This document describes British patent GB780024 (A) for improvements in weighing apparatus. The weighing apparatus uses a weight-carrying platform mounted on a conducting coil located in a magnetic field. Current is passed through the coil to support the platform in a floating position. When a weight is placed on the platform, the current through the coil is increased to restore the position, and the current variations are indicated to show the weight. The apparatus provides a fast response time and can indicate weight as a voltage, making it suitable for automatic control applications.
This document describes improvements to measuring instruments and gauges patented by Marconi's Wireless Telegraph Company in 1957. It details an instrument that uses at least one semiconductor photojunction to measure the thickness of a specimen by projecting a light pattern and measuring changes in current flow through the junction as the distance between the light and junction interface is varied by the thickness of the inserted specimen. The instrument allows for very precise thickness measurements and has applications in measuring wafers and sheets.
This document describes improvements to measuring instruments and gauges patented by Marconi's Wireless Telegraph Company in 1957. Specifically, it details an instrument that uses at least one semiconductor photojunction to measure the thickness of a wafer or sheet by projecting a light pattern and measuring changes in current flow through the junction as the distance between the light and junction interface is varied by inserting a sample. The instrument is capable of measuring thicknesses up to 0.020 inches with high sensitivity in the 0.0002 to 0.0005 inch range.
This document describes improvements to measuring instruments and gauges patented by Marconi's Wireless Telegraph Company in 1957. Specifically, it details an instrument that uses at least one semiconductor photojunction to measure the thickness of a wafer or sheet by projecting a light pattern and measuring changes in current flow through the junction as the distance between the light and junction interface is varied by inserting a sample. The instrument is capable of measuring thicknesses up to 0.020 inches with high sensitivity in the 0.0002 to 0.0005 inch range.
This document describes an electrical control system for controlling machinery using time delay storage of electric impulses. It can use either arrays of capacitors or electron storage tubes to store voltage signals proportional to measured process variables over time, then release them after a adjustable delay to control actuators. This allows bridging the time between measurement and control action. It aims to provide a simple, reliable way to store control signals compared to mechanical or other electrical regulation systems.
The calculation of a Triangle Voltage Stability Index (TVSI) for monitored alternating-current circuits using voltage data from a PSSE load flow study. The analysis provides TVSI values for monitored transmission circuits in the Bulk Electric System under varying power transfers and contingencies.
TVSI provides an indication of the closeness of the load voltage to potential voltage collapse. To provide situational awareness to system operators, AEP proposes monitoring the phase angle across a low loss EHV overhead circuit operating in a system environment and comparing the angle to an established phase angle loci as a proxy for TVSI.
This monitoring could be independent of the line loading or the associated line impedance.
This document presents a comparative study of five-level and seven-level diode-clamped inverters controlled by space vector pulse width modulation (SVPWM). MATLAB/SIMULINK models of the two inverter topologies were developed. SVPWM control algorithms based on symmetrical sequence were used for each inverter. Both inverters were simulated driving an induction motor. The results showed that the seven-level inverter produced less harmonic distortion and torque fluctuations in the motor, while the five-level inverter had lower commutation losses. The seven-level inverter provided better motor dynamic response.
This document describes an improved speed controlling system for polyphase commutator motors. It aims to provide a motor that has both series and shunt characteristics, allowing it to operate at a wide speed range. This is achieved by connecting the primary winding of an intermediate transformer in series or parallel with the motor windings. In series connection, the motor operates as a typical series motor. In parallel connection, voltage is supplied to the rotor to make it run as a shunt motor. This allows the motor to hoist light loads at high or low speeds, as well as lower loads at an adequate speed through regenerative braking. Diagrams and characteristics curves are provided to illustrate how switching connections achieves variable speed control.
1) VVVF stands for Variable Voltage Variable Frequency and is the standard system used for controlling electric motors on trains. It allows for control of motor speed over a wide range.
2) The system has three main stages - a voltage chopper that variably controls voltage, a frequency inverter that converts DC to 3-phase AC and variably controls frequency, and the traction motor.
3) By variably controlling both the voltage and frequency supplied to the motor, its speed can be precisely controlled for acceleration, cruising, and braking. Pulse width modulation is used to variably control voltage through switching the supply on and off at varying time intervals.
This document describes improvements to measuring instruments and gauges patented by Marconi's Wireless Telegraph Company in 1957. It details an instrument that uses at least one semiconductor photojunction to measure the thickness of a specimen by projecting a light pattern and measuring changes in current flow through the junction as the distance between the light and junction interface is varied by the thickness of the inserted specimen. The instrument allows for very precise thickness measurements and has applications in measuring wafers and sheets.
This document describes improvements to measuring instruments and gauges patented by Marconi's Wireless Telegraph Company in 1957. Specifically, it details an instrument that uses at least one semiconductor photojunction to measure the thickness of a wafer or sheet by projecting a light pattern and measuring changes in current flow through the junction as the distance between the light and junction interface is varied by inserting a sample. The instrument is capable of measuring thicknesses up to 0.020 inches with high sensitivity in the 0.0002 to 0.0005 inch range.
This document describes improvements to measuring instruments and gauges patented by Marconi's Wireless Telegraph Company in 1957. Specifically, it details an instrument that uses at least one semiconductor photojunction to measure the thickness of a wafer or sheet by projecting a light pattern and measuring changes in current flow through the junction as the distance between the light and junction interface is varied by inserting a sample. The instrument is capable of measuring thicknesses up to 0.020 inches with high sensitivity in the 0.0002 to 0.0005 inch range.
This document describes an electrical control system for controlling machinery using time delay storage of electric impulses. It can use either arrays of capacitors or electron storage tubes to store voltage signals proportional to measured process variables over time, then release them after a adjustable delay to control actuators. This allows bridging the time between measurement and control action. It aims to provide a simple, reliable way to store control signals compared to mechanical or other electrical regulation systems.
The calculation of a Triangle Voltage Stability Index (TVSI) for monitored alternating-current circuits using voltage data from a PSSE load flow study. The analysis provides TVSI values for monitored transmission circuits in the Bulk Electric System under varying power transfers and contingencies.
TVSI provides an indication of the closeness of the load voltage to potential voltage collapse. To provide situational awareness to system operators, AEP proposes monitoring the phase angle across a low loss EHV overhead circuit operating in a system environment and comparing the angle to an established phase angle loci as a proxy for TVSI.
This monitoring could be independent of the line loading or the associated line impedance.
This document presents a comparative study of five-level and seven-level diode-clamped inverters controlled by space vector pulse width modulation (SVPWM). MATLAB/SIMULINK models of the two inverter topologies were developed. SVPWM control algorithms based on symmetrical sequence were used for each inverter. Both inverters were simulated driving an induction motor. The results showed that the seven-level inverter produced less harmonic distortion and torque fluctuations in the motor, while the five-level inverter had lower commutation losses. The seven-level inverter provided better motor dynamic response.
This document describes an improved speed controlling system for polyphase commutator motors. It aims to provide a motor that has both series and shunt characteristics, allowing it to operate at a wide speed range. This is achieved by connecting the primary winding of an intermediate transformer in series or parallel with the motor windings. In series connection, the motor operates as a typical series motor. In parallel connection, voltage is supplied to the rotor to make it run as a shunt motor. This allows the motor to hoist light loads at high or low speeds, as well as lower loads at an adequate speed through regenerative braking. Diagrams and characteristics curves are provided to illustrate how switching connections achieves variable speed control.
1) VVVF stands for Variable Voltage Variable Frequency and is the standard system used for controlling electric motors on trains. It allows for control of motor speed over a wide range.
2) The system has three main stages - a voltage chopper that variably controls voltage, a frequency inverter that converts DC to 3-phase AC and variably controls frequency, and the traction motor.
3) By variably controlling both the voltage and frequency supplied to the motor, its speed can be precisely controlled for acceleration, cruising, and braking. Pulse width modulation is used to variably control voltage through switching the supply on and off at varying time intervals.
Modeling and Simulation of a Carrier-based PWM Voltage Source Inverter for a ...IAES-IJPEDS
The analysis of a carrier-based PWM two level voltage source inverter for a nine phase induction machine drive system is presented in this paper. Methods for generating zero-sequence signals during balanced and unbalanced condition are established. Simulation results for the analysis are presented. Two fault conditions involving the voltage source inverter and the nine-phase squirrel cage induction machine load are investigated. For the two fault scenarios considered, the effects on the performance characteristics of the induction machine load are highlighted. The simulation results obtained show that the two imbalance conditions considered result in substantial oscillations on the electromagnetic torque of the machine with attendant reduction in the torque rating. There is also large slip in the rotor speed.
The document summarizes an experiment on magnetic circuits. The objectives are to obtain the B-H curve for a transformer and determine total magnetic flux. The experiment involves building magnetic circuits with transformers and measuring voltage, current and flux values. Magnetic circuit theory is described involving analogies to electrical circuits such as Ohm's law, Kirchhoff's laws and applying techniques like mesh and nodal analysis to solve complex magnetic circuits. Results tables show magnetic field and flux measurements for the transformer circuits.
This document summarizes British patent GB780166 (A) filed in 1957 regarding improvements to electric voltage regulating apparatus. It describes a system using multiple booster transformers connected in series, with each transformer's primary connected to a single voltage regulator through switching means. This allows a single regulator to control voltage over a wide range by sequentially activating the boosters. The switching is designed to occur at near-zero voltage differences to minimize issues.
This document describes an experiment to analyze the speed-voltage and speed-torque characteristics of a separately excited DC motor. The objectives are to construct circuits to record these characteristics and represent them graphically. The procedures involve connecting the motor and equipment according to diagrams, adjusting controls, starting the motor at different voltages and torques, and recording the corresponding speed measurements in tables. The results are plotted as graphs of speed versus voltage and speed versus torque. The document provides background on DC motor components and operation to support understanding the experiment.
This document describes improvements to control systems for electric winder motors. It discusses four control systems that take advantage of maximum feasible deceleration during normal operation by varying the deceleration based on the load on the motor. The control systems use various mechanisms, like lever arms, gear mechanisms, and generators, to delay braking initiation and vary the deceleration rate depending on the motor load. Diagrams and graphs are provided to illustrate how the control systems modify the deceleration profile to stop the winder cage closer to the stopping point with higher loads.
This document describes a patent application for improvements to regulating systems for dynamo-electric machines. Specifically, it describes a system that incorporates means to automatically prevent reduction of generator excitation below the stability limit. The system includes an automatic voltage regulator and overriding control means that prevent excitation from falling below a value determined by the magnitude of the generator load current.
This document describes a patent application from 1957 relating to regulating systems for synchronous generators. It aims to provide an improved system that can automatically prevent reduction of generator excitation below the stability limit. The system includes an automatic voltage regulator and overriding control means that prevent excitation from falling below a value determined by the magnitude of the generator load current. The overriding control means respond to electrical quantities relating to excitation and load current, and can boost excitation if needed to maintain stability.
This document describes a patent application for improvements to regulating systems for dynamo-electric machines. Specifically, it describes a system that incorporates means to automatically prevent reduction of generator excitation below the stability limit. The system includes an automatic voltage regulator and overriding control means that prevent excitation from falling below a value determined by the magnitude of the generator load current.
This document describes a tensioning device for coil winding machines that maintains consistent tension in the coil wire. It includes a pivoted arm connected to a wire guide and brake mechanism on the coil spool. A resilient link connects the arm to the brake and includes springs that compress under reduced wire tension. This allows the brake to gradually engage and disengage the spool to compensate for changes in winding speed and prevent over-tensioning of the wire. The tensioning device produces evenly wound coils regardless of starting and stopping of the machine.
This document summarizes simulations of different DC supply converter circuits including:
1. An AC-AC transformer followed by an uncontrolled rectifier.
2. An uncontrolled rectifier followed by a DC-DC converter.
3. A controlled rectifier feeding a load.
Tables show calculated performance parameters for the rectifiers including rectification ratio, form factor, transfer utilization factor, and ripple factor. Waveforms and harmonics analyses are also presented for outputs of the different converter configurations.
An Implementation Mechanisms of SVM Control Strategies Applied to Five Levels...IJPEDS-IAES
In the area of the energy control with high voltage and power, the multilevel inverters constitute a relatively recent research orientation. The current applications of this technology are in the domains of the high voltage (over hundred kV), variable speed drives, transport and distribution of a good quality of electrical energy (HVDC, FACTS system, ....). To improve the output voltage for such inverters, many different modulation strategies have been developed. Among these strategies, the SVM (Space Vector Modulation). The technique provide the nearest switching vectors sequence to the reference vector without involving trigonometric functions and provide the additional advantages of superior harmonic quality. In this paper, we analyze different mechanisms of the output voltage synthesis and the problem of even order harmonic production. With the proposed a new trajectory SVM, which can eliminate all the even order harmonics for five levels inverter. Show clearly how to deduce the trajectories from the sequences allowing to have better performances among several possible trajectories. It is dedicated to the application of two particular trajectories.
This document describes patent GB785188 (A) for improvements in linear motion drive devices. It provides background on the problem of positioning movable elements in industrial equipment from remote locations. The invention involves a linear motion drive device with an electric motor having a stator and rotor. A lead screw is secured against rotation and passes through the rotor bore. Rotor arms can engage and disengage a drive means from the lead screw to move it axially. Figures 1-4 illustrate one embodiment involving a reluctance motor, lead screw, and expanding nut drive means mounted on pivoted rotor arms.
The document describes an improved helical delay line for use in traveling wave tubes. The delay line comprises a conductive helix supported by a conductive comb structure to provide rigidity and dissipate heat. Each turn of the helix is directly connected to teeth of the comb. This combines advantages of the helix for tube operation with the comb's ability to dissipate heat and prevent distortion from weight or expansion.
This document describes a patent for an improved helical delay line used in traveling wave tubes. The delay line comprises a conductive helix supported by a conductive comb structure to provide rigidity and dissipate heat. Each turn of the helix is directly connected to teeth of the comb. This takes advantage of the comb's ability to dissipate heat while maintaining properties of a helical delay line that are beneficial for traveling wave amplification. Figures and equations are provided to illustrate characteristics of the delay line such as dispersion and cutoff wavelengths.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
The document discusses swing angle-clearance combinations specified for transmission lines in India. It analyzes how the combinations impact tower configuration and whether all specified combinations are necessary. The analysis shows that for most line voltages, only two judiciously selected swing angle-clearance combinations are needed to adequately determine optimal tower configuration. The remaining extra combinations specified do not impact tower design and could be removed without risking reliability. Using only two critical combinations could simplify transmission line design processes.
This document describes an experiment to determine the magnetization or open circuit characteristic of a DC shunt generator. The aim is to find the critical field resistance and critical speed. The procedure involves connecting the generator and other circuit components as shown in the diagram and varying the field current in steps while measuring the terminal voltage. A graph is plotted of field current versus generated EMF. From the initial linear portion of this open circuit characteristic curve, the critical field resistance can be determined as the slope of the tangent line drawn from the origin. The experiment finds the relationship between field current and generated EMF, from which critical parameters of the generator are obtained.
En este trabajo les damos a conocer el problema que tiene esta empresa y su respectiva solución.
la empresa adopto este proyecto y gracias a ello hoy trabajan en un medio mas seguro.
This document describes improvements to heat exchanger tubes made of thin-walled aluminum or light alloy. It discusses two improved modes of manufacturing the tubes. The first involves forming a strip into a tube shape with the longitudinal edges turned inward and joined. The second involves forming a tube from two complementary strips with abutting longitudinal edges joined. Both methods involve coating the strips with brazing filler and brazing the joined edges.
Modeling and Simulation of a Carrier-based PWM Voltage Source Inverter for a ...IAES-IJPEDS
The analysis of a carrier-based PWM two level voltage source inverter for a nine phase induction machine drive system is presented in this paper. Methods for generating zero-sequence signals during balanced and unbalanced condition are established. Simulation results for the analysis are presented. Two fault conditions involving the voltage source inverter and the nine-phase squirrel cage induction machine load are investigated. For the two fault scenarios considered, the effects on the performance characteristics of the induction machine load are highlighted. The simulation results obtained show that the two imbalance conditions considered result in substantial oscillations on the electromagnetic torque of the machine with attendant reduction in the torque rating. There is also large slip in the rotor speed.
The document summarizes an experiment on magnetic circuits. The objectives are to obtain the B-H curve for a transformer and determine total magnetic flux. The experiment involves building magnetic circuits with transformers and measuring voltage, current and flux values. Magnetic circuit theory is described involving analogies to electrical circuits such as Ohm's law, Kirchhoff's laws and applying techniques like mesh and nodal analysis to solve complex magnetic circuits. Results tables show magnetic field and flux measurements for the transformer circuits.
This document summarizes British patent GB780166 (A) filed in 1957 regarding improvements to electric voltage regulating apparatus. It describes a system using multiple booster transformers connected in series, with each transformer's primary connected to a single voltage regulator through switching means. This allows a single regulator to control voltage over a wide range by sequentially activating the boosters. The switching is designed to occur at near-zero voltage differences to minimize issues.
This document describes an experiment to analyze the speed-voltage and speed-torque characteristics of a separately excited DC motor. The objectives are to construct circuits to record these characteristics and represent them graphically. The procedures involve connecting the motor and equipment according to diagrams, adjusting controls, starting the motor at different voltages and torques, and recording the corresponding speed measurements in tables. The results are plotted as graphs of speed versus voltage and speed versus torque. The document provides background on DC motor components and operation to support understanding the experiment.
This document describes improvements to control systems for electric winder motors. It discusses four control systems that take advantage of maximum feasible deceleration during normal operation by varying the deceleration based on the load on the motor. The control systems use various mechanisms, like lever arms, gear mechanisms, and generators, to delay braking initiation and vary the deceleration rate depending on the motor load. Diagrams and graphs are provided to illustrate how the control systems modify the deceleration profile to stop the winder cage closer to the stopping point with higher loads.
This document describes a patent application for improvements to regulating systems for dynamo-electric machines. Specifically, it describes a system that incorporates means to automatically prevent reduction of generator excitation below the stability limit. The system includes an automatic voltage regulator and overriding control means that prevent excitation from falling below a value determined by the magnitude of the generator load current.
This document describes a patent application from 1957 relating to regulating systems for synchronous generators. It aims to provide an improved system that can automatically prevent reduction of generator excitation below the stability limit. The system includes an automatic voltage regulator and overriding control means that prevent excitation from falling below a value determined by the magnitude of the generator load current. The overriding control means respond to electrical quantities relating to excitation and load current, and can boost excitation if needed to maintain stability.
This document describes a patent application for improvements to regulating systems for dynamo-electric machines. Specifically, it describes a system that incorporates means to automatically prevent reduction of generator excitation below the stability limit. The system includes an automatic voltage regulator and overriding control means that prevent excitation from falling below a value determined by the magnitude of the generator load current.
This document describes a tensioning device for coil winding machines that maintains consistent tension in the coil wire. It includes a pivoted arm connected to a wire guide and brake mechanism on the coil spool. A resilient link connects the arm to the brake and includes springs that compress under reduced wire tension. This allows the brake to gradually engage and disengage the spool to compensate for changes in winding speed and prevent over-tensioning of the wire. The tensioning device produces evenly wound coils regardless of starting and stopping of the machine.
This document summarizes simulations of different DC supply converter circuits including:
1. An AC-AC transformer followed by an uncontrolled rectifier.
2. An uncontrolled rectifier followed by a DC-DC converter.
3. A controlled rectifier feeding a load.
Tables show calculated performance parameters for the rectifiers including rectification ratio, form factor, transfer utilization factor, and ripple factor. Waveforms and harmonics analyses are also presented for outputs of the different converter configurations.
An Implementation Mechanisms of SVM Control Strategies Applied to Five Levels...IJPEDS-IAES
In the area of the energy control with high voltage and power, the multilevel inverters constitute a relatively recent research orientation. The current applications of this technology are in the domains of the high voltage (over hundred kV), variable speed drives, transport and distribution of a good quality of electrical energy (HVDC, FACTS system, ....). To improve the output voltage for such inverters, many different modulation strategies have been developed. Among these strategies, the SVM (Space Vector Modulation). The technique provide the nearest switching vectors sequence to the reference vector without involving trigonometric functions and provide the additional advantages of superior harmonic quality. In this paper, we analyze different mechanisms of the output voltage synthesis and the problem of even order harmonic production. With the proposed a new trajectory SVM, which can eliminate all the even order harmonics for five levels inverter. Show clearly how to deduce the trajectories from the sequences allowing to have better performances among several possible trajectories. It is dedicated to the application of two particular trajectories.
This document describes patent GB785188 (A) for improvements in linear motion drive devices. It provides background on the problem of positioning movable elements in industrial equipment from remote locations. The invention involves a linear motion drive device with an electric motor having a stator and rotor. A lead screw is secured against rotation and passes through the rotor bore. Rotor arms can engage and disengage a drive means from the lead screw to move it axially. Figures 1-4 illustrate one embodiment involving a reluctance motor, lead screw, and expanding nut drive means mounted on pivoted rotor arms.
The document describes an improved helical delay line for use in traveling wave tubes. The delay line comprises a conductive helix supported by a conductive comb structure to provide rigidity and dissipate heat. Each turn of the helix is directly connected to teeth of the comb. This combines advantages of the helix for tube operation with the comb's ability to dissipate heat and prevent distortion from weight or expansion.
This document describes a patent for an improved helical delay line used in traveling wave tubes. The delay line comprises a conductive helix supported by a conductive comb structure to provide rigidity and dissipate heat. Each turn of the helix is directly connected to teeth of the comb. This takes advantage of the comb's ability to dissipate heat while maintaining properties of a helical delay line that are beneficial for traveling wave amplification. Figures and equations are provided to illustrate characteristics of the delay line such as dispersion and cutoff wavelengths.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
The document discusses swing angle-clearance combinations specified for transmission lines in India. It analyzes how the combinations impact tower configuration and whether all specified combinations are necessary. The analysis shows that for most line voltages, only two judiciously selected swing angle-clearance combinations are needed to adequately determine optimal tower configuration. The remaining extra combinations specified do not impact tower design and could be removed without risking reliability. Using only two critical combinations could simplify transmission line design processes.
This document describes an experiment to determine the magnetization or open circuit characteristic of a DC shunt generator. The aim is to find the critical field resistance and critical speed. The procedure involves connecting the generator and other circuit components as shown in the diagram and varying the field current in steps while measuring the terminal voltage. A graph is plotted of field current versus generated EMF. From the initial linear portion of this open circuit characteristic curve, the critical field resistance can be determined as the slope of the tangent line drawn from the origin. The experiment finds the relationship between field current and generated EMF, from which critical parameters of the generator are obtained.
En este trabajo les damos a conocer el problema que tiene esta empresa y su respectiva solución.
la empresa adopto este proyecto y gracias a ello hoy trabajan en un medio mas seguro.
This document describes improvements to heat exchanger tubes made of thin-walled aluminum or light alloy. It discusses two improved modes of manufacturing the tubes. The first involves forming a strip into a tube shape with the longitudinal edges turned inward and joined. The second involves forming a tube from two complementary strips with abutting longitudinal edges joined. Both methods involve coating the strips with brazing filler and brazing the joined edges.
The document is a certificate confirming that Nikolas Fokianos successfully completed with distinction a 4-week online course on developing innovative ideas for new companies through the University of Maryland and Coursera. The course was authorized by the University of Maryland, College Park and offered through the online platform Coursera, and focused on the first step of entrepreneurship in generating new business ideas.
El documento resume las características de la oración simple, incluyendo que carece de entonación independiente, transmite cierta información pero no es sintácticamente independiente, y contrasta esto con la oración compleja que transmite un mensaje completo con entonación y independencia sintáctica propia. También presenta la estructura básica de la oración simple con sujeto y predicado, y clasifica las oraciones según la naturaleza del predicado y la actitud del hablante.
Krunal R. Shah is an experienced HR and administration professional seeking a challenging role. He has over 10 years of experience managing HR, facilities, administration, and general management. Currently he is the Assistant Manager of HR and Administration at TCPL Packaging Ltd, where he handles recruitment, training, performance management, and administrative functions. Previously he held roles with increasing responsibility in HR, administration and general management. He has a Master's degree in Human Resource Management and professional certifications.
Hybrid Gasification Ltd has developed a fuel flexible gasifier that can operate on a wide range of fuels to generate syngas for heat and power generation up to 1 MWe. The gasifier has adjustable features to accommodate different fuel types and sizes. A 200 kg/h commercial gasifier has successfully operated various fuels including low ash fuels to power an industrial unit. The basic gasifier model can be operated with day of training, making it suitable for rural electrification. The gasifier can also be containerized for on-site energy recovery from hazardous wastes. Gas generation and power outputs are estimated based on fuel inputs. HGL offers customized gasification plants from 3kWe to 100 kWe, with capital costs of £
This document summarizes progress on low-voltage electrowetting using lubricated polymer honeycomb substrates. Introducing ethylene carbonate into the polymer matrix allowed an increase in sensitivity. A theoretical analysis of electrowetting thermodynamics on a liquid infused film was conducted. Experimental data fitting to theoretical curves estimated the specific capacity of the double layer. An analysis of viscous dissipation under the proposed electrowetting scheme was also presented.
KIDS VILLAGE PRESNTATION-SONG( IF I WERE)Anju Thomas
This poem expresses gratitude to God from the perspective of different animals. If the speaker were a butterfly, they would thank God for wings; if an elephant, they would thank God by raising their trunk; if a fish, they would wiggle their tail and giggle with glee. Overall, the speaker is thankful that God made them as they are and gave them a heart, smile, and Jesus.
This document describes an electric meter circuit that provides an electrically suppressed zero. It achieves this by including a non-linear conductive device, such as a diode, in series with a galvanometer. The non-linear device has a very high resistance for low voltages/currents, resulting in minimal galvanometer deflection. At higher voltages/currents above a threshold like the diode's avalanche point, the device has a nearly constant low resistance, causing the galvanometer to respond nearly linearly to changes in voltage/current. This allows the meter to accurately measure voltages above the suppressed zero point while ignoring lower voltages. The non-linear device is compact and stable, avoiding issues of prior suppressed zero methods.
This document describes an electric meter circuit that provides an electrically suppressed zero. It achieves this by including a non-linear conductive device, such as a diode, in series with a galvanometer. The non-linear device has a very high resistance for low voltages/currents, resulting in minimal galvanometer deflection. At higher voltages/currents above a threshold like the diode's avalanche point, the device has a nearly constant low resistance, causing the galvanometer to respond nearly linearly to changes in voltage/current. This allows the meter to accurately measure voltages above the suppressed zero point while ignoring lower voltages. The non-linear device is compact and stable, avoiding issues of prior suppressed zero methods.
This document describes patent GB784849 (A) which relates to improvements in electrical measuring instruments. Specifically, it describes an instrument that functions as a ratio meter and includes a rotatable permanent magnet, electromagnetic damping chamber enclosing the magnet, and two sets of coils at right angles to each other. One set of coils acts as deflection coils, while the other set acts as ratio coils to return the magnet to its zero position after deflection. The damping chamber supports the coils and includes positioning features that locate it precisely within a non-magnetic sleeve, which then acts as the main support structure for the instrument components.
This document describes a machine for electric machining of conductive materials. It uses a servo-mechanism to control the distance between an electrode tool and the workpiece. The improved servo-mechanism uses an electromagnetic device tapped into the average voltage between the electrode and workpiece. This controls a hydraulic distributor and hydraulic system to shift the electrode position in response to changes in the voltage gap. It allows for very precise and rapid control of the electrode distance during machining.
This document summarizes a patent for an improved machine for electric machining of conductive materials. The machine uses spark discharges from a condenser to remove small amounts of material from a workpiece. To maintain a precise gap between the electrode and workpiece, the machine includes a servo-mechanism that uses an electromagnetic device subjected to the average voltage between them. This electromagnetic device actuates a hydraulic distributor controlling a hydraulic system that shifts the electrode position in response to changes in the voltage gap.
Power Quality Enhancement in an Isolated Power System Using Series CompensationIJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) covers all the fields of engineering and science: Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Computer Engineering, Agricultural Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, Thermodynamics, Structural Engineering, Control Engineering, Robotics, Mechatronics, Fluid Mechanics, Nanotechnology, Simulators, Web-based Learning, Remote Laboratories, Engineering Design Methods, Education Research, Students' Satisfaction and Motivation, Global Projects, and Assessment…. And many more.
This document describes a patent for improvements to electronic time-base generators. It includes a circuit diagram and description of a generator that uses negative feedback to linearize the output waveform by differentiating the voltage across a scanning coil and using it to control a feedback valve. This counteracts nonlinearity from exponential charging/discharging of capacitors. It allows the scanning speed and sweep magnitude to be varied by controlling the bias on the feedback valve.
This document describes a patent for improvements to electronic time-base generators. It includes a circuit diagram and description of a generator that uses negative feedback to linearize the output waveform by differentiating the voltage across a scanning coil and using it to control a feedback valve. This counteracts nonlinearity from exponential charging/discharging of capacitors. It allows the scanning speed and sweep magnitude to be continuously variable via a bias control on the feedback valve.
Transducer for Tension Force Measurement and Control of Fine-Winding MaterialsIDES Editor
In this paper has been designed a facility
(electromechanical system) for regulation the tension force
of winding fine materials. In winding fine strip material such
a thread it is important to get homogeneous density of the
wound package, to get high quality material in next processing
of this package. In order to achieve this goal, the designed
facility controls the thread tension force during winding
process and the driving motor speed. And it allows adjusting
the tension force of the winding thread to the desired value,
which is variable and depends on the radius of the package.
This gives the required homogeneous density of the wound
package material. The suggested facility consists of simple
electronic circuit, lever, pulley, electromagnetic coils and other
simple components. The suggested system is provided by an
adjusting element in order to set the tension force of winding
material at the required reference value.
1. The document describes an adjustable attenuator comprising a bridged-T type constant impedance network with multiple sets of variable series and shunt impedances.
2. The attenuator includes multiple pairs of switches where each pair controls one set of series impedances and a related set of shunt impedances, allowing attenuation to be varied without changing input impedance.
3. The attenuator can be used to increase the measurement range of instruments and allow them to operate at full scale, improving reading accuracy.
1. The document describes an adjustable attenuator comprising a bridged-T type constant impedance network with multiple sets of variable series and shunt impedances.
2. The attenuator includes multiple pairs of switches where each pair controls one set of series impedances and a related set of shunt impedances, allowing attenuation to be varied without changing input impedance.
3. The attenuator can be used to increase the measurement range of instruments or allow them to operate at full scale deflection for maximum accuracy.
The document describes several embodiments of a spark-cutting apparatus that uses capacitors and circuitry to eliminate direct current flow from a power source to a spark gap. This prevents excessive electrode erosion. The apparatus uses two capacitors connected in series to block direct current flow. Alternate embodiments use an alternating current source to charge the capacitors and include additional components like inductors, transformers, and switches to control the timing and frequency of spark discharges.
Small Signal Modeling Of Controller For Statcom Used In Distribution System F...IJERA Editor
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780024
1. * GB780024 (A)
Description: GB780024 (A) ? 1957-07-31
Improvements in or relating to weighing apparatus
Description of GB780024 (A)
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION
Improvements in or relating to Weighing Apparatus
We, SCRIBBA:NS-REMP LIMITED, of Africa
House, Kingsway, London, W.C.2, a Com
pany registered under the laws of Great
Britain, and ANTHONY LEONARD HENDON,
of 96, Tuhbenden Lane, Orpington, Sent,
and PETER OLIVER ROGERS, of 14, Max
welton Close, Mill Hill, London, N.W.7,
both British subjects, do hereby declare
the invention, for which we pray that a
patent may be granted to us, and the
method by which it is to be performed, to
be particularly described, in and by the fofiowing statement
This invention relates to weighing apparatus.
The invention consists of a weighing apparatus comprising a
weigllt-earrying
platform mounted on a conducting coil located in a magnetic field by
anti-friction
bearings, the platform and coil being
adapted to be supported in a floating position by passing current
through the coil,
means for detecting movement of the coil when a weight is placed on
the platform, means responsive to the detecting means, for increasing
the current through the coil to restore the position of the coil and
means for indicating said variations in current.
The response time of the apparatus according to the invention can, be
made very much less than with normal type scales. For example, it is
relatively easy
to weigh l kilogram in, say, 100 milli
2. seconds. Weighing times of this order are important where weighings
are to be made
in quick succession, as in check-weighing
the output of certain production lines.
The apparatus is conveniently arranged
to indicate weight as a voltage; this is par
ticularly suited to the control of external
apparatus, for example automatie rejec
tion equipment, or for the continuous re
cording of weighings.
The invention will be further described with reference to the
aeeompanying drawinns.
Fig. 1 is an axial section of the mechanical part of an apparatus in
accordance with the invention;
Fig. 2 is a section on the line A-A of
Fig. 1;
Fig. 3 is a section on the line B-B of
Fig. 1;
Fig. 4 is a section on the line C-C of
Fig. 1;
Fig. 5 is a diagrammatic view showing the connection of the mechanical
part to the electrical circuit;
Fig. 6 is a circuit diagram of a suitable d.c. amplifier for use in
the circuit arrangement of Fig. 5;
Fig. 7 shows the connection of the arrangement of Fig. 5 to an
indicating voltmeter;
Fig. S shows the connection of the arrangement of Fig. 5 to a
difference- iiidieating voltmeter;
Fig. 9 shows the connection of the arrangement of Fig. 5 to
range-indicating, signalling devices;
Fig. 10 shows the connection of the arrangement of Fig. 9 to an
automatic feeding arrangement for articles to be weighed with
automatic stopping when an article of weight outside a range received;
Fig. 11 shows the connection of the arrangement of Fig. 9 to a feeding
arrangement with automatic rejection;
Fig. 12 shows the connection of the arrangement of Fig. 8 to control
the weight of material fed to containers on an average basis;
Fig. 13 shows the connection of the arrangement of Fig. 8 to control
the weight of material fed into each container;
Fig. 14 shows the connection of the arrangement of Fig. 5 for
generating a train of pulses corresponding in number to the weight to
be registered.
The function of the basic unit (see Fig. is is to provide a voltage
output which is accurately and linearly proportional to a weight (or
3. other force) applied to the unit.
Fundamentally, it relies on the fact that the force upon a coil placed
in a magnetic field is directly proportional to the current through
the coil; if this force is arranged to oppose the downwards force of
an applied weight, and the current is such that the system is in
equilibrium, then the current itself will he directly proportional to
the applied weight.
In the mechanical part (Figs. 1 to 4 a vertical shaft 1 carries a coil
2. wound upon a suitable former which is positioned freely in the
annular gap of a magnet 3.
Connected to shaft 1 in positioiis axially spaced and near the top
thereof are two shutter vanes 4 which control the amount of light
reaching two photocells 5 from a lamp 6. The shaft 1 has a screwed
thread 7 at the top by which various types of weighing platform niav
be attached there- to. The shaft 1 is supported by two bear- ing
systems in which a triangular section of the shaft is at each face in
contact with a roller bearing or bearings g. This allows very free
vertical movement of the system but prevents rotation of the shaft and
hence damage to the flexible coil leads, and prevents fouling of the
coil oii the magnet.
The magnet gap is 30 designed that the field is constant over the
range of move- ment of the coil, in practice. normally not more than
0.05 inches. In order to achieve this the winding length is made
greater than the actual gap depth, so that a coii- stant number of
turns are positioned in tlie main part of the field irrespective of
the shaft movement over its operating range.
An aluminium alloy coil former is used, but many other materials would
be suitable.
The application of a weight to weighing platform 9 (Fig. 5) upsets the
equilibrium of the system, and displaces the shaft 1, shutter vanes 4
and coil 2 downwards.
This movement of the shutter vanes 4 allows more light to fall on one
photocell 5 and less on the other. The two photo- cells 5 are
connected to a d.c. amplifier 10 (Fig. 5) in such a way that this
light change causes the current through the coil to increase, and
hence produce a force opposing that of the applied weight: thus
equilibrhim is re-established. The arrange- ment, in fact, forms a
closed loop servomechanism, and the current will always maintain such
a value as will hold the system in equilibrium. Since the current
change is proportional to the downward displacement of the shaft, the
gain of the amplifier must at least be such that the maximum required
current, and hence opposing force, can be obtained without the shaft
moving so far that the coil leaves the linear portion of the field.
The d.c. amplifier is shown in one form in Fig. 6. The photocells .)
4. are connected in opposition to @ id brim of cathode fol- lower valve
VI which has series connected cathode resistances R1 and R2 the centre
point of which is connected over resistance
R3 to the grid.
The cathode of valve V1 is connected over resistance R4 to the grid of
valve V2 which has an anode resistance R5.
The anode of valve V2 is connected to the grid of valve in the anode
circuit of which is connected the moving coil.
The output current of valve V3 is arranged to flow through a precision
resistor R6, producing a voltage V, which is directly proportional to
the applied weight.
By introducing rate-of-change feedback hito the amplifier by n means
of capacitor
C1 and resistance R7 connected in series between the cathode of valve
V3 and the grid of valve V2, the damping co-efficient can be adjusted
so that the system is critically damped. A metal coil former helps in
this respect in that it produces eddy current damping, and hence
generates a retarting force proportional to the velocity of the coil
former. In theory critical damping can only be obtained easily for one
particular value of applied weight, but in practice adequate damping
can be achieved r the whole range of we lit for which the @ so system
is designed.
Assuming critical damping and proper amplifier design, the current
will rise exponentially when a weight is applied. This 'rise time' can
be made as small as desired for any given weight by making the
amplifier gain sufficiently high.
A low-amplitude, low-frequency sine wave is permanently applied to the
moving coil, conveniently by application over condenser C2 to the
cathode of valve V2, so as to produce slight vibration of the moving
system. The purpose of this applied 'dither' is to break down friction
effects in the bearing system, and has the effect of increasing the
sensitivity.
The weighing unit described is capable of considerable modification
without affecting the basic principle of operation. Thus, an
electro-magnet could be used in place of the permanent magnet,
especially for handling heavy weights where a large magnet would be
needed. Detection of movement of the shaft could equally well be
carried out by causing the movement to vary an inductance or capacity.
The bear ing system may be of any type which allows free movement of
the shaft longitu- dinally, but prevents rotation of the coil.
In certain cases it might be desirable to allow, or cause, the
platform and hence the coil to rotate. In this case, the coil current
could be fed via slip rings.
The basic instrument B1 indicated generally in Fig. a, will normally
5. be comhined with ancillary apparatus of a type determined by the
particular application.
A direct reading of weight will be given by means of an accurate
voltmeter VMI. connected to the output (Fig. 7).
By using a centre-zero voltmeter =312
(Fig. 8), with one side connected to an adjustable reference voltage
from a potentiometer resistance PR fed by a stabilized voltage, the
system will show the difference between an applied weight and any
particular standard weight. In this case the reference voltage is
adjusted to give zero indication with the standard weight.
By means of suitab]e electronic circuitry for comparing the weigher
output voltage with one or more variable reference voltages,
representing reference weights, an applied weight may be shown as
falling in one of any number-of suitable weight ranges. For example
(Fig. 9), the weight may be presented as lying in one of three ranges,
the particular range being signi fied by means of a coloured lamp.
Thus, a green lamp G1 signifies that a weight lies within a certain
pre-set weight range determined 'Correct', whilst red and orange lamps
G2 and G3 respectively show that it is ]ower or higher in weight,
respectively, than the 'Correct' range. The lamps are operated by
contacts h and l of relays H and L which are in turn controlled by
contact of a polarised centre stable relay A which replaces the
voltmeter VM2 Fig. 8.
Articles to be weighed may be placed upon the weighing platform
manually, or may be fed automatically in succession. In an example
(Fig. 10) of the electronic weighing system with an automatic feed, in
which weights are indicated (as in Fig.
9) by means of three coloured lamps, it is arranged that the automatic
feed motor
FM for articles 11 on a main conveyor MC stops if an article is ]ow or
high in weight with respect to a 'Correct' range due to the operation
of relay H or relay l. The weight of the article may then be adjusted
manually until the weight is correct, i.e., lies within the pre-set
'Correct' range, whereupon the feed is automatically restarted.
As an alternative to stopping the automatic feed as in Fig. 10 if an
article is high or low in weight, a suitable mechanism. may be
automatically operated which will reject these articles from the
produc- tion line (Fig. 11). Thus with an arrangement otherwise
similar to that of Fig. 10 the operation of relay H or L can actuate
solenoids S which control a gate GA to deflect an article 11 onto
auxiliary conveyors ACI or AC2 away from the main extension conveyor
EC.
In a further example of the use of the basic weigher, the average
weight of material filled into a container is controlled by weighing.
6. In one snch example (Fig.
12) basins B are fed automatically to the weighing platform 9 of an
electronic weigher, and are filled with batter whilst on this platform
by means of a constant volume depositor D. The volume of the deposit
can be varied by altering the stroke of the depositor piston P.
Microswitch MS connected in series with resistrance R6 in the output
of the basic instrument BI to potentiometer PR is closed momentarily
once per cycle by means of a cam in the piston mechanism and timed to
operate at the end of a filling stroke any difference in voltage
between the weight and reference indicated by potentiometer
PR will then be transmitted over condenser C3 to an averaging circuit
AC. The average of a suitable number (say ten) of successive weighings
of filled basins is arranged to control the piston stroke by a piston
stroke adjusting mechanism PSALM operated by an electric motor EM
itself controlled hy a motor control circuit
MCC operated by an averaging circuit AC.
The piston adjusting motor normally remains stationary, but turns in
the appropriate direction to reduce the error should the average
weight differ from the pre-set reference. Thus the average weight of
the deposit is maintained constant, although individual weighings may
differ by an amount depending on the short term variations inherent in
the depositor itself.
Alternatively Fig. 13, the actual filling of the containers eould be
under direct control of the electronic weigher. Thus, filling is
started by the arrival of an empty basin operating a micro-switch MS
which operates a solenoid control circuit SCC which transmits a signal
to a control valve operating solenoids CVS which operates the control
valve CV of the depositor D.
When the comparison polarised relay A indicates the main basin as
filled to the correct weight it transmits a signal to the solenoid
control circuit SCC over contact a to bring about closing of the
control valve CV.
In either of these examples it may be necessary to allow for
variations in the weight of the containers, since the weigher output
represents the total weight of container and contents. In tliis case
additional electronic apparatus is used which in effect stores the
container weight and deducts it from the final total, thus indicating
true material weight. Such apparatus is described in our British
Patent No. 727,164.
The voltage output of the basic weigher is a continuous function ol
the applied weight. In certain cases, however, it may he advantageous
to convert the output into digital form. For example (Fig. 14, the
weigher output voltage may he compared by means of a suitable
polarised relax A as before with a reference voltage which is arranged
7. to increase from some initial value in equal and accurately controlled
steps. Pulses of voltage or current are produced by a voltage step
generator VSG each time a step occurs until the reference voltage has
climbed to a value equal (with- in the range of the step) to the
weigher output voltage. Thus the start level of the voltage staircase
is adjusted weigher output with no applied weight.
The application of a weight will then operate polarised relay A, which
detects unbalance between the weigher output and the voltage from the
step generator. Relay X thns starts the voltage staircase by oper-
ating the voltage step generator VSG at al and connects the output to
the pulse train output lead PTOL at a2. Relay A will release when the
voltage staircase has risen to a ralue equal to the weigher put, thus
disconnecting the voltage pulses from the pulse train output lead PTOL
at a2 and disconnecting the generator at a1. Each pulse represents a
small, known increment of weight, and the total weight is proportional
to the total number of pulses. This method of presenting the weight in
the form of a train of pulses is particularly suitable for the
operation of standard punched card calculating machines and automatic
typewriters, or other types of automatic computer.
What we elaim is:-
1. A weighing apparatus comprising a weight-carrying platform mounted
on a conducting coil located in a magnetic field by anti-friction
bearings, the platform and coil being adapted to be supported in a
floating position by passing current through the coil, means for
detecting movement of the coil when a weight is placed on the
platform, means, responsive tij the detection means, for increasing
the current through the coil to restore the position of theeoil and
means for indicat- in" said increase in current.
2. A weighing apparatus as claimed in
Claim 1 provided with means for imparting a vibration to the moving
system r lative to the hearing system with the object
@f reducing friction.
3. A weighing apparatus as claimed in
Claim 2 in which vibration is imparted to the suspended coil by
superimposing alternating current on the direct current norm
ally flowing through the coil.
4. A weighing apparatus as claimed in
Claim 1, 2 or 2 in which the coil former is of metal to give
eddy-current damping.
5. A weighing apparatus as claimed in
Claim 1, 2, 3 or 4 in which the means responsive to the detecting
means include an amplifier.
6. A weighing apparatus as claimed in Claim 5, in which @@@@-of-change
feed-back is provided in the amplifier.
8. 7. A weighing apparatus as claimed in any of the preceding claims in
which the means for detecting movement of the coil comprise a pair of
photocells fixed in relation to the magnetic field, a pair of
shutters, for screening the respective photocells, fixed in relation
to the coil in axially spaced positions and a light source for
illuminating the photocells.
8. A weighing apparatus as claimed in any of the preceding claims in
which a direct reading of weight is given by measurement of a voltage
corresponding to the increase in current.
9. A weighing apparatus as claimed in
Claim 8, in which the difference of the weight of an article to be
weighed from a standard weight, is indicated by comparison of the said
@@tace with a standard voltage.
10. A weighing apparatus as claimed in
Claim 9, in which the weight is indicated as lying within one of the
predetermined number of ranges of weight.
11. A weighing system having a conveyor for feeding articles to be
weighed comprising a weighing apparatus as claimed in Claim 10, in
which the feed is adapted to he arrested if the weight of an article
being weighed falls outside a particular range of weights.
12. A weighing system having a conveyor for feeding articles to be
weighed to a weighing apparatus as claimed in Claim 10, and a conveyor
for removing the articles which have been weighed in which a further
conveyor is provided for receiving articles from the weighing
apparatus and means operated from the weighing apparatus for
deflecting an article which has been weighed to the further conveyor
in the event that its weight falls outside a particular range of
weights.
13. A weighing system having means for filling containers and a
conveyor for feeding the container to a weighing apparatus as claimed
in f Claim 9. in which said difference in weigh indication is used to
control the weight of material being filled into the containers.
14. A weighing apparatus substantially as deserihed with reference to
and shown in Figs. 1 to 5 and 7, 8 or 9.