An improved torque sensing arrangement including a magnetoelastic ring on a rotatable shaft, along with two or more magnetic bands magnetized in opposite directions to produce at least two magnetic fields. Alternatively, the rotatable shaft could be magnetized into bands, eliminating the need for a magnetoelastic ring. The magnetic field sensors are positioned next to, but not contacting, the bands, and can be used to measure the field strength, which can be converted to torque. The sensors are preferable positioned to either side of the peak axial magnetic field strength areas of the bands, one offset from the center of one band in a first direction and the other offset from the center of the other band in a second direction opposite the first direction, thereby limiting the average change in the reading when the fields move under the shaft.
A patent by inventors Hong Wan, Michael L. Freeman, and Chuck von Beck.
Implementation of d space controlled dpwm basedeSAT Journals
Abstract The paper presents dSPACE controlled Induction motor drive fed through Discontinuous pulse width modulation (DPWM) algorithm based voltage source inverter. Two important performance measuring factors harmonic distortion in line current and dc bus utilization of the inverter can be improved with Discontinuous PWM approach in comparison with the popular conventional space vector (CSVPWM) approach; the paper contemplates on the implementation of DPWM algorithm for pulse generation which in turn are fed to intelligent power module that feeds the motor drive through DS1104 PPC603e / 250 MHz control desk. The results conclude the successful implementation of dSPACE Controlled induction motor drive. To validate the proposed work, numerical simulation including the experimental results is presented. Keywords:-DPWM, dSPACE, RTI
This document summarizes research on modeling the frequency-dependent behavior of grounding systems and the effects of lightning strikes. It presents examples of simulations conducted on a sample copper grounding mesh to illustrate: 1) The difference in mesh behavior between low and high frequencies, 2) How injected currents at various points influence voltages throughout the mesh, and 3) Parameters for evaluating safety and interference risks from simulated lightning strikes.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
The document describes a mechanical stabilizer-tuned damper that can be attached to an open magnet. It reduces dynamic response of the magnet by damping vibrational motion at specific frequencies. It consists of a threaded rod mounted to an attachment bracket through a linear bearing and vibration mount. A series of non-magnetic plates of varying weights can be attached to change the mass and tuning frequency of the damper to match the frequency of field oscillations in the magnet. This helps reduce amplitude of motion and stabilize the magnetic field.
This document presents a method for detecting, localizing, and identifying faulty bearings in an ocean turbine dynamometer using vibration analysis. Sensors are mounted along the dynamometer to monitor vibrations. Bearing faults are detected by identifying increases in vibration energy levels over time at specific frequencies. The bearing is localized by finding the sensor with the highest energy levels. Identification of the faulty bearing and whether the fault is on the inner or outer race is accomplished by analyzing the periodic impacts in the vibration signal after isolating specific frequency bands. The methodology is demonstrated on data from a controlled test and from the dynamometer prior to a bearing failure.
An angular momentum spinner includes two or more rotating arms loaded with an adjustable sliding block
for each arm and laid symmetrically about a rotating center. Each sliding block is controlled to move
along the corresponding rotating arm. Such a spinner can display the conservation of angular momentum
vividly and intuitively, and can also serve as an amusing toy for children. The spinner can be used as a
teaching equipment to demonstrate the theorem of angular momentum conveniently, intuitively and
amusingly.
An angular momentum spinner includes two or more rotating arms loaded with an adjustable sliding block for each arm and laid symmetrically about a rotating center. Each sliding block is controlled to move along the corresponding rotating arm. Such a spinner can display the conservation of angular momentum vividly and intuitively, and can also serve as an amusing toy for children. The spinner can be used as a teaching equipment to demonstrate the theorem of angular momentum conveniently, intuitively and amusingly.
This document discusses using shear horizontal (SH) ultrasound waves generated by periodic permanent magnet electromagnetic acoustic transducers (PPM EMATs) to detect defects in austenitic welds. SH waves are less affected by beam steering and attenuation in anisotropic welds compared to compression or shear vertical waves. Experimental results showed PPM EMAT generated SH waves had higher sensitivity than a piezoelectric phased array for detecting defects in a stainless steel weld, identifying all defects from every side of the weld. Full matrix capture and total focusing method signal processing was also used with the piezoelectric array for comparison purposes.
Implementation of d space controlled dpwm basedeSAT Journals
Abstract The paper presents dSPACE controlled Induction motor drive fed through Discontinuous pulse width modulation (DPWM) algorithm based voltage source inverter. Two important performance measuring factors harmonic distortion in line current and dc bus utilization of the inverter can be improved with Discontinuous PWM approach in comparison with the popular conventional space vector (CSVPWM) approach; the paper contemplates on the implementation of DPWM algorithm for pulse generation which in turn are fed to intelligent power module that feeds the motor drive through DS1104 PPC603e / 250 MHz control desk. The results conclude the successful implementation of dSPACE Controlled induction motor drive. To validate the proposed work, numerical simulation including the experimental results is presented. Keywords:-DPWM, dSPACE, RTI
This document summarizes research on modeling the frequency-dependent behavior of grounding systems and the effects of lightning strikes. It presents examples of simulations conducted on a sample copper grounding mesh to illustrate: 1) The difference in mesh behavior between low and high frequencies, 2) How injected currents at various points influence voltages throughout the mesh, and 3) Parameters for evaluating safety and interference risks from simulated lightning strikes.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
The document describes a mechanical stabilizer-tuned damper that can be attached to an open magnet. It reduces dynamic response of the magnet by damping vibrational motion at specific frequencies. It consists of a threaded rod mounted to an attachment bracket through a linear bearing and vibration mount. A series of non-magnetic plates of varying weights can be attached to change the mass and tuning frequency of the damper to match the frequency of field oscillations in the magnet. This helps reduce amplitude of motion and stabilize the magnetic field.
This document presents a method for detecting, localizing, and identifying faulty bearings in an ocean turbine dynamometer using vibration analysis. Sensors are mounted along the dynamometer to monitor vibrations. Bearing faults are detected by identifying increases in vibration energy levels over time at specific frequencies. The bearing is localized by finding the sensor with the highest energy levels. Identification of the faulty bearing and whether the fault is on the inner or outer race is accomplished by analyzing the periodic impacts in the vibration signal after isolating specific frequency bands. The methodology is demonstrated on data from a controlled test and from the dynamometer prior to a bearing failure.
An angular momentum spinner includes two or more rotating arms loaded with an adjustable sliding block
for each arm and laid symmetrically about a rotating center. Each sliding block is controlled to move
along the corresponding rotating arm. Such a spinner can display the conservation of angular momentum
vividly and intuitively, and can also serve as an amusing toy for children. The spinner can be used as a
teaching equipment to demonstrate the theorem of angular momentum conveniently, intuitively and
amusingly.
An angular momentum spinner includes two or more rotating arms loaded with an adjustable sliding block for each arm and laid symmetrically about a rotating center. Each sliding block is controlled to move along the corresponding rotating arm. Such a spinner can display the conservation of angular momentum vividly and intuitively, and can also serve as an amusing toy for children. The spinner can be used as a teaching equipment to demonstrate the theorem of angular momentum conveniently, intuitively and amusingly.
This document discusses using shear horizontal (SH) ultrasound waves generated by periodic permanent magnet electromagnetic acoustic transducers (PPM EMATs) to detect defects in austenitic welds. SH waves are less affected by beam steering and attenuation in anisotropic welds compared to compression or shear vertical waves. Experimental results showed PPM EMAT generated SH waves had higher sensitivity than a piezoelectric phased array for detecting defects in a stainless steel weld, identifying all defects from every side of the weld. Full matrix capture and total focusing method signal processing was also used with the piezoelectric array for comparison purposes.
This document describes a brushless DC motor. It includes a rotor with permanent magnets and a stator with teeth. Windings are wound around the teeth. The tooth angle is substantially equal to the pole angle defined by the magnets. The teeth are arranged in sets, with additional teeth between sets that do not have windings. When energized, the windings produce torque to rotate the rotor. The configuration aims to produce constant torque by having the pole and tooth angles be substantially equal.
1) Researchers measured the lift, drag, and guidance forces on a permanent magnet passing over different arrays of figure-eight coils. The experimental results matched well with predictions from dynamic circuit theory.
2) In experiments, a magnet passed over single coils and arrays with 2, 4, or 8 coils while forces were measured. Lift forces pushed towards the coil center, while drag and guidance forces had impulse patterns that varied with coil number.
3) Dynamic circuit theory models the magnet and coils as circuits and calculates induced currents and magnetic forces. The calculated force waveforms matched the measured results well. Analysis of coil designs can optimize forces for maglev applications.
The Switched Reluctance Electric Machine with Constructive AsymetryIAES-IJPEDS
This document summarizes research on reducing vibrations in switched reluctance electric machines (SRMs) caused by unbalanced unilateral attraction forces between the rotor and stator. These attraction forces are due to manufacturing tolerances that result in an uneven air gap. The researchers propose connecting the phase coils of SRMs in parallel rather than in series. With parallel connection, the current in each coil can vary independently based on the local air gap, reducing unbalanced attraction forces. Simulations show parallel connection can decrease these forces by up to 3 times compared to series connection. The researchers conclude this approach can help reduce vibrations and noise in SRMs by partially unloading the bearings.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Optimal turn on and turn-off angles for torque ripple minimization of switche...eSAT Journals
Abstract Due to double saliency nature and non-linear magnetic characteristics the torque ripple is high in Switched Reluctance Motor. The torque ripple depends on the operating speed, current and turn off and turn-on angles of the converter. The performance of the motor is analyzed for Hysteresis Current Control with Fan type load with respect to torque ripple. The SRM with Hysteresis Current Control is analyzed for different combinations of turn-off and turn-on at a fixed reference speed to find out a pair of turn-on and turn-off angles at which torque ripple is minimum. Key Words: Switched Reluctance Motor, Torque Ripple, Hysteresis Current Control
This document describes improvements to measuring instruments and gauges patented by Marconi's Wireless Telegraph Company in 1957. Specifically, it details an instrument that uses at least one semiconductor photojunction to measure the thickness of a wafer or sheet by projecting a light pattern and measuring changes in current flow through the junction as the distance between the light and junction interface is varied by inserting a sample. The instrument is capable of measuring thicknesses up to 0.020 inches with high sensitivity in the 0.0002 to 0.0005 inch range.
This document describes improvements to measuring instruments and gauges patented by Marconi's Wireless Telegraph Company in 1957. It details an instrument that uses at least one semiconductor photojunction to measure the thickness of a specimen by projecting a light pattern and measuring changes in current flow through the junction as the distance between the light and junction interface is varied by the thickness of the inserted specimen. The instrument allows for very precise thickness measurements and has applications in measuring wafers and sheets.
This document describes improvements to measuring instruments and gauges patented by Marconi's Wireless Telegraph Company in 1957. Specifically, it details an instrument that uses at least one semiconductor photojunction to measure the thickness of a wafer or sheet by projecting a light pattern and measuring changes in current flow through the junction as the distance between the light and junction interface is varied by inserting a sample. The instrument is capable of measuring thicknesses up to 0.020 inches with high sensitivity in the 0.0002 to 0.0005 inch range.
Công ty tổ chức tiệc trà giá rẻ, teabreak chuyên nghiệp giá rẻ nhất tại tp.hcmHoàng Tuấn
This document provides information about a professional tea break and setup service in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. It repeatedly lists the service of setting up tea breaks and professional tea break services in Ho Chi Minh City along with two hotline numbers for contact.
The document provides information about The Dunnican Team, a real estate team with Coldwell Banker Apex, Realtors. It outlines their marketing plan and services to sell homes. The Dunnican Team uses various marketing tactics like professional photos, open houses, and digital/social media marketing to promote homes. They also provide services like staging advice, ongoing showing prep, and market knowledge to help clients sell their homes.
Sirin Software is an expert provider of embedded system software developers and consultants located in Ukraine. They have a team of highly skilled embedded software experts who can help clients with all aspects of embedded systems development, from design to testing to maintenance, across multiple industries. Sirin offers affordable and productive solutions for clients' embedded software needs.
Linear Local Brand Optimization PowerPointSean Brown
The document contains contact information for LinearLocal.com, including their website, email address, and phone number, which are repeated numerous times throughout the document.
May trang phục sự kiện giá sỉ, xưởng may váy đầm giá rẻ tại Tp.HCMHoàng Tuấn
The document advertises an event clothing workshop in Ho Chi Minh City that rents, sells, and manufactures event clothing at the best prices in Ho Chi Minh City. It provides multiple phone numbers and communication platforms including Viber and Zalo for contacting the workshop at 0903 96 74 77, 0965 64 77 88, and 0932 687477 as well as their website www.trangphucsukien.tin.vn.
Angelina struggled with reading assessments in several areas: her vocabulary and syntax were below grade level, she had negative attitudes towards reading but enjoyed performing, and she had difficulty with sounds, word substitutions, and spelling. To improve her literacy, the case study recommended an individualized instructional plan, suggestions for parents to support her at home, and independent reading books matched to her level.
This document describes a brushless DC motor. It includes a rotor with permanent magnets and a stator with teeth. Windings are wound around the teeth. The tooth angle is substantially equal to the pole angle defined by the magnets. The teeth are arranged in sets, with additional teeth between sets that do not have windings. When energized, the windings produce torque to rotate the rotor. The configuration aims to produce constant torque by having the pole and tooth angles be substantially equal.
1) Researchers measured the lift, drag, and guidance forces on a permanent magnet passing over different arrays of figure-eight coils. The experimental results matched well with predictions from dynamic circuit theory.
2) In experiments, a magnet passed over single coils and arrays with 2, 4, or 8 coils while forces were measured. Lift forces pushed towards the coil center, while drag and guidance forces had impulse patterns that varied with coil number.
3) Dynamic circuit theory models the magnet and coils as circuits and calculates induced currents and magnetic forces. The calculated force waveforms matched the measured results well. Analysis of coil designs can optimize forces for maglev applications.
The Switched Reluctance Electric Machine with Constructive AsymetryIAES-IJPEDS
This document summarizes research on reducing vibrations in switched reluctance electric machines (SRMs) caused by unbalanced unilateral attraction forces between the rotor and stator. These attraction forces are due to manufacturing tolerances that result in an uneven air gap. The researchers propose connecting the phase coils of SRMs in parallel rather than in series. With parallel connection, the current in each coil can vary independently based on the local air gap, reducing unbalanced attraction forces. Simulations show parallel connection can decrease these forces by up to 3 times compared to series connection. The researchers conclude this approach can help reduce vibrations and noise in SRMs by partially unloading the bearings.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Optimal turn on and turn-off angles for torque ripple minimization of switche...eSAT Journals
Abstract Due to double saliency nature and non-linear magnetic characteristics the torque ripple is high in Switched Reluctance Motor. The torque ripple depends on the operating speed, current and turn off and turn-on angles of the converter. The performance of the motor is analyzed for Hysteresis Current Control with Fan type load with respect to torque ripple. The SRM with Hysteresis Current Control is analyzed for different combinations of turn-off and turn-on at a fixed reference speed to find out a pair of turn-on and turn-off angles at which torque ripple is minimum. Key Words: Switched Reluctance Motor, Torque Ripple, Hysteresis Current Control
This document describes improvements to measuring instruments and gauges patented by Marconi's Wireless Telegraph Company in 1957. Specifically, it details an instrument that uses at least one semiconductor photojunction to measure the thickness of a wafer or sheet by projecting a light pattern and measuring changes in current flow through the junction as the distance between the light and junction interface is varied by inserting a sample. The instrument is capable of measuring thicknesses up to 0.020 inches with high sensitivity in the 0.0002 to 0.0005 inch range.
This document describes improvements to measuring instruments and gauges patented by Marconi's Wireless Telegraph Company in 1957. It details an instrument that uses at least one semiconductor photojunction to measure the thickness of a specimen by projecting a light pattern and measuring changes in current flow through the junction as the distance between the light and junction interface is varied by the thickness of the inserted specimen. The instrument allows for very precise thickness measurements and has applications in measuring wafers and sheets.
This document describes improvements to measuring instruments and gauges patented by Marconi's Wireless Telegraph Company in 1957. Specifically, it details an instrument that uses at least one semiconductor photojunction to measure the thickness of a wafer or sheet by projecting a light pattern and measuring changes in current flow through the junction as the distance between the light and junction interface is varied by inserting a sample. The instrument is capable of measuring thicknesses up to 0.020 inches with high sensitivity in the 0.0002 to 0.0005 inch range.
Công ty tổ chức tiệc trà giá rẻ, teabreak chuyên nghiệp giá rẻ nhất tại tp.hcmHoàng Tuấn
This document provides information about a professional tea break and setup service in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. It repeatedly lists the service of setting up tea breaks and professional tea break services in Ho Chi Minh City along with two hotline numbers for contact.
The document provides information about The Dunnican Team, a real estate team with Coldwell Banker Apex, Realtors. It outlines their marketing plan and services to sell homes. The Dunnican Team uses various marketing tactics like professional photos, open houses, and digital/social media marketing to promote homes. They also provide services like staging advice, ongoing showing prep, and market knowledge to help clients sell their homes.
Sirin Software is an expert provider of embedded system software developers and consultants located in Ukraine. They have a team of highly skilled embedded software experts who can help clients with all aspects of embedded systems development, from design to testing to maintenance, across multiple industries. Sirin offers affordable and productive solutions for clients' embedded software needs.
Linear Local Brand Optimization PowerPointSean Brown
The document contains contact information for LinearLocal.com, including their website, email address, and phone number, which are repeated numerous times throughout the document.
May trang phục sự kiện giá sỉ, xưởng may váy đầm giá rẻ tại Tp.HCMHoàng Tuấn
The document advertises an event clothing workshop in Ho Chi Minh City that rents, sells, and manufactures event clothing at the best prices in Ho Chi Minh City. It provides multiple phone numbers and communication platforms including Viber and Zalo for contacting the workshop at 0903 96 74 77, 0965 64 77 88, and 0932 687477 as well as their website www.trangphucsukien.tin.vn.
Angelina struggled with reading assessments in several areas: her vocabulary and syntax were below grade level, she had negative attitudes towards reading but enjoyed performing, and she had difficulty with sounds, word substitutions, and spelling. To improve her literacy, the case study recommended an individualized instructional plan, suggestions for parents to support her at home, and independent reading books matched to her level.
Decor, trang trí không gian tết chuyên nghiệp tại tp.hcmHoàng Tuấn
The document advertises professional holiday and Tet decoration services in Ho Chi Minh City. It provides hotline numbers for Ms. Thao at 0903 96 74 77 and Mr. Tuan at 0932 68 74 77 to contact the decoration service in Ho Chi Minh City. The hotline numbers are listed repeatedly throughout the document.
The document discusses various types of displacement sensors and methods for measuring linear and angular displacement, velocity, and speed. It describes resistive, capacitive, Hall effect, and other transducer types for displacement measurement. Methods covered for measuring linear velocity include moving magnet and moving coil types. For measuring angular speed, it discusses DC tachogenerators and digital methods like photoelectric and toothed rotor variable reluctance tachometers.
This document describes British patent GB780024 (A) for improvements in weighing apparatus. The weighing apparatus uses a weight-carrying platform mounted on a conducting coil located in a magnetic field. Current is passed through the coil to support the platform in a floating position. When a weight is placed on the platform, the current through the coil is increased to restore the position, and the current variations are indicated to show the weight. The apparatus provides a fast response time and can indicate weight as a voltage, making it suitable for automatic control applications.
This document describes improvements to weighing apparatus. It consists of a weight-carrying platform mounted on a conducting coil located in a magnetic field. When weight is placed on the platform, the coil moves and current through the coil is increased to restore its position. Variations in current are then indicated to show weight. The apparatus provides a fast response time and can indicate weight as a voltage or pulses, making it suitable for automation and control applications. It is described as having advantages over normal scales such as faster weighing times important for production line applications.
This document describes British patent GB780024 (A) for improvements in weighing apparatus. The weighing apparatus uses a weight-carrying platform mounted on a conducting coil located in a magnetic field. Current is passed through the coil to support the platform in a floating position. When a weight is placed on the platform, the current through the coil is increased to restore the position, and the current variations are indicated to show the weight. The apparatus provides a fast response time and can indicate weight as a voltage, making it suitable for automatic control applications.
This document describes British patent GB780024 (A) for improvements in weighing apparatus. The weighing apparatus uses a weight-carrying platform mounted on a conducting coil located in a magnetic field. Current is passed through the coil to support the platform in a floating position. When weight is placed on the platform, the current through the coil is increased to restore the position. The current variations are then used to indicate the measured weight. The apparatus provides a fast response time and can indicate weight as a voltage, making it suitable for automatic control applications.
This document contains a syllabus for the course ME407 Mechatronics taught by Sukesh O P. The syllabus covers various topics related to mechatronics including sensors, actuators, microelectromechanical systems, mechatronics applications in CNC machines and robotics. It also provides details of course modules which discuss different types of sensors like encoders, resolvers, synchros and vibration sensors along with principles and working.
1. The document discusses various methods for measuring force, torque, and strain. It describes load cells, cantilever beams, proving rings, and differential transformers that can be used to measure force.
2. Methods for measuring torque and power are also presented, including absorption dynamometers, prony brake dynamometers, hydraulic dynamometers, and eddy current dynamometers.
3. The concept of strain and strain gauges for measuring strain are briefly covered at the end.
This document contains instructions for a physics lab experiment on moment of inertia. The experiment has two parts:
Part I measures the moment of inertia of a disk by applying a torque from a hanging mass and measuring the angular acceleration.
Part II measures the moment of inertia of a rod with two movable masses by varying the mass positions and amounts and again measuring angular acceleration from a hanging torque source. Equations are provided to calculate moment of inertia from experimental measurements.
The document analyzes the behavior of a wave through a simulated wave tank called a ripple tank. It aims to observe, generate, and analyze periodic pulses and waves on the water's surface. Measurements were taken of circular and planar waves generated in the simulation to calculate their velocity. For circular waves, the average velocity was 0.0156 m/s with a 37.09% error compared to the linear regression value. For planar waves, the average was 0.0160 m/s with a 2.43% error. The linear regression slope gives the wave propagation velocity more precisely than the average.
This document provides information about InTechOpen, an open access book publisher. Some key details include:
- InTechOpen has published over 3,250 open access books with over 106,000 international authors and editors. Their books have been downloaded over 112 million times and delivered to 151 countries.
- Their authors include some within the top 1% of most cited scientists. Around 12.2% of their authors and editors come from the top 500 universities worldwide.
- Their books are indexed in the Book Citation Index in Web of Science Core Collection, allowing discoverability and impact tracking of book chapters.
COMPARISON OF RESPONSE TO UNBALANCE OF OVERHUNG ROTOR SYSTEM FOR DIFFERENT SU...IAEME Publication
Rotor unbalance is most common fault found in the rotating machines. Methods
are adopted to analyze the position of unbalance and to bring its effect into acceptablelimit. Vibration analysis is the most common technique used to analyze the rotor
system. Research have been performed on rotor supported atboth ends, however lessstudy has been done for overhung rotor. In this paper the response of overhung rotoron isotropic support and anisotropic support subject tounbalance has been presented.and equations aresolved using MATLAB programming. The effect of unbalancehas been studied on thebode plot. Forward and Reverse whirl are observed through Campbell diagram andmode shapes are plotted.
A control strategy for overmodulation operation of direct torque control hysteresis based in induction machine is proposed. The strategy is to extend the constant torque region as well as to improve the torque capability. The proposed overmodulation strategy is different to SVM based system where the reference stator voltage is available. In order for DTC hysteresis based system to be able to achieve that, several modifications have been applied so that the proposed overmodulation can be achieved by gradually transforming the PWM voltage waveform to six-step mode. Simulated results were provided to demonstrate the effectiveness of the strategy.
Design and Simulation of MEMS Based GyroscopeIOSR Journals
This document describes the design and simulation of a MEMS-based gyroscope. It includes:
1) An overview of the mechanical design of the gyroscope, which uses a square plate resonator supported by 4 anchors and driven by comb electrodes.
2) A simulation of the gyroscope in COMSOL Multiphysics to analyze performance, including eigenfrequency analysis and matching the drive and sense modes.
3) Calculation of sensitivity based on the capacitive change measured between the proof mass and detection electrode, resulting from Coriolis acceleration induced by rotation.
The document discusses different types of instruments used to measure acceleration, vibration, and density. It describes LVDT, piezoelectric, and strain gauge accelerometers. It also discusses vibration sensors, including accelerometers, strain gauges, velocity sensors, and gyroscopes. Finally, it covers various densitometers for measuring liquid and gas density, including displacement, float, and ultrasonic densitometers.
Sanjiv Kumar "Vibration Signature Analysis of 4 Jaw Flexible Coupling Considering Misalignment in Two Planes.", International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET), Vol2,issue-01 March 2015. e-ISSN:2395-0056, p-ISSN:2395-0072. www.irjet.net
Abstract
Misalignment and unbalancing are the most possible causes of machine vibrations. A misaligned rotor always causes more vibration and generates excessive force in the bearing area and reduces the life of the machine. Coupling misalignment is a condition where the shaft of the driver machine and the driven machine are not on the same centerline. The non-coaxial condition can be parallel misalignment or angular misalignment. The more common condition is a combination of the two in both the horizontal and vertical direction. We are forced into this situation of coupling alignment because equipment from different suppliers must be mated together. Misalignment is temperature dependent. All materials expand with increasing temperature, and metal is no exception. Motors warm up several degrees, and the driven machine may warm up or cool down from ambient depending on the fluid it is handling. Understanding and practicing the fundamentals of rotating shaft parameters is the first step in reducing unnecessary vibration, reducing maintenance costs and increasing machine uptime. By the term two planes in our work, we mean that two rotors are used for the analysis of misaligned vibrations. If only one rotor is used then this system is called a single plane system. In this paper, experimental studies were performed on a 2 rotor dynamic test apparatus to predict the vibration spectrum for rotor misalignment. A 4 Jaw flexible coupling was used in the experiments. The rotor shaft accelerations were measured at rotor speed of 30 Hz i.e. 1800 RPM using accelerometer and a Dual Channel Vibration Analyzer (DCVA) under the aligned (baseline) and misaligned conditions. The experimental frequency spectrum was also obtained for both baseline and misaligned condition under different misaligned forces. The experimental results of aligned and misaligned rotors are compared at two different rotor locations.
Diganosis of pulley belt system faults using vibrations analysiskhalid muhsin
This work presents the dynamic response related to varying in indispensable parameters of pulley-belt system such as rotational speed, pulleys center distance, diameters ratios and type of belt (cross section). A pulley- belt system was manufactured, and the experimental results were obtained and analyzed accurately which reveal the effects of the above parameters on system working. Then, the pulley-belt system faults were studied using vibration analysis technique. A Selected faults were created like belts damage, belt resonance case, manipulation of initial tension in the belt, introducing belt slippage while running with the pulley by adding oil between the belt and the pulley, and catching the pulley damage then an experimental results were obtained and analyzed to find out how these types of faults appear in the manufactured system.
Manufactured system was assembled from a heavy steel structure, variable speed DC motor, speed measurement tool (tachometer), two shafts of 25 mm diameter, four pillow block ball bearings, V-belts and pulleys with different diameters (10, 15, 20, 25) cm. The fabricated system presents good mechanical characteristics, like gradually changing in rotational speed (500 to 2000) rpm, diameters ratios (1 to 2.5) and center distance (27 to 120) cm. Vibration sensors ADXL335 (3-axis accelerometer) were mounted on bearing brackets of drive and driven shafts and connected to Arduino type mega 2560 (microcontroller), which sends the data of vibration to the laptop in order to display it in Sigview software in the time and frequency domain band by FFT (fast fourier transform).
The results of FFT is used for the effect of each type of faults and dynamic response of changing parameters comparing with the healthy condition (FFT band) of the system.
Review of Improved Direct Torque Control Methodologies for Induction Motor Dr...AM Publications
ecoupled control of induction motor drives is possible using Direct Torque Control (DTC) method which
is very simple control strategy compared to field oriented control. In this method direct torque control is achieved by
selecting suitable inverter switching voltage vector from a lookup table. But drawback of this method is that it
produces toque ripples. Also the switching frequency of inverter switches is not constant. Many methods have been
proposed to address these issues of DTC. This paper reviews various methodologies which are suggested to improve
performance of basic DTC induction motor drive.
This document presents a static analysis of a non-spinning three-disc rotor system conducted using finite element analysis in ANSYS. Numerical results for deflection, bending moment, and stresses are obtained and compared to theoretical calculations. A rotor model with three rigid discs supported by bearings is simulated in ANSYS under fixed and simply supported boundary conditions. The numerical results closely match the theoretical values, validating the ANSYS model.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
1. Tachometers are instruments used to measure rotational speed and can be classified as mechanical, electrical, or contactless types based on their measurement technique.
2. Mechanical tachometers include revolution counters, hand speed indicators, tachoscopes, and centrifugal and resonance tachometers. Revolution counters measure speeds up to 2000-3000 rpm while hand speed indicators measure 20,000 to 30,000 rpm.
3. Electrical tachometers include eddy current, tachogenerator, inductive pickup, capacitive pickup, and photo-electric types. Eddy current tachometers measure up to 12,000 rpm and tachogenerators translate rotational speeds into electrical signals.
Similar to Reduced Axial Movement Error In a Torque-Sensing System - Hong Wan, Michael L. Freeman, Chuck von Beck (20)
Five modern engineering marvels are described: the Palm Islands in Dubai, the Large Hadron Collider, the Danyang Kunshan Grand Bridge, the Millau Viaduct Bridge, and the Hoover Dam. Each project presented significant engineering challenges that pushed the boundaries of design and construction.
The document contains images from the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter of various geological features on Mars, including Bonneville Crater, a Martian dust devil, araneiform features caused by sublimating carbon dioxide, a volcanic vent, and unexplained surface streaks that may have been caused by flowing water.
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Reduced Axial Movement Error In a Torque-Sensing System - Hong Wan, Michael L. Freeman, Chuck von Beck
1. US 20060137473A1
(12) Patent Application Publication (10) Pub. No.: US 2006/0137473 A1
(19) United States
Wan et al. (43) Pub. Date: Jun. 29, 2006
(54) REDUCED AXIAL MOVEMENT ERROR IN A
TORQUE-SENSING SYSTEM
(75) Inventors: Hong Wan, Plymouth, MN (US);
Michael L. Freeman, Woodbury, MN
(US); Chuck H. Von Beck, Mesa, AZ
(Us)
Correspondence Address:
HONEYWELL INTERNATIONAL INC.
101 COLUMBIA ROAD
P 0 BOX 2245
MORRISTOWN, NJ 07962-2245 (US)
(73) Assignee: Honeywell International Inc., Morris
toWn, NJ
(21) Appl. No.: 11/023,075
(22) Filed: Dec. 27, 2004
30
12
Publication Classi?cation
(51) Int. Cl.
G01L 3/10 (2006.01)
(52) Us. or. ........................................................73/862.331
(57) ABSTRACT
An improved torque sensing arrangement includes a mag
netoelastic ring on a rotatable shaft, along With tWo or more
magnetic ?eld sensors. The ring has at least tWo magnetic
bands magnetized in opposite directions to produce at least
tWo magnetic ?elds. Alternatively, the rotatable shaft could
be magnetized into bands, eliminating the need for a mag
netoelastic ring. The magnetic ?eld sensors are positioned
next to, but not contacting, the bands, and can be used to
measure the ?eld strength, Which can be converted to torque.
The sensors are preferably positioned to either side of the
peak axial magnetic ?eld strength areas of the bands, one
offset from the center of one band in a ?rst direction and the
other offset from the center of the other band in a second
direction opposite the ?rst direction, thereby limiting the
average change in the reading When the ?elds move under
the shaft.
10
14
6. US 2006/0137473 A1
REDUCED AXIAL MOVEMENT ERROR IN A
TORQUE-SENSING SYSTEM
GOVERNMENT RIGHTS
[0001] The United States Government has acquired cer
tain rights in this invention pursuant to Contract No.
DMHl0-03-9-000l awarded by the US. Department of the
Army.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0002]
[0003] This invention relates to the ?eld ofusing magnetic
sensors to measure torque applied to a rotatable shaft. More
particularly, the invention relates to the particular placement
of magnetic torque sensors in relation to magnetic ?eld
bands to reduce the axial movement error in a torque system.
[0004] 2. Description of the Related Art
[0005] In control of systems having rotatable drive shafts,
torque and speed are the fundamental parameters of interest.
The sensing and measurement of torque in an accurate,
reliable, and inexpensive manner has been a primary objec
tive of Workers for several decades. Examples of applica
tions in Which inexpensive torque sensing devices are used
include electric poWer steering systems, rotating shafts in
machinery, and others. In such environments, the torque
sensing devices are typically required to make loW-error
continuous torque measurements over extended time peri
ods, despite severe operating conditions.
[0006] FIGS. 1 and 1A shoW a typical system for mea
suring the torque applied to a rotatable shaft using non
contact magnetic ?eld sensors. The sensors are positioned
approximately directly over the peak axial strength area of
each band of magnetic ?cld. However, the shaft may have
axial movement due to its ?oating design or the force
applied. This con?guration is very susceptible to any axial,
or left and right, physical movement of the shaft. Since the
sum of the sensor readings indicates the amount of torque
measured, ifthe ?elds change at the sensor locations, due to
movement by the shaft or ring, then both sensors Will be at
a point of loWer axial ?eld, as shoWn in FIG. 2. The signal
becomes Weaker and is interpreted as a loss of torque, When
the actual ?eld and torque is unchanged. This causes a
greater tendency for error in the torque reading.
1. Field of the Invention
[0007] Accordingly, it is desirable to create a more accu
rate con?guration for the magnetic sensors to reduce the
torque measurement error due to the physical axial move
ment of the shaft in the system.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0008] The present invention meets shortcomings of the
other torque sensing devices by arranging the magnetic
torque sensors in a manner that minimiZes the amount of
error in the torque reading.
[0009] A magnetoelastic ring is press-?t onto a rotatable
shaft to Which a torque may be applied. The ring has a
cylindrical shape With tWo magnetic bands that are magne
tiZed in opposite directions. Alternatively, the rotatable shaft
could be magnetiZed into bands, eliminating the need for a
magnetoelastic ring. Each band has a peak magnetic ?eld
strength along the axial direction near its center. Magnetic
Jun. 29, 2006
sensors, Which measure the ?eld strength in the axial direc
tion to determine torque, are positioned next to, but not
contacting, the bands. The sensors are positioned to either
side of the peak axial ?eld strength areas of the bands, one
offset from the center of one band in a ?rst direction and the
other offset from the center of the other band in a second
direction opposite the ?rst direction, thereby limiting the
average change in the reading When the shaft moves in
relation to the sensors. Upon axial movement of the shaft
(magneto-elastic bands), one sensor measures a decrease in
?eld strength and the other measures an increase. The tWo
?eld strength measurements are combined and averaged to
indicate the torque being applied to the shaft. Since one
sensor reading is increasing and the other is decreasing due
to axial movement of the shaft (but actual torque remains
constant), the total error from the axial movement is less
than typical torque sensing arrangements, resulting in a
more accurate system.
[0010] Additionally, ifthe sensors are positioned at slopes
of the ?elds that are chosen in such a Way that the same
amount of increase or decrease occurs When the position of
shaft (bands) moves, then the torque reading is essentially
immune to the axial movement of the shaft.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0011] FIG. 1 is a simpli?ed pictorial representation of a
conventional sensor arrangement.
[0012] FIG. 1A is a schematic representation of a con
ventional sensor arrangement.
[0013] FIG. 2 is a schematic representation of the con
ventional sensor arrangement shoWn in FIG. 1A after under
going axial movement.
[0014] FIG. 3 is a simpli?ed pictorial representation ofthe
sensor arrangement of the present invention.
[0015] FIG. 3A is a schematic representation ofthe sensor
arrangement of the present invention.
[0016] FIG. 4 is a schematic representation of the sensor
arrangement shoWn in FIG. 3A after undergoing axial
movement.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PRESENTLY
PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
[0017] As shoWn in FIGS. 3 and 3A, an improved sensor
arrangement 10 includes a magnetoelastic ring 12 press-?t
onto a rotatable shaft 14 to Which a torque may be applied.
The ring 12 generally has a cylindrical shape With tWo
magnetic bands 20 that are magnetiZed in opposite direc
tions, producing magnetic ?elds H1 and H2. Alternatively,
the rotatable shaft 14 could be magnetiZed into bands,
eliminating the need for a magnetoelastic ring. Magnetic
?eld sensors 30 positioned next to, but not contacting, the
bands 20, can be used to measure the ?eld strength along the
axial direction, Which can be converted to torque. The
sensors 30 are positioned to either side ofthe peak axial ?eld
strength areas of the bands 20 so that When the magnetic
?elds H1 and H2 move (due to movement of the shaft 14 or
ring 12), the average change in the reading is limited. One
sensor, S1, has sensitivity in the direction of arroW 31 and
is offset from the center of one band in a ?rst direction, and
the other sensor, S2, has sensitivity in the direction of arroW
7. US 2006/0137473 A1
32 and is offset from the center ofthe other band in a second
direction opposite the ?rst direction.
[0018] If no torque is applied, no ?eld is detected outside
the ring 12. When torque is applied, the magnetization ofthe
ring 12 is reoriented and provides a magnetic ?eld outside
the ring 12. The axial component of the magnetic ?eld has
a maximum value near the center of each band, but since the
tWo bands 20 provide opposite directions for the ?eld, the
tWo sensors 30 that read the signal from the tWo bands 20
can be used to cancel the unWanted stray ?eld. This com
mon-mode rejection enables a measurement of ?eld strength
that is proportional to only the applied torque.
[0019] Upon any physical axial movement ofthe shaft 14,
and consequently the bands 20, the sensors S1 and S2
change locations relative to the shaft 14, and therefore
measure di?ferent magnetic ?elds from the shaft 14 (bands
20). S1 measures an increase (or decrease) in ?eld strength
and S2 measures a decrease (or increase). The tWo ?eld
strength measurements are combined and averaged to indi
cate the torque being applied to the shaft 14. Since one
reading is increasing and the other is decreasing due to the
axial movement of the shaft 14 (but actual torque remains
constant), the total error is less than typical torque sensing
arrangements, resulting in a more accurate system.
[0020] Additionally, if the sensors 30 are positioned at
slopes of the ?elds H1 and H2 that are chosen in such a Way
that the same amount of increase or decrease occurs at any
particular moment, then the torque reading is essentially
immune to the axial movement.
[0021] While certain features and embodiments of the
present invention have been described in detail herein, it is
to be understood that the invention encompasses all modi
?cations and enhancements Within the scope and spirit ofthe
folloWing claims.
1. A magnetic torque sensing system for providing a
reading indicative of the torque applied to a member about
an axially extending axis of a rotatable shaft, the system
comprising:
a magnetoelastic ring positioned on the rotatable shaft and
having ?rst and second magnetic ?eld bands, each
producing a magnetic ?eld With a peak ?eld strength
near the center of the band When torque is applied; and
?rst and second magnetic sensors operable to measure the
magnetic ?elds of the bands in the ring;
Wherein the ?rst sensor is positioned to one side of the
center of the ?rst band and the second sensor is
positioned to the other side of the center of the second
band, thereby minimizing error in the sensed torque.
2. The system of claim 1 Wherein the ?rst sensor is offset
from the center of the ?rst band in a ?rst direction.
3. The system of claim 1 Wherein the second sensor is
offset from the center of the second band in a second
direction, Wherein the second direction is opposite the ?rst
direction.
4. The system of claim 1 Wherein the bands are magne
tiZed in opposite directions.
5. The system ofclaim 1 Wherein the ring has a cylindrical
shape and is press-?t onto the shaft.
6. A method for reducing the axial movement error in a
torque system comprising a ring press-?t onto a shaft, the
Jun. 29, 2006
ring including a ?rst and a second magnetic ?eld band, the
bands having a peak ?eld strength in the center of each band,
a ?rst sensor, and a second sensor, the method comprising:
positioning the ?rst sensor offset from the center of the
?rst band in a ?rst direction;
positioning the second sensor offset from the center ofthe
second band in a second direction, Wherein the second
direction is opposite the ?rst direction;
measuring the magnetic ?eld of each ofthe bands With its
respective sensor;
determining a total magnetic ?eld from the measured
magnetic ?elds of the ?rst and second bands; and
converting the total magnetic ?eld into torque to obtain an
initial torque for the system.
7. The method of claim 6, further comprising:
measuring the magnetic ?eld of each of the bands after
axial movement of the ring has occurred;
determining a total magnetic ?eld from the measured
magnetic ?elds of the ?rst and second bands after axial
movement of the ring has occurred; and
converting the total magnetic ?eld into torque to obtain a
?nal torque for the system, the ?nal total torque being
approximately equal to the initial torque.
8. A magnetic torque sensing system for providing a
reading indicative of the torque applied to a member about
an axially extending axis of a rotatable shaft, the system
comprising:
a magnetoelastic ring press-?t onto the shaft;
the ring having a cylindrical shape With ?rst and second
magnetic ?eld bands magnetiZed in opposite directions;
the magnetic ?eld bands each having a peak ?eld strength
near the center of the band; and
?rst and second magnetic sensors operable to measure the
magnetic ?elds of the bands in the ring;
Wherein the ?rst sensor is positioned to one side of the
center of the band and the second sensor is positioned
to the other side of the center of the band to minimiZe
the error in the torque reading.
9. The system of claim 8 Wherein the ?rst sensor is offset
from the center of the ?rst band in a ?rst direction.
10. The system of claim 8 Wherein the second sensor is
offset from the center of the second band in a second
direction, Wherein the second direction is opposite the ?rst
direction.
11. A magnetic torque sensing system for providing a
reading indicative of the torque applied to a member about
an axially extending axis of a rotatable shaft, the system
comprising:
the rotatable shaft having ?rst and second magnetic ?eld
bands, each producing a magnetic ?eld With a peak
?eld strength near the center of the band When torque
is applied; and
?rst and second magnetic sensors operable to measure the
magnetic ?elds of the bands;
8. US 2006/0137473 A1
wherein the ?rst sensor is positioned to one side of the
center of the ?rst band and the second sensor is
positioned to the other side of the center of the second
hand, thereby minimizing error in the sensed torque
When the shaft moves in an axial direction.
12. The system of claim 11 Wherein the ?rst sensor is
o?‘set from the center of the ?rst band in a ?rst direction.
Jun. 29, 2006
13. The system of claim 11 Wherein the second sensor is
o?‘set from the center of the second hand in a second
direction, Wherein the second direction is opposite the ?rst
direction.
14. The system of claim 11 Wherein the bands are mag
netiZed in opposite directions.
* * * * *