This document discusses chronic dietary aflatoxin exposure in Kenya and emerging public health concerns of impaired growth and immune suppression in children. It summarizes evidence that chronic low-level aflatoxin exposure is associated with stunted growth and immune dysfunction in children. Aflatoxins contaminate staple foods in Kenya and children's weaning foods often contain high levels. Studies show chronic exposure increases the risk of stunting and kwashiorkor. Animal studies also demonstrate aflatoxins' ability to suppress immune function by impairing cells and increasing susceptibility to disease. Limited human studies link chronic exposure to lower immune cell levels and function. This poses challenges for reducing child mortality and combating diseases in Kenya.
Prevalence and Antibiogram of Bacteria Associated with Food Vending in Awka-S...ijtsrd
Food vending is recently a booming part of the food industry and millions of people depend on it for their daily nutritional needs especially because of its easy accessibility. It has become an important public health issue due to widespread food-borne diseases which are leading cause of morbidity and mortality. This study is aimed at assessing the prevalence and antibiogram assay of bacteria associated with food vending in Awka-South LGA, Anambra State. The randomly selected towns for this study were three towns in Awka- South LGA in Anambra state namely Awka State capital , Mbaukwu and Nise. Descriptive cross-sectional study and multistage sampling technique was adopted and sample size determined using a standard formula. Total of 65 food vendors were sampled. Sterile swab sticks were used to swab the palms, aprons, plates and spoons of the food vendors and the rinse method was used for bacteria isolation. Antibiotics sensitivity test of isolates was carried out using Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method. The bacteria isolates from this study were E. coli 24.41 , S. aureus 21.60 , B. cereus 9.39 , Pseudomonas aeruginosa 15.96 , Serratia marcescens 4.70 , Klebsiella pneumonia 10.56 and Salmonella enterica 13.38 . The bacterial isolates during the course of this study showed wide resistance to conventional antibiotics especially beta-lactams. The findings of this study therefore necessitate the need for sensitization of food vendors and appropriate measures should be established to monitor susceptibility patterns of microorganisms involved as this will help to avoid possible outbreaks. Egbuim, Timothy Chukwudiegwu | Umeh, Sophina Ogonna | Izuegbunam, Lilian Chinenye "Prevalence and Antibiogram of Bacteria Associated with Food Vending in Awka-South LGA, Anambra State, Nigeria" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-1 , December 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd19174.pdf
http://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/microbiology/19174/prevalence-and-antibiogram-of-bacteria-associated-with-food-vending-in-awka-south-lga-anambra-state-nigeria/egbuim-timothy-chukwudiegwu
Food safety has emerged as a global challenge, especially affecting developing countries. Major foodborne illnesses in these regions include botulism, shigellosis, campylobacteriosis, E. coli infection, staphylococcus aureus infection, salmonellosis, and listeriosis. These illnesses pose significant threats to human health and economic development. While efforts are being made internationally and locally to address food safety, developing countries continue to face difficulties such as lack of infrastructure, surveillance systems, and resources to curb the high prevalence of foodborne disease.
This document discusses food safety and foodborne illnesses. It covers topics such as pathogens that cause foodborne illness, high-risk populations, food safety principles like keeping food at proper temperatures, and prevention methods. It also discusses food safety regulations and standards as well as challenges and future implications in ensuring food safety. Hazard Analysis Critical Control Points (HACCP) is introduced as a food safety management system.
A historical look at the prevalence of foodborne disease outbreaks associated...Adriana Matheus
As Asian cuisine has become mainstream in the United States, we took a look at the influence this popular cuisine has had on foodborne illness outbreaks through the years.
Efficacy of plant extracts against multi drug resistant escherichia coli from...Alexander Decker
This study evaluated the efficacy of plant extracts against multidrug resistant Escherichia coli (E. coli) that causes urinary tract infections (UTIs). Urine samples were collected from 40 pregnant women, 20 of which showed significant bacteriuria. Isolated E. coli strains were highly resistant to several antibiotics. Plant extracts were tested for antibacterial activity against these resistant E. coli strains. Results showed the potential of plant extracts as alternative treatments for UTIs caused by multidrug resistant bacteria.
This document provides a literature review on breeding approaches for resistance to Maize Lethal Necrosis (MLN) disease in Ethiopia. MLN is caused by a synergistic infection of two viruses, Maize chlorotic mottle virus and Sugarcane mosaic virus, and emerged as a major threat to maize production in Ethiopia in 2014. The review summarizes research on the distribution of MLN, maize response to the disease, conventional breeding methods like backcrossing used to develop resistant varieties, and molecular breeding approaches including marker-assisted selection, genomic selection, transgenesis, and genome editing. It concludes that combining conventional and molecular breeding methods is an important new strategy for developing improved maize genotypes with
This document discusses maternal probiotic supplementation to reduce infant eczema. It finds that probiotic supplementation during pregnancy and breastfeeding is associated with decreased prevalence of eczema in infants. Certain probiotic strains, such as Bifidobacterium bifidum, Bifidobacterium lactis, and Lactobacillus acidophilus, taken for longer durations (4-6 months before and after birth) can reduce infant eczema incidence by modulating the immune system and reducing inflammatory responses.
This document discusses maternal probiotic supplementation to reduce infant eczema. It finds that probiotic supplementation during pregnancy and breastfeeding is associated with decreased prevalence of eczema in infants. Certain probiotic strains, such as Bifidobacterium bifidum, Bifidobacterium lactis, and Lactobacillus acidophilus, taken for longer durations (4-6 months before and after birth) can reduce infant eczema incidence by modulating the immune system and reducing inflammatory responses.
Prevalence and Antibiogram of Bacteria Associated with Food Vending in Awka-S...ijtsrd
Food vending is recently a booming part of the food industry and millions of people depend on it for their daily nutritional needs especially because of its easy accessibility. It has become an important public health issue due to widespread food-borne diseases which are leading cause of morbidity and mortality. This study is aimed at assessing the prevalence and antibiogram assay of bacteria associated with food vending in Awka-South LGA, Anambra State. The randomly selected towns for this study were three towns in Awka- South LGA in Anambra state namely Awka State capital , Mbaukwu and Nise. Descriptive cross-sectional study and multistage sampling technique was adopted and sample size determined using a standard formula. Total of 65 food vendors were sampled. Sterile swab sticks were used to swab the palms, aprons, plates and spoons of the food vendors and the rinse method was used for bacteria isolation. Antibiotics sensitivity test of isolates was carried out using Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method. The bacteria isolates from this study were E. coli 24.41 , S. aureus 21.60 , B. cereus 9.39 , Pseudomonas aeruginosa 15.96 , Serratia marcescens 4.70 , Klebsiella pneumonia 10.56 and Salmonella enterica 13.38 . The bacterial isolates during the course of this study showed wide resistance to conventional antibiotics especially beta-lactams. The findings of this study therefore necessitate the need for sensitization of food vendors and appropriate measures should be established to monitor susceptibility patterns of microorganisms involved as this will help to avoid possible outbreaks. Egbuim, Timothy Chukwudiegwu | Umeh, Sophina Ogonna | Izuegbunam, Lilian Chinenye "Prevalence and Antibiogram of Bacteria Associated with Food Vending in Awka-South LGA, Anambra State, Nigeria" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-1 , December 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd19174.pdf
http://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/microbiology/19174/prevalence-and-antibiogram-of-bacteria-associated-with-food-vending-in-awka-south-lga-anambra-state-nigeria/egbuim-timothy-chukwudiegwu
Food safety has emerged as a global challenge, especially affecting developing countries. Major foodborne illnesses in these regions include botulism, shigellosis, campylobacteriosis, E. coli infection, staphylococcus aureus infection, salmonellosis, and listeriosis. These illnesses pose significant threats to human health and economic development. While efforts are being made internationally and locally to address food safety, developing countries continue to face difficulties such as lack of infrastructure, surveillance systems, and resources to curb the high prevalence of foodborne disease.
This document discusses food safety and foodborne illnesses. It covers topics such as pathogens that cause foodborne illness, high-risk populations, food safety principles like keeping food at proper temperatures, and prevention methods. It also discusses food safety regulations and standards as well as challenges and future implications in ensuring food safety. Hazard Analysis Critical Control Points (HACCP) is introduced as a food safety management system.
A historical look at the prevalence of foodborne disease outbreaks associated...Adriana Matheus
As Asian cuisine has become mainstream in the United States, we took a look at the influence this popular cuisine has had on foodborne illness outbreaks through the years.
Efficacy of plant extracts against multi drug resistant escherichia coli from...Alexander Decker
This study evaluated the efficacy of plant extracts against multidrug resistant Escherichia coli (E. coli) that causes urinary tract infections (UTIs). Urine samples were collected from 40 pregnant women, 20 of which showed significant bacteriuria. Isolated E. coli strains were highly resistant to several antibiotics. Plant extracts were tested for antibacterial activity against these resistant E. coli strains. Results showed the potential of plant extracts as alternative treatments for UTIs caused by multidrug resistant bacteria.
This document provides a literature review on breeding approaches for resistance to Maize Lethal Necrosis (MLN) disease in Ethiopia. MLN is caused by a synergistic infection of two viruses, Maize chlorotic mottle virus and Sugarcane mosaic virus, and emerged as a major threat to maize production in Ethiopia in 2014. The review summarizes research on the distribution of MLN, maize response to the disease, conventional breeding methods like backcrossing used to develop resistant varieties, and molecular breeding approaches including marker-assisted selection, genomic selection, transgenesis, and genome editing. It concludes that combining conventional and molecular breeding methods is an important new strategy for developing improved maize genotypes with
This document discusses maternal probiotic supplementation to reduce infant eczema. It finds that probiotic supplementation during pregnancy and breastfeeding is associated with decreased prevalence of eczema in infants. Certain probiotic strains, such as Bifidobacterium bifidum, Bifidobacterium lactis, and Lactobacillus acidophilus, taken for longer durations (4-6 months before and after birth) can reduce infant eczema incidence by modulating the immune system and reducing inflammatory responses.
This document discusses maternal probiotic supplementation to reduce infant eczema. It finds that probiotic supplementation during pregnancy and breastfeeding is associated with decreased prevalence of eczema in infants. Certain probiotic strains, such as Bifidobacterium bifidum, Bifidobacterium lactis, and Lactobacillus acidophilus, taken for longer durations (4-6 months before and after birth) can reduce infant eczema incidence by modulating the immune system and reducing inflammatory responses.
Bovine Mastitis due to Coliform Bacteria, and Susceptibility to Antibiotics, ...Premier Publishers
This study was aimed at determining the prevalence of coliform bacteria in bovine milk in Plateau State of Nigeria and their antibiotic susceptibility patterns. A total of 640 milk samples were collected aseptically and 160 questionnaires from where data such as breed, age, parity, lactation stage, floor type, and husbandry system were analyzed. Cows without clinical mastitis were subjected to California Mastitis Test to determine the presence of subclinical mastitis. Bacteriological assays and antibiotic susceptibility tests were conducted according to standard guidelines. Subclinical mastitis with a prevalence of 63.8% was more prevalent in cows than clinical mastitis. Overall, the Friesian breed had the highest mastitis prevalence of 85.7% compared to White Fulani (which is indigenous in Nigeria). Cows aged within 2-4 years old had the least mastitis prevalence of 55.2%. Coliforms isolated from milk samples included E coli, K. pneumoniae, K. oxytoca, C. freundii, E. aerogenes, E. cloacae, and S. marcescens, with E coli having the highest prevalence of 44.8%. The most resistant antimicrobial agent was Streptomycin with 79% prevalence. The principle of One Health approach which targets the environment, animals and humans should be considered important. Good hygienic measures should be intensified among pastoralists.
Microbial Risk Assessment of Salmonella in Ready-To-Eat fruit and vegetablesFrank Higgins
This document discusses a microbial risk assessment project that aims to identify the risk of Salmonella infections from consuming ready-to-eat fruits and vegetables in Ireland. It identifies Salmonella as a hazard, noting that it is commonly found in animal intestinal tracts and can be transmitted through feces. The document characterizes the hazard by examining host factors like age and immune status that influence pathogenicity. It also reviews Salmonella's ability to infect cells and symptoms like gastroenteritis. The summary provides an overview of the purpose, hazard identification and characterization sections.
Dr. Richard Raymond - Antibiotics and Food Safety: Perceptions vs. RealityJohn Blue
"Antibiotics and Food Safety: Perceptions vs. Reality - Dr. Richard Raymond, Former Undersecretary for Food Safety, U.S. Department of Agriculture, from the 2014 Minnesota Pork Congress, January 14-15, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
More presentations at http://www.swinecast.com/2014-minnesota-pork-congress"
Dr. Brian Lubbers - Animal Agriculture's Contribution to Antibiotic Resistanc...John Blue
Animal Agriculture's Contribution to Antibiotic Resistance - What Should (& Should Not) Be On The Table - Dr. Brian Lubbers, Kansas State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Director of Clinical Microbiology, from the 2014 NIAA Symposium on Antibiotics Use and Resistance: Moving Forward Through Shared Stewardship, November 12-14, 2014, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
More presentations at http://www.swinecast.com/2014-niaa-antibiotics-moving-forward-through-shared-stewardship
A peer reviewed article presented at the 1st International Conference of Egyptian Society of Food Safety, “Food Safety Science, Health and Behavior” Sharm El-Sheikh, Egypt. February 15-18, 2018
WASH Impacts on Maternal and Child Mortality, Malnutrition and Impaired Devel...Tom Mahin
The document discusses the impacts of water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) on maternal and child health outcomes in sub-Saharan Africa. It notes that over 13,000 mothers, newborns, and children die every day in sub-Saharan Africa. A substantial proportion of global malnutrition is due to repeated enteric infections impairing nutrient absorption. Lack of access to clean water and adequate sanitation contributes to persistent diarrhea and enteric infections, perpetuating a cycle of malnutrition. Improving WASH interventions could help reduce mortality and malnutrition among mothers and young children.
Dr. William Flynn - FDA Antibiotics StrategyJohn Blue
FDA Antibiotics Strategy - Dr. William Flynn, Deputy Director for Science Policy, Food and Drug Administration Center for Veterinary Medicine, from the 2014 NIAA Symposium on Antibiotics Use and Resistance: Moving Forward Through Shared Stewardship, November 12-14, 2014, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
More presentations at http://www.swinecast.com/2014-niaa-antibiotics-moving-forward-through-shared-stewardship
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Scienceinventy
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
The epidemiology of tuberculosis in Kenya, a high TB/HIV burden country (2000...Premier Publishers
Interest in the epidemiology of TB was triggered by the re-emergence of tuberculosis in the early 1990’s with the advent of HIV and falling economic status of many people which subjected them to poverty. The dual lethal combination of HIV and poverty triggered an unprecedented TB epidemic. In this study, we focused on the period 2000-2013 and all the notified data in Kenya was included. Data on estimates of TB incidence, prevalence and mortality was extracted from the WHO global Tuberculosis database. Data was analysed to produce trends for each of the years and descriptive statistics were calculated. The results showed that there was an average decline of 5% over the last 8 years with the highest decline being reported in the year 2012/13. TB continues to disproportionately affect the male gender with 58% being male and 42% being female. Kenya has made significant efforts to address the burden of HIV among TB patients with cotrimoxazole preventive therapy (CPT) uptake reaching 98% AND ART at 74% by the end of 2013. Kenya’s TB epidemic has evolved over time and it has been characterised by a period where there was increase in the TB cases reaching a peak in the year 2007 after which there was a decline which began to accelerate in the year 2011. The gains in the decline of TB could be attributed in part to the outcomes of integrating TB and HIV services and these gains should be sustained. What is equally notable is the clear epidemiologic shift in age indicating reduced transmission in the younger age groups.
This document summarizes a study that assessed the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of mothers in Jos North, Nigeria regarding childhood immunization. The study used a questionnaire to survey 232 mothers with children aged 0-1 years old. It found that while most mothers (89.6%) had good overall knowledge of vaccines, less than 60% reported vaccinating their children on schedule and less than 3% had negative attitudes towards immunization. Factors like education level, marital status, religion, and whether the mother was vaccinated as a child influenced mothers' knowledge. Records also showed only 23.4% of children completed their vaccination schedules, revealing poor practice. The study concluded health education and promotion efforts are needed to improve mothers' knowledge
Food samples: African salad, fried yam, fried potato, fried plantain, bole and suya meat retailed in three locations along Choba, Aluu and Alakahia were analyzed for their microbial load. Analysis of the food samples revealed Total viable count ranging from 3.8×107 cfu/g to 5.2×107 cfu/g (African salad), 2.6×107 cfu/g to 3.3×107 cfu/g (Bole), 3.0×107 cfu/g to 3.4×107 cfu/g (Plantain), 3.4×107 cfu/g to 3.6×107 cfu/g (Potato), 2.9×107 cfu/g to 3.3×107 cfu/g (Yam) and 4.8×107 cfu/g to 5.1×107 cfu/g (Suya meat) from the various locations. The organism isolated includes, Staphylococcus aureus (25%), Escherichia coli (25%), Pseudomonas (15%), Streptococcus (15%), Bacillus cereus (12%) and Salmonella spp (8%). The TVC count in these food samples exceeds the standard set by International Commission for Microbiology Specification for Food (ICMSF) for ready-to-eat food which states that TVC count between 0-107 cfu/g is acceptable, 104 to 105 cfu/g is tolerable and >107 cfu/g is unacceptable. Therefore, these foods are not bacteriologically fit for consumption. The occurrence of these bacterial isolates in the foods constitutes public health risk to consumers as these pathogens have been associated with foodborne infections Therefore, government should enforce strong food safety regulations for street foods vendors. In addition, street food vendors need to be educated on food safety and hygienic practices
Environmental Toxins - A Potential Risk Factor for Diabetes v2zq
Environmental Toxins - A Potential Risk Factor for Diabetes - Resources for Healthy Children www.scribd.com/doc/254613619 - For more information, Please see Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children www.scribd.com/doc/254613963 - Gardening with Volcanic Rock Dust www.scribd.com/doc/254613846 - Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech www.scribd.com/doc/254613765 - Free School Gardening Art Posters www.scribd.com/doc/254613694 - Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden www.scribd.com/doc/254609890 - Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success www.scribd.com/doc/254613619 - City Chickens for your Organic School Garden www.scribd.com/doc/254613553 - Huerto Ecológico, Tecnologías Sostenibles, Agricultura Organica www.scribd.com/doc/254613494 - Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide www.scribd.com/doc/254613410 - Free Organic Gardening Publications www.scribd.com/doc/254609890 ~
This document reviews child and infant mortality in Iraq over a ten year period through multiple studies. The first study from 1992 found infant mortality increased nearly 3 times after the Gulf War. Later studies in the mid-1990s and 1999 also found elevated mortality rates and estimated hundreds of thousands of excess deaths among Iraqi children due to factors like war destruction, sanctions limiting access to food and medicines, and collapse of infrastructure like power, water, and healthcare systems. While sanctions may have had an independent effect on mortality, the combination of war, sanctions, and their impacts on society likely contributed to the public health crisis.
A Short Report on Status of Leprosy in India by Rahul Shukla in Advances in Complementary & Alternative Medicine
Hansen’s disease, known as leprosy in colloquial language has been able to maintain its prevalence in the Indian subcontinent due to the haggard socio-economic status, lack of awareness and multiple other predisposing factors. Leprosy has been found to suppress the immune system thereby accentuating the chance of secondary infections. Contrary to the long held prevalent notion that the disease is not very contagious but shows long term effects that may lead to permanent limb and nerve disfigurement. The chronic effects of the ailment also include loss of visual acuity along with deformed limbs. Despite the prevalence and emergence of substantial number of new cases of leprosy each year in most of the developed and developing nations, the disease has still not been identified as a major health problem. The major hurdle in tackling the disease is also stemmed from the under reporting of the ailment caused by the excommunication of the afflicted individuals. India accounts for a large chunk of the global burden of leprosy, contributing almost 3/5th of the newly documented cases per annum. Reemergence of leprosy has been evidenced due to development of resistance in the causative bacterial strain. Yet much has not been accomplished in developing therapeutic regimen to curb the rampage of this insidious enemy. The aim of this short communication aims at portraying the true scenario of leprosy and there by attract the attention of policy makers and implementers to take radical actions to eradicate the menace to public health.
Child Mortality among Teenage Mothers in OJU Metropolisiosrjce
This study was designed to identify child mortality among teenage mothers in Oju metropolisin
Benue State, Nigeria, specifically, the study determined (i) the cause of child mortality among teenage mothers,
and (ii) rate of child mortality among teenage mothersand (iii) possible ways of reducing child mortality rate,
and it answered three research questions to guide the study. The population of the study comprised of all
medical personnel in Oju metropolis. The sample was purposively selected from medical personnel in the area
of study (Oju metropolis). The instrument of the study was a four-point scale questioner which was dully
validated prior to utilization. Mean was used for data analysis, the findings include seven causes of child
mortality, seven rates of child mortality and eleven possible ways of reducing child mortality rate, based on the
findings, six recommendations were made, which include among others, parent should be made to be aware of
the crisis associatedwith early motherhood through public enlighten programmessuch as counseling agents,
workshops, seminars and radio jingles.
Dr. Tom Chiller - International Activities in Antimicrobial ResistanceJohn Blue
International Activities in Antimicrobial Resistance - Dr. Tom Chiller, Associate Director for Epidemiologic Science, Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, from the 2014 NIAA Symposium on Antibiotics Use and Resistance: Moving Forward Through Shared Stewardship, November 12-14, 2014, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
More presentations at http://www.swinecast.com/2014-niaa-antibiotics-moving-forward-through-shared-stewardship
MUST KNOW - HEALTH BENEFITS OF MUSHROOM (CANCER,PROSTATE, CEREBRUM DECREASE,SKIN, HAIT..etc)
This is not an article for cure , but a article for a healthy food that can prevent some of disease and a healthier way of eating.
- Silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) were applied daily to wounds on mice to examine effects on healing.
- Levels of TGF-β, C3, RF, and CRP - markers of inflammation - were significantly lower in mice treated with Ag-NPs, indicating Ag-NPs suppressed the innate immune system and reduced inflammation.
- Wounds treated with Ag-NPs showed less scarring after 14 days and healed more quickly than untreated wounds, demonstrating that Ag-NPs accelerate wound healing by decreasing inflammatory responses.
Immunotherapy involves activating or suppressing the immune system to fight diseases like cancer. There are two main types - activation immunotherapies that elicit an immune response and suppression immunotherapies that reduce it. Methods include monoclonal antibodies, cancer vaccines, cytokines, and immunomodulators that control immune response levels. The goal is to stimulate the immune system to attack tumor cells through approaches like naked or conjugated monoclonal antibodies, cancer vaccines, and nonspecific therapies including cytokines and interleukins.
Bovine Mastitis due to Coliform Bacteria, and Susceptibility to Antibiotics, ...Premier Publishers
This study was aimed at determining the prevalence of coliform bacteria in bovine milk in Plateau State of Nigeria and their antibiotic susceptibility patterns. A total of 640 milk samples were collected aseptically and 160 questionnaires from where data such as breed, age, parity, lactation stage, floor type, and husbandry system were analyzed. Cows without clinical mastitis were subjected to California Mastitis Test to determine the presence of subclinical mastitis. Bacteriological assays and antibiotic susceptibility tests were conducted according to standard guidelines. Subclinical mastitis with a prevalence of 63.8% was more prevalent in cows than clinical mastitis. Overall, the Friesian breed had the highest mastitis prevalence of 85.7% compared to White Fulani (which is indigenous in Nigeria). Cows aged within 2-4 years old had the least mastitis prevalence of 55.2%. Coliforms isolated from milk samples included E coli, K. pneumoniae, K. oxytoca, C. freundii, E. aerogenes, E. cloacae, and S. marcescens, with E coli having the highest prevalence of 44.8%. The most resistant antimicrobial agent was Streptomycin with 79% prevalence. The principle of One Health approach which targets the environment, animals and humans should be considered important. Good hygienic measures should be intensified among pastoralists.
Microbial Risk Assessment of Salmonella in Ready-To-Eat fruit and vegetablesFrank Higgins
This document discusses a microbial risk assessment project that aims to identify the risk of Salmonella infections from consuming ready-to-eat fruits and vegetables in Ireland. It identifies Salmonella as a hazard, noting that it is commonly found in animal intestinal tracts and can be transmitted through feces. The document characterizes the hazard by examining host factors like age and immune status that influence pathogenicity. It also reviews Salmonella's ability to infect cells and symptoms like gastroenteritis. The summary provides an overview of the purpose, hazard identification and characterization sections.
Dr. Richard Raymond - Antibiotics and Food Safety: Perceptions vs. RealityJohn Blue
"Antibiotics and Food Safety: Perceptions vs. Reality - Dr. Richard Raymond, Former Undersecretary for Food Safety, U.S. Department of Agriculture, from the 2014 Minnesota Pork Congress, January 14-15, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
More presentations at http://www.swinecast.com/2014-minnesota-pork-congress"
Dr. Brian Lubbers - Animal Agriculture's Contribution to Antibiotic Resistanc...John Blue
Animal Agriculture's Contribution to Antibiotic Resistance - What Should (& Should Not) Be On The Table - Dr. Brian Lubbers, Kansas State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Director of Clinical Microbiology, from the 2014 NIAA Symposium on Antibiotics Use and Resistance: Moving Forward Through Shared Stewardship, November 12-14, 2014, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
More presentations at http://www.swinecast.com/2014-niaa-antibiotics-moving-forward-through-shared-stewardship
A peer reviewed article presented at the 1st International Conference of Egyptian Society of Food Safety, “Food Safety Science, Health and Behavior” Sharm El-Sheikh, Egypt. February 15-18, 2018
WASH Impacts on Maternal and Child Mortality, Malnutrition and Impaired Devel...Tom Mahin
The document discusses the impacts of water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) on maternal and child health outcomes in sub-Saharan Africa. It notes that over 13,000 mothers, newborns, and children die every day in sub-Saharan Africa. A substantial proportion of global malnutrition is due to repeated enteric infections impairing nutrient absorption. Lack of access to clean water and adequate sanitation contributes to persistent diarrhea and enteric infections, perpetuating a cycle of malnutrition. Improving WASH interventions could help reduce mortality and malnutrition among mothers and young children.
Dr. William Flynn - FDA Antibiotics StrategyJohn Blue
FDA Antibiotics Strategy - Dr. William Flynn, Deputy Director for Science Policy, Food and Drug Administration Center for Veterinary Medicine, from the 2014 NIAA Symposium on Antibiotics Use and Resistance: Moving Forward Through Shared Stewardship, November 12-14, 2014, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
More presentations at http://www.swinecast.com/2014-niaa-antibiotics-moving-forward-through-shared-stewardship
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Scienceinventy
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
The epidemiology of tuberculosis in Kenya, a high TB/HIV burden country (2000...Premier Publishers
Interest in the epidemiology of TB was triggered by the re-emergence of tuberculosis in the early 1990’s with the advent of HIV and falling economic status of many people which subjected them to poverty. The dual lethal combination of HIV and poverty triggered an unprecedented TB epidemic. In this study, we focused on the period 2000-2013 and all the notified data in Kenya was included. Data on estimates of TB incidence, prevalence and mortality was extracted from the WHO global Tuberculosis database. Data was analysed to produce trends for each of the years and descriptive statistics were calculated. The results showed that there was an average decline of 5% over the last 8 years with the highest decline being reported in the year 2012/13. TB continues to disproportionately affect the male gender with 58% being male and 42% being female. Kenya has made significant efforts to address the burden of HIV among TB patients with cotrimoxazole preventive therapy (CPT) uptake reaching 98% AND ART at 74% by the end of 2013. Kenya’s TB epidemic has evolved over time and it has been characterised by a period where there was increase in the TB cases reaching a peak in the year 2007 after which there was a decline which began to accelerate in the year 2011. The gains in the decline of TB could be attributed in part to the outcomes of integrating TB and HIV services and these gains should be sustained. What is equally notable is the clear epidemiologic shift in age indicating reduced transmission in the younger age groups.
This document summarizes a study that assessed the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of mothers in Jos North, Nigeria regarding childhood immunization. The study used a questionnaire to survey 232 mothers with children aged 0-1 years old. It found that while most mothers (89.6%) had good overall knowledge of vaccines, less than 60% reported vaccinating their children on schedule and less than 3% had negative attitudes towards immunization. Factors like education level, marital status, religion, and whether the mother was vaccinated as a child influenced mothers' knowledge. Records also showed only 23.4% of children completed their vaccination schedules, revealing poor practice. The study concluded health education and promotion efforts are needed to improve mothers' knowledge
Food samples: African salad, fried yam, fried potato, fried plantain, bole and suya meat retailed in three locations along Choba, Aluu and Alakahia were analyzed for their microbial load. Analysis of the food samples revealed Total viable count ranging from 3.8×107 cfu/g to 5.2×107 cfu/g (African salad), 2.6×107 cfu/g to 3.3×107 cfu/g (Bole), 3.0×107 cfu/g to 3.4×107 cfu/g (Plantain), 3.4×107 cfu/g to 3.6×107 cfu/g (Potato), 2.9×107 cfu/g to 3.3×107 cfu/g (Yam) and 4.8×107 cfu/g to 5.1×107 cfu/g (Suya meat) from the various locations. The organism isolated includes, Staphylococcus aureus (25%), Escherichia coli (25%), Pseudomonas (15%), Streptococcus (15%), Bacillus cereus (12%) and Salmonella spp (8%). The TVC count in these food samples exceeds the standard set by International Commission for Microbiology Specification for Food (ICMSF) for ready-to-eat food which states that TVC count between 0-107 cfu/g is acceptable, 104 to 105 cfu/g is tolerable and >107 cfu/g is unacceptable. Therefore, these foods are not bacteriologically fit for consumption. The occurrence of these bacterial isolates in the foods constitutes public health risk to consumers as these pathogens have been associated with foodborne infections Therefore, government should enforce strong food safety regulations for street foods vendors. In addition, street food vendors need to be educated on food safety and hygienic practices
Environmental Toxins - A Potential Risk Factor for Diabetes v2zq
Environmental Toxins - A Potential Risk Factor for Diabetes - Resources for Healthy Children www.scribd.com/doc/254613619 - For more information, Please see Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children www.scribd.com/doc/254613963 - Gardening with Volcanic Rock Dust www.scribd.com/doc/254613846 - Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech www.scribd.com/doc/254613765 - Free School Gardening Art Posters www.scribd.com/doc/254613694 - Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden www.scribd.com/doc/254609890 - Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success www.scribd.com/doc/254613619 - City Chickens for your Organic School Garden www.scribd.com/doc/254613553 - Huerto Ecológico, Tecnologías Sostenibles, Agricultura Organica www.scribd.com/doc/254613494 - Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide www.scribd.com/doc/254613410 - Free Organic Gardening Publications www.scribd.com/doc/254609890 ~
This document reviews child and infant mortality in Iraq over a ten year period through multiple studies. The first study from 1992 found infant mortality increased nearly 3 times after the Gulf War. Later studies in the mid-1990s and 1999 also found elevated mortality rates and estimated hundreds of thousands of excess deaths among Iraqi children due to factors like war destruction, sanctions limiting access to food and medicines, and collapse of infrastructure like power, water, and healthcare systems. While sanctions may have had an independent effect on mortality, the combination of war, sanctions, and their impacts on society likely contributed to the public health crisis.
A Short Report on Status of Leprosy in India by Rahul Shukla in Advances in Complementary & Alternative Medicine
Hansen’s disease, known as leprosy in colloquial language has been able to maintain its prevalence in the Indian subcontinent due to the haggard socio-economic status, lack of awareness and multiple other predisposing factors. Leprosy has been found to suppress the immune system thereby accentuating the chance of secondary infections. Contrary to the long held prevalent notion that the disease is not very contagious but shows long term effects that may lead to permanent limb and nerve disfigurement. The chronic effects of the ailment also include loss of visual acuity along with deformed limbs. Despite the prevalence and emergence of substantial number of new cases of leprosy each year in most of the developed and developing nations, the disease has still not been identified as a major health problem. The major hurdle in tackling the disease is also stemmed from the under reporting of the ailment caused by the excommunication of the afflicted individuals. India accounts for a large chunk of the global burden of leprosy, contributing almost 3/5th of the newly documented cases per annum. Reemergence of leprosy has been evidenced due to development of resistance in the causative bacterial strain. Yet much has not been accomplished in developing therapeutic regimen to curb the rampage of this insidious enemy. The aim of this short communication aims at portraying the true scenario of leprosy and there by attract the attention of policy makers and implementers to take radical actions to eradicate the menace to public health.
Child Mortality among Teenage Mothers in OJU Metropolisiosrjce
This study was designed to identify child mortality among teenage mothers in Oju metropolisin
Benue State, Nigeria, specifically, the study determined (i) the cause of child mortality among teenage mothers,
and (ii) rate of child mortality among teenage mothersand (iii) possible ways of reducing child mortality rate,
and it answered three research questions to guide the study. The population of the study comprised of all
medical personnel in Oju metropolis. The sample was purposively selected from medical personnel in the area
of study (Oju metropolis). The instrument of the study was a four-point scale questioner which was dully
validated prior to utilization. Mean was used for data analysis, the findings include seven causes of child
mortality, seven rates of child mortality and eleven possible ways of reducing child mortality rate, based on the
findings, six recommendations were made, which include among others, parent should be made to be aware of
the crisis associatedwith early motherhood through public enlighten programmessuch as counseling agents,
workshops, seminars and radio jingles.
Dr. Tom Chiller - International Activities in Antimicrobial ResistanceJohn Blue
International Activities in Antimicrobial Resistance - Dr. Tom Chiller, Associate Director for Epidemiologic Science, Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, from the 2014 NIAA Symposium on Antibiotics Use and Resistance: Moving Forward Through Shared Stewardship, November 12-14, 2014, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
More presentations at http://www.swinecast.com/2014-niaa-antibiotics-moving-forward-through-shared-stewardship
MUST KNOW - HEALTH BENEFITS OF MUSHROOM (CANCER,PROSTATE, CEREBRUM DECREASE,SKIN, HAIT..etc)
This is not an article for cure , but a article for a healthy food that can prevent some of disease and a healthier way of eating.
- Silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) were applied daily to wounds on mice to examine effects on healing.
- Levels of TGF-β, C3, RF, and CRP - markers of inflammation - were significantly lower in mice treated with Ag-NPs, indicating Ag-NPs suppressed the innate immune system and reduced inflammation.
- Wounds treated with Ag-NPs showed less scarring after 14 days and healed more quickly than untreated wounds, demonstrating that Ag-NPs accelerate wound healing by decreasing inflammatory responses.
Immunotherapy involves activating or suppressing the immune system to fight diseases like cancer. There are two main types - activation immunotherapies that elicit an immune response and suppression immunotherapies that reduce it. Methods include monoclonal antibodies, cancer vaccines, cytokines, and immunomodulators that control immune response levels. The goal is to stimulate the immune system to attack tumor cells through approaches like naked or conjugated monoclonal antibodies, cancer vaccines, and nonspecific therapies including cytokines and interleukins.
This document discusses immunosuppressant drugs. It begins by defining immunosuppression and immunosuppressants. The primary use of immunosuppressants is to prevent rejection after organ transplantation by lowering the body's immune response. The document then categorizes immunosuppressants and discusses their mechanisms of action. The main categories are selective inhibitors of cytokine production/function, immunosuppressive antimetabolites, antibodies, and corticosteroids. Examples like cyclosporine, tacrolimus, sirolimus, azathioprine, and prednisone are explained in terms of how they suppress immune responses.
Immunosuppressive drugs used to treat transplant rejection include calcineurin inhibitors like cyclosporine and tacrolimus, mTOR inhibitors like sirolimus and everolimus, anti-proliferatives like azathioprine and mycophenolic acid, corticosteroids like prednisolone and hydrocortisone, and antibodies like the monoclonal anti-IL-2Rα receptor antibodies basiliximab and daclizumab or polyclonal anti-T-cell antibodies like anti-thymocyte globulin. The IL-2 receptor antagonist daclizumab is approved for use in renal, cardiac transplant, and multiple sclerosis.
Immunotherapy is a type of cancer treatment that uses components of the immune system to fight cancer. There are several types of immunotherapy including passive immunotherapy using monoclonal antibodies that target tumor antigens, active immunotherapies using cytokines, cancer vaccines, and cell-based therapies. Monoclonal antibodies can directly kill cancer cells, block proteins that help cancer grow, or be linked to chemotherapy drugs. Cancer vaccines work by boosting the immune system against tumor antigens. Adoptive immunotherapy transfers modified immune cells to the body to attack cancer. Immunotherapy has shown success in treating various cancer types and continues to be improved and developed further.
The immune system provides defense against pathogens. It includes cells that carry out immune functions and circulate in the body. The immune system distinguishes self from non-self and protects against microbes, viruses, bacteria, fungi and parasites. It also destroys cancer cells. Both nonspecific innate immunity and specific acquired immunity work together to provide protection. Nonspecific defenses include physical barriers, phagocytic cells, inflammation, complement proteins, and interferons that provide a first line of defense against pathogens.
Determinants of Full Dose of Oral Cholera Vaccine Uptake in Tiko and Limbe He...ijtsrd
Cholera is an acute, profuse watery diarrhea “rice water stools” resulting from the consumption of food or water contaminated by toxigenic strains of the bacterium Vibrio cholerae. Due to frequent outbreaks of cholera in Cameroon, the government of Cameroon introduced the oral cholera vaccine OCV in 2015. The objective of this study was to assess the determinants of the full dose of OCV uptake in Tiko and Limbe Health Districts HDs . A cross sectional household based survey study was conducted in which a multistage sampling technique and simple random sampling SRS were used to select Health Areas Has , quarters and households respectively. In every household selected, data were collected on socio demographic characteristics and information about OCV, from a randomly selected household member of age 21 years and above. Data on socio demographic characteristics and information about OCV were collected using a modified standardized questionnaire. Oral cholera vaccine uptake was compared among different socio demographic characteristics using Chi squared test with significance level set at P 0.05. Overall, coverage rate of OCV was low, 48.6 180 370 , and it was based on those who were aware of OCV 85.1 435 370 and had their vaccination cards. The main source of information was health worker 62.2 . Some of the determinants of non acceptance of the first and second doses of OCV were respondents thought OCV was Covid 19 vaccine absent when the vaccination team visited the house no faith in the vaccine vaccination team did not visit households and no faith in Cameroon’s health system and government. The main determinants for OCV acceptance were the fact that participants considered cholera to be a serious disease, and their willingness to prevent it. The adverse events for the first and second doses were palpable, 18 and 11 respectively. Conclusively, determinants that contributed to the low uptake of OCV were identified and the most peculiar one was the fact that community members perceived the cholera vaccine to be a cover up for the coronavirus vaccine. Lepasia Arnold Fonge | Akoachere Jane-Francis | Esemu Seraphine "Determinants of Full Dose of Oral Cholera Vaccine Uptake in Tiko and Limbe Health Districts" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-7 | Issue-5 , October 2023, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd60062.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/immunobiology/60062/determinants-of-full-dose-of-oral-cholera-vaccine-uptake-in-tiko-and-limbe-health-districts/lepasia-arnold-fonge
FANRPAN Policy Brief: Stemming Aflatoxin in the Groundnut Chain in Sub-Sahara...Francois Stepman
This policy brief has been specifically
prepared to highlight the importance of aflatoxins on human health and trade in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). It
contextualizes, (i) the preharvest and post-harvest factors that influence the proliferation of molds and aflatoxin
contamination in groundnuts in the SSA region, (ii) discusses feasible prevention and management strategies and
(iii) presents recommendations .
This document summarizes a study that examined the prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli in sun-cured meat (jerky/kilishi) from retail outlets in Sokoto, Nigeria. A total of 81 meat samples were collected from 10 areas and tested for the presence of S. aureus and E. coli using bacterial culture and biochemical tests. S. aureus was found in 68 samples at a prevalence of 83.9%, while E. coli was not found in any samples (0% prevalence). The contamination rate of S. aureus was highest (100% prevalence) in samples from 4 areas, while other areas had rates of 25%, 60%, and 80%. Due to the high occurrence
Comparative Studies of Knowledge and Perception of Parents on Home Management...inventionjournals
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Systematic literature review of mycotoxins with a One Health perspectiveILRI
Poster by AJ Sirma, J Lindahl, TN Kiama, DM Senerwa, EM Waithanji, EK Kang'ethe and D Grace presented at the First African Regional Conference of the International Association on Ecology and Health (Africa 2013 Ecohealth), Grand-Bassam, Côte d'Ivoire, 1-5 October 2013.
This document discusses food safety as a global issue. Key points include:
- Unsafe food affects over 600 million people annually, resulting in 420,000 deaths including 125,000 children under 5. Foodborne diseases strain healthcare systems and economies.
- Food safety is challenged by new pathogens, chemical and antibiotic hazards in food, and the globalization of food trade. Monitoring and coordination between countries is important to prevent widespread outbreaks.
- International organizations like WHO, CDC, FAO work to strengthen food safety systems, surveillance, outbreak response and policies to improve food safety globally.
Prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli in Sun-cured Meat (J...BRNSSPublicationHubI
This document reports on a study that examined 81 samples of sun-cured meat called kilishi from 10 retail outlets in Sokoto, Nigeria to detect the presence of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Using bacterial culture and biochemical tests, S. aureus was found in 68 samples at a prevalence of 83.9%, while E. coli was not detected in any samples. The contamination rate of S. aureus was highest in 4 areas which all had 100% prevalence. Due to the high occurrence of enterotoxin-producing S. aureus isolated from the kilishi samples, the meat may serve as a source of staphylococcal infection for consumers. Standard hygienic practices throughout food production
- The study assessed the prevalence of vitamin-A deficiency and its determinants among 681 preschool children in Dembia District, Ethiopia.
- The overall prevalence of xerophthalmia (a clinical sign of vitamin-A deficiency) was found to be 8.6%.
- Factors significantly associated with vitamin-A deficiency included non-attendance at antenatal care clinics, being male, and being between 49-59 months of age.
[[INOSR ES 11(2)134-147 Evaluation of the Infant Mortality rate at Ishaka Adv...PUBLISHERJOURNAL
Evaluation of the Infant Mortality rate at Ishaka Adventist Hospital Bushenyi District
Mugaaga Paul
Department of Clinical Medicine Kampala International University, Uganda.
________________________________________ABSTRACT
Infant mortality is defined as the death of an infant before his or her first birthday, mainly caused by dehydration, diseases, congenital malformations and infections. The main objective of this study was to establish the determinants of infant mortality in Ishaka Adventist Hospital (IAH) in the months of April- July 2017, in Ishaka municipality in Bushenyi district. A descriptive cross sectional study design was used to determine the determinants of infant mortality in the study area. Majority of respondent (98%) were female and among them, 25.5% reported to have lost at least an infant and most of these respondents (70%) were married while 5% were widowed and among these, 40% reported to have lost an infant. Religiously, majority of the respondents (80%) were Christians, while 13% were Muslim and 7% constituted other religions including paganism, which showed the greatest infant mortality rate (71.4%). Most of the respondents (65%) attained primary level of education while 5% did not go to school at all, and the highest infant mortality rate (40%) was reported among these. The respondents who reported to have had preterm births appeared to have a higher infant mortality rate (65%) than those who did not report preterm births. A higher infant mortality rate (32.2%) was realized among respondents who reported their infants to have had such co-morbidities than those who didn’t report any co-morbidities like malaria and also a higher infant mortality rate (50%) was realized among infants who had not exclusively breastfed. Majority of respondents (80%) did not have children with birth defects while only 20% had children with birth defect, and a higher infant mortality rate of 70% was realized among these. Demographically, infant mortality rate is high among teenagers, the unemployed, the widowed, the pagans, and the uneducated. Direct determinants of infant mortality rate included preterm birth, birth defects, comorbidities and failure to breastfeed exclusively. Proximate determinants associated with infant mortality rate included teenage pregnancies, source of water, means of delivery and irregular immunization. Exclusive breast feeding for 6 months, mass immunization campaign up to grass root, intensive health education on health seeking behaviors and highlighting on dangers associated with risky behaviors and high quality monitoring and evaluation for quick action particularly for emergencies. There is also need for intersectional collaboration and initiation of income generating activities to boost their standards of living.
Keywords: Infant mortality, Breastfeeding, Morbidity, Determinants, Respondents.
Pattern of arsenic exposure to children new born to toddler stagesAlexander Decker
This document summarizes research on arsenic exposure in children, particularly through breastfeeding. It finds:
1) Arsenic levels in breast milk are typically low even for mothers living in highly contaminated areas, with most samples containing less than 10 parts per billion of arsenic.
2) Breastfeeding is still considered the best option for infants in arsenic-contaminated areas according to WHO guidelines, as arsenic exposure through breast milk is much lower than other sources like contaminated drinking water or formula.
3) A few studies found slightly higher arsenic levels in breast milk from areas with geological arsenic contamination, such as certain regions in Bangladesh, India, and Germany, but levels were still within safety limits.
Influence of Micronutrient Deficiency on the Prevalence of Respiratory Diseas...iosrjce
The study entitled “Influence of micronutrient deficiency on the prevalence of respiratory diseases
among children 6-12 years” was conducted to assess the nutritional status of the children. Majority of the socio
economic variables such as age, area of residence, family income are found to have an impact on the nutritional
status of the children with respiratory diseases.
Method: In this study anthropometric, bio-chemical, clinical and nutritional assessment was done for 100
children with respiratory diseases from thiruvananthapuram district of Kerala. The data regarding the socio
economic status, nutritional status and health status were collected using suitably structured schedule. The
nutrient intake was assessed by 24 hour recall method. The hemoglobin levels and calcium levels of the
subsamples were analyzed biochemically. The results were statistically analyzed.
Result: Nutritional anthropometry of the children with respiratory diseases indicates that 77% of the children
were underweight. The biochemical analysis of blood samples indicates that 75% were having iron deficiency
anemia. Mean nutrient intake of both male and female children with respiratory diseases indicates that both of
them are deficient in all nutrient s consumption with respect to RDA.The statistical analysis by t-test reveals that
for males fat consumption and riboflavin consumption were significant at 0.01 levels. For the females it was
found that t-test analysis shows protein, fat, iron, vitamin C and riboflavin consumption were significant at 0.01
levels.
This study examined malnutrition among school-aged children in rural and urban areas of two districts in Ethiopia. The researchers collected anthropometric and dietary intake data from 886 children and analyzed differences in stunting and thinness between settings. The prevalence of stunting was higher in rural (42.7%) versus urban (29.2%) areas. In rural areas, factors associated with stunting included recent fever, consumption of animal foods, and family cattle ownership. In urban areas, only older age and the head of household's education were associated with stunting. Thinness was linked to household size and rice farming in rural communities and animal food intake and head of household literacy in urban communities. The study found varying factors impacting malnutrition
This document summarizes degrees being conferred by Makerere University. It describes three Doctor of Philosophy degrees in public health: one investigating diagnostic methods for malaria in Uganda, finding that rapid tests are more accurate and cost-effective than microscopy; another examining the relationship between religiosity and HIV rates, finding higher religiosity associated with lower HIV; and a third studying newborn care practices and delays in care in Uganda. It also summarizes two Doctor of Philosophy degrees in veterinary medicine, one on the economic costs of foot and mouth disease in cattle and the other on diagnosing paratuberculosis in cattle. Finally, it summarizes two Doctor of Philosophy degrees in ecosystems, both focusing on using hydrogel amendments to improve tree seed
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
A retrospective study on the mortality rate of human immunodeficiency virus (...Alexander Decker
This retrospective study analyzed data from 3,470 HIV-positive individuals in Nasarawa State, Nigeria between 2007-2011 to investigate mortality rates from tuberculosis (TB) co-infection. The study found that 24.2% of individuals had HIV/TB co-infection, with the highest prevalence in 20-29 year olds and females. Females consistently had higher mortality rates than males from HIV/TB co-infection. While access to anti-tuberculosis treatment increased from 2009-2011, access to antiretroviral treatment declined over the study period. The results suggest that women are disproportionately impacted by HIV/TB co-infection due to socioeconomic factors and that increased intervention programs are needed.
Determination of Opinions and Level of knowledge of Culinary Program Students...Skyfox Publishing Group
This study is conducted to investigate knowledge, attitudes and behavior of university culinary program students about
genetically modified organisms (GMOS). The study is carried out among 214 university students aged (99 female, 115 male).
Demographic characteristics of students, their knowledge, attitude and behavior of Genetically Modified Organisms (GMO) are taken
into consideration in the data collection process. 10 open-ended questions and an attitude scale questionnaire which consists of 30
questions was applied. The data obtained with the SPSS 20.0 program by using frequency (F), percent (%), t-test and one way analysis
of variance (ANOVA). For the question “Have you ever heard of the term GMO?” 32 students (15%) stated that they never heard of
the term. Students from the culinary program, replied the question “In your opinion, is GMO beneficial or harmful? ‘’ 95, 8% replied as
harmful. According to replies of culinary program 1. and 2. year students there was no significant difference between their answers to the
question (p> 0.05). For the question ’’ If it is harmful, why?’’ students stated that GMO causes cancer. The average of female students
answer is 3, 40, while the average of male students is 3,42. T test conducted to these averages gives the result of p=0.389 (p> 0.05). The
averages of their responses to the items and the number of male and female students have been very close to each other. But there is
statistical difference to the reply of 28. Question which is p=0.02 (p<0.05). The analysis demonstrates that students have enough basic
knowledge about genetically modified organisms, but it was observed that they experience conceptual confusion. Most of the students
believe that GMO technology is harmful, and there are some conceptual mistakes. It was concluded that the concept of the course will
increase knowledge and awareness about GMOs in the curriculum topics that will help to eliminate confusion.
Similar to Chronic dietary aflatoxins exposure in kenya and emerging public health concerns of impaired growth and immune suppression in ch (20)
This quiz covers corporate and county governance. It asks students to define corporate governance and devolution, identify two tenets of good corporate governance, and explain one principle of corporate governance.
Collective bargaining is a process of negotiation between employers and employee representatives aimed at agreeing terms of employment. It involves representatives from unions and management negotiating and agreeing on a collective bargaining agreement (CBA) that specifies terms like wages, benefits, and procedures for resolving disputes. Effective collective bargaining requires both parties to prepare, understand each other's interests, and make concessions to reach a mutually satisfactory agreement.
This document summarizes a study on the motivational drivers for non-skilled Kenyan community health volunteers. The study found that the largest proportion of volunteers provide services in maternal and child health and HIV/AIDS and malaria. The main motivations for volunteers include fulfilling religious values, serving humanity, and access to training and support. Most volunteers are female and over 30 years old, with the largest group providing maternal and child health services. Their motivations help address healthcare worker shortages in Kenya.
Relationship between use of ict and small enterprise performancefredrickaila
1) The document discusses a study that assessed the relationship between adoption of information communication technologies (ICT) and the performance of small enterprises in Kisumu City, Kenya.
2) The study found that over 50% of small enterprises had adopted ICT, though adoption was relatively slow. There was a statistically significant association between levels of ICT adoption and business performance.
3) The study confirms that higher levels of ICT adoption are highly associated with better business performance and are an essential ingredient for small business success. The government of Kenya needs policies to improve small business access to, security of, and use of ICT.
Multinational channel strategy and customer value in an emerging economyfredrickaila
This document summarizes a study that examined how the distribution strategy of a multinational beverage company (Coca-Cola) impacted customer value in Western Kenya. The study surveyed Coca-Cola distributors to understand their perceptions. It found that most distributors were located near major urban areas like Kisumu and Kericho for proximity to the plant and high consumption. The study also assessed the relationship between order cycle time, stock availability, and sales. It concluded that reducing order cycle times to one day for stock replenishment could increase customer value.
Influence of promotional strategies on banks performancefredrickaila
This document discusses a study examining the influence of promotional strategies on bank performance in Kenya. The study focused on the National Bank of Kenya and used questionnaires to collect data from bank branch managers. Correlation and regression analyses found a positive relationship between promotional spending and bank performance, though individual promotional mix elements had little effect. The document provides background on bank promotion and performance in Kenya, a literature review of relevant research, and defines the various elements of promotional strategies like advertising, sales promotions, and public relations. It also discusses intervening variables that can influence the relationship between promotion and performance.
Impact of channel strategy on customer value of kenyan soft drink companies 1...fredrickaila
This document summarizes a study that examined the impact of channel strategy on customer value for Kenyan soft drink companies. The study assessed the relationship between order cycle time, stock availability, and sales. It found a high positive correlation between stock availability and sales, indicating that increased stock availability leads to higher sales. A regression analysis showed that 53% of the variance in sales was explained by stock availability levels. This implies that management needs to ensure sufficient stock availability to meet customer needs and achieve desired customer value. The study concluded that managing stock levels is critical for optimizing customer value in distribution channels, and companies must work to prevent stock outs.
Effect of the youth enterprise development fund on youth enterprises in kenyafredrickaila
This document summarizes a study on the effect of the Youth Enterprise Development Fund (YEDF) on youth enterprises in Kenya. Some key findings from the study include:
1) The study found that the YEDF has not had a significant effect on youth enterprises based on a regression analysis of the relationship between applicants and beneficiaries.
2) Few youth received loans, with only 15% of respondents having applied and feeling the loan was sufficient for their business needs.
3) The average loan amounts disbursed ranged from 20,000 to 52,000 Kenyan shillings in the different constituencies, but this explained little variation in the number of beneficiaries.
4) Repayment of loans was
Effect of micro finance on performance of women owned enterprisesfredrickaila
The document discusses a study on the effect of microfinance on the performance of women-owned enterprises in Kisumu City, Kenya. The study surveyed 341 women business owners who received microloans. The results showed that microfinancing had a positive effect on the productivity, profitability, and growth of the women-owned enterprises. Specifically, access to credit and training services through microfinance was found to increase business performance. However, the study also noted that the size of loans provided needed to be larger to have a more meaningful impact. Overall, the findings indicated that microfinancing can improve the success of women entrepreneurs when adequate financial and support services are provided.
Effect of business expansion on business opportunities in kisumufredrickaila
This study analyzed the effect of airport expansion on business opportunities in Kisumu, Kenya. The airport expansion started in 2008 and involved expanding the runway and upgrading terminal facilities. The study found that the expansion led to increased tourist visits, increased sales for wholesale and retail businesses, and more financial institutions in the region. However, the airport has not been fully utilized to create maximum business opportunities. While many businesses anticipated growth from more airport passengers, most were established before 2007 rather than because of the expansion. The expansion promoted some tourism, retail, and financial sector growth but did not significantly motivate the fishing industry due to lack of cargo facilities. In summary, the airport upgrade created some new opportunities but has not been fully leveraged to maximize economic
Application of management policies in the processing of member claims in the ...fredrickaila
This document summarizes a study that examined the application of management policies in processing member claims at the National Social Security Fund (NSSF) branch in Nakuru, Kenya. The study collected data through questionnaires administered to 40 NSSF employees and 30 retirees. It found that employees were generally familiar with NSSF's management policies. Through factor analysis, it identified several key policies applied, including customer service, change management, human resource development, and information technology. The document recommends strengthening policies that were applied to a lesser extent, such as information technology, human resource development and change management.
A conceptual framework for customer value within a distribution systemfredrickaila
This document provides a conceptual framework for understanding customer value within a distribution system. It proposes that customer value in a distribution system can be conceptualized as the interactions among several key factors: customer service, order cycle time, inventory levels, warehouse locations, transportation methods, and customer complaints. The framework suggests linear relationships between these factors and hypothesizes that higher levels of customer service, shorter order cycle times, and fewer complaints will lead to higher perceived customer value. The conceptual model is intended to help managers design distribution strategies focused on maximizing customer value.
Influence of risk taking propensity among kenyan community health workersfredrickaila
This document discusses a study that examined how risk-taking propensity and entrepreneurial behavior among Kenyan community health workers influences various health indicators. The study found that community health workers with high risk-taking propensity, as an entrepreneurial trait, achieved better results for health indicators like facility delivery and water treatment compared to those with low entrepreneurial traits. Developing entrepreneurial skills in community health workers could help motivate them given challenges remunerating them through government budgets. The document provides background on community health workers, their important role in improving health access and coverage, and the potential for entrepreneurial activities and small businesses to stimulate rural development and thereby indirectly influence health status.
The future of organizations musings of a managerfredrickaila
This document discusses four views of the future of organizations: 1) the future is an extension of the past, 2) the future is new, 3) the future is now, and 4) the future is somewhat "past". It also examines the role of leadership in envisioning and shaping organizational futures. Developments in science and technology as well as ideological rigidity will continue influencing organizations. Leadership skills are needed to guide organizations by propelling them towards envisioned futures. The future cannot be precisely predicted but can be influenced through imagination and effort.
Local Advanced Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex Sys...Oleg Kshivets
Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
TEST BANK For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by...Donc Test
TEST BANK For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by Stamler, Verified Chapters 1 - 33, Complete Newest Version Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by Stamler, Verified Chapters 1 - 33, Complete Newest Version Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by Stamler Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition TEST BANK by Stamler Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Pdf Chapters Download Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Pdf Download Stuvia Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Study Guide Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Ebook Download Stuvia Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Questions and Answers Quizlet Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Studocu Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Quizlet Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Stuvia Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Pdf Chapters Download Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Pdf Download Course Hero Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Answers Quizlet Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Ebook Download Course hero Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Questions and Answers Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Studocu Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Quizlet Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Stuvia Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Pdf Chapters Download Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Pdf Download Stuvia Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Study Guide Questions and Answers Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Ebook Download Stuvia Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Questions Quizlet Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Studocu Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Quizlet Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Stuvia
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/kqbnxVAZs-0
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/SINlygW1Mpc
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
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These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
TEST BANK For Community and Public Health Nursing: Evidence for Practice, 3rd...Donc Test
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share - Lions, tigers, AI and health misinformation, oh my!.pptxTina Purnat
• Pitfalls and pivots needed to use AI effectively in public health
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One health condition that is becoming more common day by day is diabetes.
According to research conducted by the National Family Health Survey of India, diabetic cases show a projection which might increase to 10.4% by 2030.
2. E. OWAGA et al. / Int. J. Biol. Chem. Sci. 5(3): 1325-1336, 2011
1326
over the past years especially at the provincial
level where the rates display considerable
differentials (Kabubo-Mariara et al., 2006).
The mortality rates have remained intolerably
high in some regions such as Nyanza Province
having 133 (infant) and 206 (child) deaths per
1,000 live births (CBS, 2004). The KDHS
2003 survey indicates that about 29% of child
deaths occurring in the first five years of life
take place within one month after birth
(neonatal mortality), while 66% occur within
the first one year and the remaining 34% in
the remaining 1 - 4 years. The challenge
therefore remains to understand and work on
the causes of infant and child mortality
especially within the first month after birth, if
any progress is to be achieved in reducing
child mortality. Amongst the leading causes of
infant and child deaths in Kenya include
malnutrition, respiratory infections especially
pneumonia, diarrhea, malaria, measles, and
Human Immunodeficiency virus (HIV/AIDS)
(Ikamari, 2004; MPND, 2005).
Although dietary mycotoxins are not
specifically mentioned, they may play a
modulating role in a certain number of these
factors. Fetal and early childhood
environment is important for growth and
disease risk in later life because it is the most
critical time for the immune system
development (Hendrickse, 1991). This implies
that the causal associations between
mycotoxin exposure and impaired growth; and
immune suppression have significant effects
on other aspects of child health, such as
susceptibility to infectious diseases
(Hendrickse et al., 1997; Terry and Susser,
2001). From this perspective, chronic dietary
mycotoxin exposure amongst infants and
children is a major concern in Kenya,
particularly as a hindrance towards the
attainment of the MDGs 4 and 6 on reduction
of child mortality and combating of
HIV/AIDs, malaria and other diseases
(Williams et al., 2004). Therefore, there is
urgent need to implement management
strategies to reduce dietary mycotoxins
exposure to levels below the regulatory limits.
Dietary mycotoxins exposure in Kenya
Mycotoxins are toxic secondary
metabolites produced by fungi and
contaminate various agricultural commodities
either before harvest or under post-harvest
conditions (Bhat et al., 2010). The most
important mycotoxins of public health
concern are aflatoxins, ochratoxins,
deoxynivalenol (DON), zearalenone,
fumonisin and trichothecenes. The main
genera of fungi that produce mycotoxins in
foods are Aspergillus spp, Penicillium spp and
Fusarium spp. The toxins that are of greatest
significance in tropical developing countries
including Kenya are fumonisins and aflatoxins
(Bankole et al., 2006; Wild, 2007).
The presence of mycotoxins in food is
often overlooked in Kenya, mainly due to the
public ignorance about their existence and
lack of effective regulatory mechanisms.
Repetitive incidents of acute mycotoxicosis
have re-occurred during periods 1981, 2001,
2004 and 2005 (CDC, 2004; Lewis et al.,
2005). In 2004, 317 case-patients and 125
deaths were recorded in the eastern and
central districts and were associated with
aflatoxin poisoning, which arose from maize
stored under damp conditions (Lewis et al.,
2005). A similar outbreak occurred in the
eastern districts of Kenya in 2005 resulting to
75 case-patients and 32 deaths. Survey of the
affected region showed maize samples were
contaminated with aflatoxin levels above 20
µgkg-1
legal limit (Azziz-Baumgartner et al.,
2005; Muture and Ogana, 2005; Probst et al.,
2007; Muthama et al., 2009). Smaller
outbreaks have also been reported, resulting in
20, 12 and 9 deaths in 1981, 2001 and 2006,
respectively (DN, 2001). Nevertheless, due to
the remoteness of villages in the affected
districts in Kenya and the large geographic
area involved, the data on outbreak case
findings have largely been limited to records
from medical facilities. It is possible that
some chronically affected persons might not
have been able to reach health-care facilities
for diagnosis and treatment; hence the true
3. E. OWAGA et al. / Int. J. Biol. Chem. Sci. 5(3): 1325-1336, 2011
1327
magnitude of the outbreaks is likely to be
considerably greater than reported.
Aflatoxins contamination of staple
foods is prevalent within Kenya due to the
prevailing hot and humid, tropical, or drought-
like conditions that are ideal for the fungal
growth and mycotoxin proliferation (Kabak et
al., 2006). Aflatoxins are capable of
accumulating in wide range of food
commodities namely cereals, legumes, meat,
dried fish, egg and milk products (Muriuki
and Siboe , 1995; Egal et al., 2005; Bankole et
al., 2006; Wagacha and Muthomi, 2008;
Muthama et al., 2009). Most weaning foods in
Kenya are derived from maize, groundnuts,
sorghum, millet, dried fish, beans, cassava,
rice and green grams. The Aspergillus spp
and Fusarium spp, have been identified as the
predominant fungi in weaning food gruel
mixtures leading to contamination to as high
as 82 µgkg-1
of aflatoxins (Okoth and Ohingo,
2004). Children of weaning age are, therefore,
most susceptible to the mycotoxic risks
because their diets are less varied, alternating
between breast milk and weaning gruel.
Emerging public health concerns of dietary
aflatoxins exposure
Impaired growth of children
Aflatoxins (types B1, B2, G1, and G2)
are of particular public health importance
because of their carcinogenic actions on
human health (IARC, 1993). Ingestion of
higher doses of aflatoxin can result in acute
aflatoxicosis, which manifests as liver cancer
and jaundice (Fung and Clark, 2004;
Shephard, 2008; Lamplugh and Hendrickse,
1982). Chronic mycotoxic exposure, the
consumption of smaller dosages overtime, is
regarded as a ‘silent killer’ poison because the
toxic chemicals are not detected by human
antigens, hence produce no obvious symptoms
as would happen with acute dosage. It has,
therefore, not drawn much attention in Kenya
in terms of public health priorities. Recently
published reports indicate emerging evidence
that both growth impairment and immune
function are directly affected by cumulative
chronic mycotoxin exposure in developing
countries. According to studies conducted in
Benin and Togo by Gong et al. (2002),
aflatoxin exposure increases at weaning stage
and can lead directly to growth impairment
and stunting of growth in infants. The AF-alb
level increased with age up to 3 years, and
within the 1–3 year age group was
significantly related to weaning status;
weaned children had approximately two fold
higher mean AF-alb adduct levels (38 pgmg-1
)
than those receiving a mixture of breast milk
and solid foods. It was also observed that
stunted children had 30–40% higher mean
AF-alb levels than other children in the study.
The authors also observed strong dose–
response relationships between AF-alb levels
and the extent of stunting and being
underweight.
Other authors have also reported on
kwashiorkor (usually attributed to protein
energy malnutrition) and chronic aflatoxin
exposure (Hendrickse et al., 1982; 1984;
1991; Coulter et al., 1986; Katere et al., 2008).
A study conducted in Kisumu district, Kenya,
by Okoth and Ohingo (2004), observed that
31% of the young children were malnourished
and the correlation between the number of
children who were wasting and were being fed
on flour contaminated with mycotoxins was
highly significant. Clinical studies performed
in Embu and Kakamega districts, Kenya, have
also reported on the association between
aflatoxin exposure and incidence of
kwashiorkor (De Vries et al., 1990). Studies
conducted in Sudan have indicated detection
of aflatoxins in liver biopsies obtained from
kwashiorkor children but none in biopsies
from marasmus children (Hendrickse et al.,
1983; Coulter et al., 1986). The correlation
between occurrence liver cancer and
kwashiorkor with aflatoxin exposure has also
been reported in Ghana by Apeagyei et al.,
(1986). According to Adhikari et al. (1994),
children with kwashiorkor who had tested
positive for aflatoxin in blood and urine had
statistically significant longer hospital stay
and suffered more infections.
4. E. OWAGA et al. / Int. J. Biol. Chem. Sci. 5(3): 1325-1336, 2011
1328
Immune suppression effect of aflatoxins
exposure
The immunosuppressive properties of
AFB1, particularly on cell mediated immunity,
have been demonstrated in various animal
models (Bondy and Pestka, 2000). Studies on
the immunotoxic effect of aflatoxin using
animal models have shown that exposure to
aflatoxin impaired macrophage and neutrophil
effector functions in developing animals
(Silvotti et al., 1997), suppressed natural killer
(NK) cell-mediated cytolysis (Reddy and
Sharma, 1989), decreased T or B lymphocyte
activity (Reddy et al., 1987), modified
synthesis of inflammatory cytokines (Moon et
al., 1999), decreased immunity to vaccination
(Gabal and Azam, 1998; Meissonier et al.,
2008), and decreased resistance to infectious
diseases (Joens et al., 1981).
There are limited studies on the
immune effects of aflatoxin in humans
exposed to low levels of aflatoxin in
contaminated foods. In Gambia, Turner et al.
(2003) studied modification of immune
function through exposure to dietary aflatoxin
in children and reported detection of aflatoxin
albumin (AF-alb) adducts in 93% of the
children (range 5 – 456 pgmg-1
).
Immunoglobulin A (sIgA) was markedly
lower in children with detectable AF-alb
compared with those with non-detectable AF-
alb adduct levels. The sIgA provides an
important component of the mucosal barrier in
saliva, breast milk, tears, and mucus of the
bronchial, genitourinary, and digestive tracts
by binding to bacterial and viral surface
antigens. In a separate study in Ghana (Jiang
et al., 2005), the authors investigated the
relationship between the cellular immune
status and the levels of aflatoxin AF-alb
adducts in plasma and reported AF-alb
adducts levels ranged from 0.3325 to 2.2703
pmol mg-1
albumin. In the same study, the
differential subset distributions and functional
alterations of specific lymphocyte subsets
between study participants with high and low
levels of AF-alb adducts, showed decrease in
activated T cells and B cells and significantly
lower levels of perforin- and granzyme A-
expressing CD8+ cytotoxic T cells in those
with high AF-alb adducts compared with
those with low AF-alb adducts.
A study on aflatoxin-related immune
dysfunction in health and in Human
Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) disease in
Ghana (Jiang et al., 2008), observed that HIV-
infected people are chronically exposed to
aflatoxin in their diets. The following
observations were also reported after cross-
sectional comparisons between HIV positive
and aged-matched HIV negative Ghanaians
with high (≥ 0.91 pmol mg-1
albumin) and low
(< 0.91 pmol mg-1
albumin) AF-alb levels.
First, among both HIV positive and negative
participants, high AF-alb was associated with
lower perforin expression on CD8+ T-cells.
These results may indicate that CD8+ T-cells
synthesizing perforin are impaired in
individuals with high AF-alb. Secondly, HIV
positive participants with high AF-alb had
significantly lower percentages of CD4+ T
regulatory cells (Tregs) and naive CD4+ T
cells compared to HIV positive participants
with low AF-alb. The loss of Tregs in HIV
positive participants with high AF-alb may
facilitate HIV associated immune
hyperactivation and lead to more severe
disease. Third, HIV positive participants with
high AF-alb had a significantly reduced
percentage of B-cells compared to those with
low AF-alb. These alterations in
immunological parameters in participants with
high AFB1 levels could result in impairments
in cellular immunity that could decrease host
resistance to infections. The underlying
physiological mechanisms on the association
between aflatoxin exposure, growth stunting
and immune suppression, remain unclear and
hence are important to investigate. According
to Luster et al. (1987), the immunotoxicity
effect is thought to result from various
mechanisms such as decreased protein and, or
DNA synthesis, changes or loss in enzymatic
activity and changes in metabolism or cell
cycles, which may result in apoptosis or
necrosis
5. E. OWAGA et al. / Int. J. Biol. Chem. Sci. 5(3): 1325-1336, 2011
1329
Determinants of chronic mycotoxin
exposure in Kenya
Socioeconomic factors
High incidences of poverty levels
coupled with limited education, especially
amongst mothers, are some of the factors that
contribute to dietary mycotoxin exposure and
precipitation of malnutrition (Mustafa and
Odimegwu, 2008). Due to the recurrent
widespread drought, most households in rural
Kenya face an acute food shortage and are
vulnerable to food insecurity. It is, therefore,
difficult to prioritize the issue of mycotoxin
control in those communities in which food
sufficiency has not been attained. Most
families have no choice but consume the
available food without regard to safety. The
children and mothers bear the greatest burden
of food insecurity in the rural communities. In
a study by Okoth and Ohingo (2004), on the
link between aflatoxin exposure and growth
impairment amongst children, none of the
mothers was aware of mycotoxins. However,
20% of the mothers appreciated that their
flour would deteriorate with time and
therefore had spoilage signs. The rest of the
mothers used the flour as long as it lasted.
Regulatory capacity
There is lack of regulatory mechanism
to routinely monitor food samples from the
farms, distribution and market points. The
ability of the regulators to enforce the
mycotoxin standards requires that they must
be capable of testing food for contamination.
In Kenya, laboratories that are capable of
analyzing foods for mycotoxin are limited,
whereas the analytical procedures are very
expensive (Moturi, 2008). Inspections are
mostly done after outbreaks and are not used
accordingly as pre-warning tools for the rural
communities on impending mycotoxic risks.
Furthermore, these samples are mostly
obtained from local market centers, therefore
excluding on-farm samples, which are
consumed directly due to the subsistence
nature of rural households. The contaminated
maize is always destroyed but no further
action is taken. Most of the food sampling by
inspectors and researchers have focused on
maize and ignored other important staple
foods such as legumes, fish and meat
commodities which could also have the
potential to pose mycotoxic risks if
contaminated by toxic fungi.
Infant exposure due to dietary mycotoxins
carry-over
Several authors have reported the
presence of mycotoxins, especially aflatoxins
in the milk of farm animals, when they
consume contaminated feeds (Bhat et al.,
2010). This activity is common in the rural
areas, especially when substandard farm
produce are not discarded but instead fed to
farm animals. A study by Jonsyn, (1999) in
Sierra Leone, indicated that some local
foodstuffs were contaminated with aflatoxins
B1 and G2, Ochratoxin A and reported that the
major source of mycotoxin ingestion by
infants was breast milk. The detection of
aflatoxins and Ochratoxin A was observed in
88% and 35% of the milk samples
contaminated respectively. In a study by Wild
et al. (2006), it was reported that 11% of
breast milk samples collected from women in
rural villages in Zimbabwe, were found to be
positive with aflatoxin levels up to 50 µgml-1
of breast milk. Aflatoxin M1, which is a
derivative of aflatoxin B1 , has also been
reported in human breast milk from Gambia
(Zarba et al., 1992). These observations
suggest that if the mother is exposed to dietary
mycotoxicoses, there’s likelihood of the
mycotoxins being carried-over to the infants
during breast feeding. Due to limited data in
Kenya, there is need for further research into
exposure of newborn children to aflatoxins
through human breast milk and the interaction
between aflatoxins exposure and infection
during early life.
Weaning status of the infants
Weaning of infants onto family foods
represents a period of increasing mycotoxin
exposure. In a study by Gong et al. (2003) in
Benin and Togo, aflatoxin exposure in young
children was significantly related to weaning
status in children 1-3 years of age, with mean
6. E. OWAGA et al. / Int. J. Biol. Chem. Sci. 5(3): 1325-1336, 2011
1330
aflatoxin-albumin (AF-alb) levels
approximately 2-fold higher in fully weaned
children compared with those receiving a
mixture of breast milk and solid foods.
Furthermore, the level of AF-alb was strongly
associated with growth stunting. The most
likely sources of mycotoxin exposure during
the weaning periods are dietary staples
frequently contaminated with mycotoxins
such as maize or groundnuts (Setamou et al.,
1997; Hell et al., 2000a, 2000b). According to
Okoth and Ohingo (2004), 29% of weaning
food samples obtained from Kisumu district
of Kenya, were positive for aflatoxins at
ranges 2 – 82 µgkg-1
when compared with the
regulatory upper limit of 20 µgkg-1
(KEBS,
1988).
Co-occurrence of dietary mycotoxins
In most tropical and humid developing
countries such as Kenya, it is reported that
various mycotoxins commonly occur at the
same time as mixtures in the staple foods such
as maize meal (Muriuki and Siboe, 1995;
Kenji et al., 2000; Muture and Ogana, 2005;
Mwihia et al., 2008; Mutegi et al., 2009;
Muthama et al., 2009). Despite of the
recognized human health effects of other
toxins namely ochratoxins, deoxynivalenol,
zearalenone, fumonisin and trichothecenes,
most of the studies in Kenya are, however,
still focused on aflatoxins poisoning.
Mycotoxin poisoning may be compounded by
the co-occurrence of aflatoxins with other
mycotoxins (Bhat et al., 2010). The role of
possible interactions between these co-
contaminants and the underlying mechanisms
of growth impairment is of public health
interest. Some authors have suggested
synergistic effect between various toxins
while others have reported antagonistic
interactions (Bankole, 2006).
Pre-harvest and post-harvest practices
Poor harvesting methods, improper
transportation, marketing, processing and
storage conditions can also contribute to
fungal growth and increase the risk of
mycotoxin production (Williams et al., 2004;
Turner et al., 2005). Conditions such as
unseasonal rains during harvest can lead to
fungal proliferation and production of
mycotoxins. These conditions were implicated
in the 2004 aflatoxicosis outbreak in Kenya,
which involved maize harvested during off-
season, early rains (Lewis et al., 2005; Probst
et al., 2007). Insect damage, cracking or
breaking of maize kernels or groundnut shell
during manual harvesting and presence of
excessive chaff in the harvested grains also
promote mould infection (Hell et al., 2000b).
The practice of spreading crops on bare
ground to sundry brings them in direct contact
with soil fungal inoculums. There’s need for
awareness promotion on removal and
destruction of debris of the previous harvest
and cleaning of stores before loading new
produce in order to reduce aflatoxin levels
(Hell et al., 2000a).
According to Muthama et al. (2009),
semi processed grains have lower isolation
frequency of Fusarium spp and Aspergillus
spp compared to the whole grain. It has also
been found that commercial maize processing
reduces mycotoxin levels, especially
aflatoxins, which are concentrated in bran and
germ. The traditional home processing of
maize flour involves milling of the whole
grain including the pericarp and the germ,
which could imply inclusion of fungi and the
associated mycotoxins. Most of the storage
systems in use such as storing grains on the
floors offer little protection against insect and
mould deterioration (Naresh and Aldred,
2007).
Possible intervention strategies to alleviate
dietary aflatoxins exposure
Given the potential adverse public
health effects of the dietary mycotoxins, it is
important to evaluate intervention strategies
appropriate to rural populations in Kenya.
Awareness strategies
The strategies to mitigate the
mycotoxin problem should include education
of the rural population, especially the mothers
on the prevalence and danger of mycotoxins
in staple foods. In Kenya, there’s need for fact
7. E. OWAGA et al. / Int. J. Biol. Chem. Sci. 5(3): 1325-1336, 2011
1331
sheets on the occurrence of mycotoxins to be
developed for dissemination using simplified
methods through community colleges (Kabak
et al., 2006). Key part of the strategy should
include awareness on preventive measures
during pre- and post-harvest management of
the farm produce. Mouldy grains and other
foods suspected of being contaminated with
mycotoxin should be discarded by burning.
Dietary interventions should include the target
areas with high mycotoxins exposure levels.
This can be achieved through reduction of the
frequent consumption of high risk foods and
adoption of different methods that have less
risk to prepare such staple foods. There should
be targeted approaches for different
stakeholders including community opinion
leaders, farmers, consumers, policy makers,
researchers, extension workers, non-
government organizations (NGOs), donors,
media, traders, processors, health workers and
school children.
Pre-harvest strategies
Precautions should be taken during
cultivation of crops to prevent fungal spores
from being established during the growing
period. The factors that influence potential for
pre-harvest fungi to develop include
physiological, morphological state of plant
and climatic conditions (Setamou et al., 1997).
Farmers should ensure that the seeds used for
planting are certified and ensure they are free
from pests and diseases while stored in the
homesteads. Drought stress caused by lack of
water facilitates attack by moulds by allowing
the plant to crack resulting to open passage
ways through which fungal spores can enter
the crop stem or head (FAO, 2007). Where
irrigation system is functional, farmers should
always try to supplement local rainfall to
avoid drought stress. If it is not possible to
irrigate, they should plant and harvest as early
as possible. Plant stress also occurs when
nutrients are not available and leading to
exposure of internal tissues which may be
exposed to fungal attack. This can be
overcome by appropriate application of
organic and inorganic fertilizers.
Good plant husbandry is important in
prevention of fungal invasion (Bhat et al.,
2010). Even though minimal tillage is
common amongst farmers due to savings on
time and money, it is important to consider the
possible negative effects. Without tillage, crop
residues remain on the soil surface and
eventually will harbour soil borne fungal
spores, allowing them to infect the next crop
(FAO, 1985). Other good plant husbandry
measures include keeping the farm plots
weed-free, control of insects by use of
commercial insecticides applicants and other
recommended methods of control such as
botanical pesticides. Timing of the production
cycle is also important and planting should be
done at recommended time to avoid too early
or too late maturity during periods of
prolonged rainfall. Farmers should be
encouraged to plant seed varieties that are pest
and fungal resistant (FAO, 2007).
Harvesting strategies
The most important factors that
influence mould growth once the plant is
mature are water activity and physical
damage. It is essential to dry the produce to
safe moisture content as quickly as possible
without causing any damage (FAO, 1985).
Rapid drying requires that harvesting should
be done as quickly and the crop transported to
the homestead as soon as possible. The rate of
drying will depend on the harvesting practices
and crop involved. If the weather is dry and
hot, the crops can be left standing in the field,
but there is a risk of unexpected rainfall
occurring during this period leading to mould
growth. The common practice of cutting
cereals at the base of stalk and pile stalks with
cobs into conical bundles may inhibit
ventilation and slow the drying process (FAO,
2007). Some farmers spread bundles of stalks
especially legumes on the soil, which creates
an opportunity for fungal spores in the soil to
invade the grain. This can be avoided by
8. E. OWAGA et al. / Int. J. Biol. Chem. Sci. 5(3): 1325-1336, 2011
1332
placing a barrier between the crop and the soil
or use of platform above the ground.
Post-harvest strategies
Drying begins before harvest and
further drying is necessary until the crop is put
in store (Turner et al., 2005). The crops can be
spread on polythene preferably black or empty
sacks laid on the ground or concrete floor.
Unthreshed crop should be laid on platform or
cobs can be tied and suspended from vertical
frame to dry. Threshing, shelling and
winnowing should be done carefully to avoid
damaged grains. Farmers should avoid beating
the crop with sticks which result in grain
damage, eventually leading to mould
development unless the grain is to be used
quickly and not stored (FAO, 2007). Farm
produce should be stored in suitable
containers which are raised above ground
level. If it has to be stored on the ground,
farmers should use suitable water-proof
barriers. However, if stored for more than two
months, the grains should be treated with
suitable grain protectants against insect
damage. Further protection of the crop against
damage by rodents is also necessary.
Food processing strategies
Various techniques are critical in
mycotoxin removal or reduction. These
include cleaning through sorting whether
manual or mechanical, winnowing, sieving to
remove screenings, washing through
floatation or density segregation (Williams et
al., 2004). Steeping is effective for fumonisins
reduction; however there’s need to change
steep water often during a 48-hour steep
period and use as much water as possible to
steep maize. Dehulling and degerming are
also effective for aflatoxins and fumonisins
reduction (Muthama et al., 2009), while
cooking and boiling is effective for aflatoxins
and citrinin reduction in foods though the
moisture content and cooking times are
critical. The combined use of elevated
temperature and pressure (extrusion cooking)
has shown that fumonisins are effectively
reduced. However, more information is
needed to establish whether aflatoxins and
citrinin are metabolized into other toxic
compounds with heat treatment.
Conclusion
The occurrence of mycotoxins in the
food chain is a serious problem that tropical
developing countries such as Kenya are
facing. Chronic exposure is particularly of
great clinical importance due to the emerging
evidence in their role in growth impairment
and immune suppression. Given the high
burden of infection-related mortality in
Kenya, further investigation of the stunted
growth and immune effects of aflatoxin
exposure in children is merited.
Comprehensive food safety program remains
an important opportunity for addressing
current mycotoxicosis problems in Kenya,
particularly with regard to the achievement of
the MDG 4 and 6 goals. These interventions
must target all stakeholders including the
market vendors, local farmers and rural
households. Efforts should focus on the
prevention of mycotoxin exposure by
developing framework on strengthened
surveillance and local education. The
prioritization of other interventions will be
largely guided by the availability of
technology that can be applied in the short,
medium and long term; and the impact of an
intervention upon implementation.
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