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Blood
The circulatory system document discusses the circulatory system and blood. It provides an overview of blood components including plasma, which contains water, proteins, electrolytes and other substances, and formed elements such as erythrocytes, leukocytes and platelets. Erythrocytes contain hemoglobin which transports oxygen and carbon dioxide. Blood groups are determined by agglutinogens on red blood cells and agglutinins in plasma.
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Blood
- 1.
- 2. TABLE OF CONTENT 1)Overview of the circulatory system 2) The blood Plasma The Formed Elements - Erythrocytes - Human Blood Groups - Leukocytes - Hemostasis
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- 4. 1) the blood(the circulating material) 2) the heart (pump) 3) blood vessels (conduit) The circulatory system is composed of:
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- 6. Why is cardiovascularsystem needed?
- 7. Life evolved fromoceans.
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- 11. cell cell cell cell cell cell cell Internal environment External environment theinterstitium H2O Glucose Lipids Amino acids Vitamins Minerals O2 pH 7.35-7.45 ~38° C 280-300 mOsm
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- 13. H2O Glucose Lipids Amino acids Vitamines Minerals O2 pH 7.35-7.45 ~38°C 290 mOsm Digestive Respiratory Respiratory Urinary All tissue cells Endocrine Neural Urinary Blood Interstitium External Environment
- 14. Primary Functions ofthe Circulatory System 1) Transportation - Deliver life-supporting materials, i.e., O2, glucose, amino acid, fatty acids, vitamins, minerals, etc. - Deliver regulating signals, i.e., hormones to tissue cells - Collect waste products from tissue cells and deliver to special organs (kidney, lung) for disposal - Distribute heat throughout the body
- 15. Primary Functions ofthe Circulatory System 2) Protection - Special components of the blood patrol the whole body and fight against invaded microorganisms and cancerous cells. cell cell cell cell cell cell cell H2O Glucose Lipids Amino acids Vitamins Minerals O2 pH 7.35-7.45 ~38° C 290 mOsm
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- 18. 1) Plasma 2) TheFormed Elements (blood cells/cell fragments) Composition of the Blood
- 19. General Properties ofWhole Blood - Fraction of body weight - Volume - temperature - pH 7.35 - 7.45 - Viscosity (relative to water) - Osmolarity - Mean salinity (mainly NaCl) 8% Female: 4-5 L Male: 5-6 L 38° C (100.4° F) Whole blood: 4.5-5.5 plasma: 2.0 280-300 mOsm/L 0.85%
- 20. Hematocrit RBCs as percentof total blood volume - Female: 37%-48% - male: 45%-52% 100%
- 21. Hemoglobin Female: 12-16 g/100ml male: 13-18 g/100 ml Mean RBC count Female: 4.8 million/µl male: 5.4 million/µl Platelet counts 130,000-360,000/µl Total WBC counts 4,000-11,000/µl General Properties of Whole Blood (continued)
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- 23. Water 92% byweight Proteins Total 6-9 g/100 ml Albumin 60% of total plasma protein Globulin 36% of total plasma protein Fibrinogen 4% of total plasma protein Enzymes of diagnostic value trace Glucose (dextrose) 70-110 mg/100 ml Amino acid 33-51 mg/100 ml Lactic acid 6-16 mg/100 ml Composition of Plasma
- 24. Total lipid 450-850mg/100 ml Cholesterol 120-220 mg/100 ml Fatty acids 190-420 mg/100 ml High-density lipoprotein (HDL) 30-80 mg/100 ml Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) 62-185 mg/100 ml Neutral Fats (triglycerides) 40-150 mg/100 ml Phospholipids 6-12 mg/100 ml Composition of Plasma (continued)
- 25. Iron 50-150 µg/100ml Vitamins (A, B, C, D, E, K) Trace amount Electrolytes Sodium 135-145 mEq/L Potassium 3.5-5.0 mEq/L Magnesium 1.3-2.1 mEq/L Calcium 9.2-10.4 mEq/L Chloride 90-106 mEq/L Bicarbonate 23.1-26.7 mEq/L Phosphate 1.4-2.7 mEq/L Sulfate 0.6-1.2 mEq/L Composition of Plasma (continued)
- 26. Nitrogenous Wastes Ammonia 0.02-0.09mg/100 ml Urea 8-25 mg/100 ml Creatine 0.2-0.8 mg/100 ml Creatinine 0.6-1.5 mg/100 ml Uric acid 1.5-8.0 mg/100 ml Bilirubin 0-1.0 mg/100 ml Respiratory gases (O2, CO2, and N2) Composition of Plasma (continued)
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- 29. Formed elements include: Erythrocytes (red blood cells, RBCs) Platelets(cellular fragments) Leukocytes (white blood cells, WBCs) Granulocytes Agranulocytes Neutrophils Eosinophils Basophils Lymphocytes Monocytes
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- 33. Erythrocytes (Red BloodCells, RBCs) Appearance: - biconcave disc shape, which is suited for gas exchange. The shape is flexible so that RBCs can pass though the smallest blood vessels, i.e., capillaries.
- 34. Erythrocytes are smallerthan Leukocytes.
- 35. Erythrocytes (Red BloodCells, RBCs) Structure: -Primary cell content is hemoglobin, the protein that binds oxygen and carbon dioxide. - no nucleus nor mitochondria
- 36. Hemoglobin consists of: globin and heme pigment
- 37.
- 38. Heme Group Structure HemeGroups carry four molecules of oxygen Each heme group bears an atom of iron, which binds reversibly with one molecule of oxygen
- 39. Carbon monoxide competeswith oxygen for heme binding with a much higher affinity. Problem: Treatment: deoxygenate hemoglobin hyperbaric oxygen chamber
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- 41. 1) Primary Function Transportoxygen from the lung to tissue cells and carbon dioxide from tissue cells to the lung Functions of Erythrocytes 2) Buffer blood pH
- 42. Production of Erythrocytes Hematopoiesis refers to whole blood cell production. Erythropoiesis refers specifically to red blood cell production. All blood cells, including red and white, are produced in redbone marrow. On average, one ounce, or 100 billion blood cells, are made each day.
- 43. Hematopoiesis -The red bonemarrow is a network of reticular connective tissue that borders on wide blood capillaries called blood sinusoids. As hemocytoblasts mature, they migrate through the thin walls of the sinusoids to enter the blood.
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- 45. Erythropoiesis Erythrocytes are produced throughout whole lifeto replace dead cells.
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- 47. A drop inrenal blood oxygen level can result from: 1) reduced numbers of red blood cells due to hemorrhage or excess RBC destruction. 2) reduced availability of oxygen to the blood, as might occur at high altitudes or during pneumonia. 3) increased demands for oxygen (common in those who are engaged in aerobic exercise).
- 48. Ways to increaseRed Blood Cell Count in Sports Legal Illegal raise RBC count by training athletes at high altitude use erythropoietin, androgen, or their analogs
- 49. Dietary Requirements forErythropoiesis Iron vitamin B12 folic acid More important to women due to the loss of blood during menstruation
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- 51.
- 52. Common causes ofanemia include: 1) an insufficient number of red blood cells 2) decreased hemoglobin content 3) abnormal hemoglobin Two such examples are Thalassemias and Sickle-cell anemia, which are caused by genetic defects.
- 53. Common causes ofpolycythemia include: 1) Bone marrow cancer 2) A response to reduced availability of oxygen as at high altitudes Polycythemia is an abnormal excess of erythrocytes that increases the viscosity of the blood, causing it to sludge or flow sluggishly. Erythrocyte Disorders - 2
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- 56. Blood type isdetermined by Agglutinogens • are specific glycoproteins on red blood cell membranes. • All RBCs in an individual carry the same specific type of agglutinogens.
- 57. ABO Blood Groups TypeA: RBCs carry agglutinogen A. Type B: RBCs carry agglutinogen B. Type O: RBCs carry no A nor B agglutinogens. Type AB: RBCs carry both A and B agglutinogens.
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- 60. B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B BB Mix TypeA plasma with Type B RBCs
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- 63.
- 64. Type AB blood Agglutinogen(s)? Agglutinin(s) ?
- 65. Type AB blood Agglutinogen(s):A and B No A nor B B A Agglutinin(s) ?
- 66. Blood Type Agglutinogen (on RBC) Agglutinin (in Plasma) A AB B B A O A & B AB A & B Summary of ABO Blood Groups
- 67. Blood Type Match AB O AB A Yes No Yes? No B No Yes Yes? No O No No Yes No AB Yes? Yes? Yes? Yes R D
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- 72. Protected by the placenta-blood barrier,the mother is not exposed to Rh agglutinogens until the time of childbirth due to placental tearing. First Preganancy no anti-Rh no Rh
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- 74. Born with severe anemia Treatment: use anti-Rh γglobulin to mask Rh agglutinogens
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- 79. Function of Leukocytes: defenseagainst diseases Leukocytes form a mobile army that helps protect the body from damage by bacteria, viruses, parasites, toxins and tumor cells.
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- 81. Life span - severalhours to several days for the majority - many years for a few memory cells Leukocytes circulate in the blood for various length of time.
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- 88. Blood Capillary Leukocytes are deployed inthe infected areas outside blood vessels via 3 steps. 1) Margination 2) Diapedesis 3) chemotaxis
- 89. Blood Capillary slow down by cell adhesion molecules secreted by endothelial cells Leukocytes are deployed inthe infected areas outside blood vessels via 3 steps. 1) Margination
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- 91. Blood Capillary 3) Chemotaxis: Gather in large numbers at areas of tissue damage and infection by following the chemical trailof molecules released by damaged cells or other leukocytes
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- 97. -HHemostasis refers tothe stoppage of bleeding. Hemostatsis = Homeostasis Maintaining balance TThree phases occur in rapid sequence.
- 98. 1) vascular spasms 2) plateletplug formation 3) blood clotting / coagulation
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- 100. Function of Platelets 1)Secrete vasoconstrictors that cause vascular spasms in broken vessels vascular spasms
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- 104. Coagulation (Clotting) - Many clotting factors in plasma are involved in clotting. -These factors are inactive in the blood. - They are activated when: 1) blood vessel is broken, or 2) blood flow slows down.
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- 106. Fibrinogen Fibrin Fibrin Polymer soluble monomerInsoluble filaments
- 108. Coagulation Disorders Thrombosis is the abnormal clotting of blood in an unbroken vessel. Thrombus is a clot that attaches to the wall of blood vessel. Embolus is a clot that comes off the wall of blood vessel and travel in the blood stream. Embolism is the blockage of blood flow by an embolus that lodges in a small blood vessel. Infarction refers to cell death that results from embolism. Infarction is responsible for most strokes and heart attacks.
- 109. 1) Thrombocytopenia - the number of circulating platelets is deficient (<50,000/µl ) - causes spontaneous bleeding from small blood vessels all over the body 2) Deficiency of clotting factors due to impaired liver function 3)Hemophilias hHereditary bleeding disorders due to deficiency of clotting factors Bleeding Disorders
- 110. SUMMARY 1) Overview ofthe circulatory system 2) The blood Plasma The Formed Elements - Erythrocytes - Human Blood Groups - Leukocytes - Hemostasis