body
& easy to break
12. • Be sure to know the following picture
below.
13.
14. Blood
• Type of connective tissue - in liquid form
• Allows for transport within the circulatory system
• Functions
– Transports nutrients and oxygen to cells
– Transports wastes and carbon dioxide away from cells
– Transfers heat to the surface of the skin
– Defends the body against disease
15. Blood composition
• Plasma
– Makes up 55% of of blood
– Sticky, yellowish fluid
– Made up mostly of water
– Made up of dissolved substances like vitamins,
minerals, amino acids, glucose, hormones, and
wastes
16. Blood composition
• Proteins
– Fibrinogen
• Helps in the formation of blood clots
– Serum albumin
• Regulates osmotic pressure between the plasma and
blood cells and the plasma and tissue
– Serum globulin
• Acts as antibodies, fight invaders
17. Blood composition
• Blood solids
– Makes up 45% of blood
– Red blood cells (RBC)
• Erythrocytes
• Transports oxygen with the help of hemoglobin
• Mature RBCs have no nucleus or organelles
• Have a life span of 120 days
• RBC removed by the liver and spleen
• 30 trillion circulate in the body at any one time
• Produced in the bone marrow
18.
19. Blood solids
• White blood cells
– Leukocytes
– Defends against disease
– Made in the bone marrow, lymph nodes, and spleen
– Larger than RBCs but less is present
– Life span long
– Two types
• Phagocytes (engulf foreign invaders)
• Antibodies (localizes invaders for phagocytes to ingest)
20. Blood solids
• Platelets
– Thrombocytes
– Cell fragments
(pieces of cytoplasm with no nucleus)
– Life span of about 1 week
– Help form blood clots
21.
22. Blood clotting
• Cut
• Platelets congregate to the site of cut
• Blood vessels constrict
• Blood flow decreases
• Clotting factors are released
• Prothrombin (a protein) is added
• Thrombin (enzyme) work with fibrinogen
• Forms fibrin (long, sticky threads)
• Fibrin with erythrocytes form a clot, or scab
Click on the following link for an animation.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lx0zWdQqTWE
23. Bruising
• Blood vessel broken under the skin
• Red blood cells that leak out into the tissue
lose their oxygen and the hemoglobin turns a
bluish purple color
• Later, as hemoglobin is broken down, the
bruise may turn yellowish or greenish
24. Transplants
• Rejection of transplanted organs results from
recipients’ body producing antibodies in
response to donor’s organ
• Like in pregnancies, antiserums may be taken
25. Blood transfusion
• Patient MUST receive a matching blood type
or Blood type O- or else agglutination may
occur
26. Blood Donation Guide
Blood Type Receive from Donate To
Type A A, O A, AB
Type B B, O B, AB
Type AB AB, A, B, O AB
Type O O A, B, AB, O
• Type AB – universal receiver
• Type O – universal donor
27.
28. Lymphatic System
• A network of organs,
lymph nodes,
lymph ducts,
and lymph vessels
29. Function
• Maintains fluid balance in the internal environment
– Returns excess fluid to the blood
– Example:
• When a body part swells, it may be because there is too
much fluid in the tissues in that area
• Immunity
– Defends the body against foreign invaders
– Example:
• Contain phagocytic cells serving to filter bacteria and
dead cells and alerts the immune system
30. Other systems involved…
• Closely connected with the circulatory system
& immune system
• WHY?
– Lymph comes from blood and returns to blood
– Lymph vessels are similar to veins & capillaries
– Aids in immunity
31.
32. Lymph
• Clear fluid that circulates around the body
tissues
• Contains a high number of lymphocytes (WBC)
• Process
– Plasma leaks out of the capillaries to surround and
bathe the body tissues
– Drains into the lymph vessels
33. Lymph Process
• The fluid,
now called lymph,
flows through the
biggest lymph vessel
(thoracic duct)
• Thoracic duct
then
empties back into
the blood circulation
via the subclavian veins
34. Transportation system
• Lymph capillaries
• Lymph vessels
• Two large ducts
– Right lymphatic duct
– Thoracic duct
• Two large veins (subclavian veins) in the upper
chest
35.
36. Lymph Nodes
• Small clumps of cells found on many vessels
– Neck, armpits, inner elbows, and groin
– Abdomen, pelvis, chest
• Filter lymph to rid the body of foreign
particles, tissue debris, and microorganism
• Produce lymphocytes to help fight disease
37. Other organs
• Spleen
– Helps in immunity
(protection against
infection)
– Stores blood for the body
& releases it when needed
– Destroys bacteria
– Destroys worn out & damaged platelets
– Destroys worn out & damaged RBCs
38. Other organs…
• Thymus
– Small gland under the breast bone
– Helps produce white blood cells
• Tonsils
– Help protect the
against
bacteria and viruses