This document summarizes research on arsenic exposure in children, particularly through breastfeeding. It finds:
1) Arsenic levels in breast milk are typically low even for mothers living in highly contaminated areas, with most samples containing less than 10 parts per billion of arsenic.
2) Breastfeeding is still considered the best option for infants in arsenic-contaminated areas according to WHO guidelines, as arsenic exposure through breast milk is much lower than other sources like contaminated drinking water or formula.
3) A few studies found slightly higher arsenic levels in breast milk from areas with geological arsenic contamination, such as certain regions in Bangladesh, India, and Germany, but levels were still within safety limits.
ABSTRACT- Background and Objectives: Heavy metals exposure in animals can lead to profound effects in growth
and development. There have been incidences of various teratogenic effects in the past due to heavy metals exposure from
various sources. The present study was conducted to access the effect of chronic heavy metals exposure in animal models.
Materials and Methods: An experimental prospective study was performed with viviparous animal Heterometrus
fulvipes to access the cumulative effect of chronic heavy metals exposure. H. fulvipes was exposed with mercury and
lead; and effects monitored and documented in different times.
Results: Chronic heavy metal exposure had considerable effects in mother and fetus of H. fulvipes. The effects in mother
were represented by the loss of body weight and decrease in hepato-pancreatic weight and hepato-somatic index. Chronic
exposure in fetus resulted in decrement in the embryonic length with subsequent reduction in the length and weight of
embryos.
Discussion: These studies and results of heavy metals in animal have proved the harmful effects of chronic heavy metal
exposure with multitude of questions. The question of particular concern would be that how well animal teratology studies
will predict the human hazard. The primary area of focus could be on the prevention of the birth defects induced by
maternal exposure to heavy metals during pregnancy, as well as early prevention of teratogenic effects.
Conclusion: It is necessary that the heavy metal toxicity be well documented in humans, and adequate precaution should
be taken in mother and fetus to decrease its detrimental effects in the long run.
Key-words- Heterometrus fulvipes, Heavy Metals, Hepato-somatic indices, Morphometry
Iron and iodine supplementation in school children in ngargoyoso sub district...Alexander Decker
This study examined the effects of iron and iodine supplementation on 365 school children in Ngargoyoso sub-district, Central Java, Indonesia. The children were randomly assigned to two groups. Group 1 received iron twice weekly plus daily iodine via drinking water. Group 2 received iron six days a week plus daily iodine via drinking water. Both groups showed significant increases in hemoglobin and median urinary iodine levels after 6 weeks. However, anemia prevalence only slightly decreased. Adding iron to iodine supplementation was effective in improving nutritional status, but anemia remains a major public health problem in the area requiring ongoing intervention.
Composition and Variation of the Human Milk Microbiota Are Influenced by Mate...Ciencia Tecnología
Breastmilk contains a complex community of bacteria that may help seed the infant gut microbiota. The composition and determinants of milk microbiota are poorly understood. Among 393 mother-infant dyads from the CHILD cohort, we found that milk microbiota at 3–4 months postpartum was dominated by inversely correlated Proteobacteria and Firmicutes, and exhibited discrete compositional patterns. Milk microbiota composition and diversity were associated with maternal factors (BMI, parity, and mode of delivery), breastfeeding practices, and other milk components in a sex-specific manner. Causal modeling identified mode of breastfeeding as a key determinant of milk microbiota composition. Specifically, providing pumped breastmilk was consistently associated with multiple microbiota parameters including enrichment of potential pathogens and depletion of bifidobacteria. Further, these data support the retrograde inoculation hypothesis, whereby the infant oral cavity impacts the milk microbiota. Collectively, these results identify features and determinants of human milk microbiota composition, with potential implications for infant health and development.
Analysis of the significance of fishing on food security status ofAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study analyzing the significance of fishing on food security status of rural
households around Lake Ziway and Lake Langano in Ethiopia. 344 rural households were surveyed, with 179
being fishing households and 165 being non-fishing households. Food security was measured using a food
security index calculating daily per capita calorie availability and requirements. Propensity score matching
methods were used to estimate the average treatment effect of fishing on food energy intake, accounting for
observable and unobservable factors. Results found that fishing households had significantly higher food energy
intake compared to non-fishing households, indicating the positive impact of fishing on household food security.
The study suggests promoting income diversification and
Effect of family structure on nutritional status of pre school children (2 – ...Alexander Decker
This study evaluated the effect of family structure on the nutritional status of 300 pre-school children in rural Nigeria. The majority of children had married parents from monogamous families with 4-5 family members. Anthropometric measurements found most children had normal weight and height, though 25% were stunted and 35% were obese. Regression analysis indicated that a child's position as the first or second born and living in a polygamous family significantly influenced their weight-for-age. A child's position also influenced their height-for-age and weight. The age of parents and single parent families significantly influenced children's BMI.
Assessment of nutritional status of household members in a rural nigerian pop...Alexander Decker
This study assessed the nutritional status of household members in 50 rural Nigerian households comprising 202 individuals. Data was collected through questionnaires and anthropometric measurements. Results showed 56% of households obtained food through market purchases and homegrown sources, while 22% relied solely on market purchases. Food was mostly distributed individually (42%) or collectively (32%). Fathers received the largest share of food (36%), followed by mothers (30%). Nutritional status revealed high rates of underweight children (67.2%) but normal weight parents (55.4%). Male-headed households had better nutritional status. The study concluded improper food allocation led to high rates of malnutrition among this population.
ABSTRACT- Background and Objectives: Heavy metals exposure in animals can lead to profound effects in growth
and development. There have been incidences of various teratogenic effects in the past due to heavy metals exposure from
various sources. The present study was conducted to access the effect of chronic heavy metals exposure in animal models.
Materials and Methods: An experimental prospective study was performed with viviparous animal Heterometrus
fulvipes to access the cumulative effect of chronic heavy metals exposure. H. fulvipes was exposed with mercury and
lead; and effects monitored and documented in different times.
Results: Chronic heavy metal exposure had considerable effects in mother and fetus of H. fulvipes. The effects in mother
were represented by the loss of body weight and decrease in hepato-pancreatic weight and hepato-somatic index. Chronic
exposure in fetus resulted in decrement in the embryonic length with subsequent reduction in the length and weight of
embryos.
Discussion: These studies and results of heavy metals in animal have proved the harmful effects of chronic heavy metal
exposure with multitude of questions. The question of particular concern would be that how well animal teratology studies
will predict the human hazard. The primary area of focus could be on the prevention of the birth defects induced by
maternal exposure to heavy metals during pregnancy, as well as early prevention of teratogenic effects.
Conclusion: It is necessary that the heavy metal toxicity be well documented in humans, and adequate precaution should
be taken in mother and fetus to decrease its detrimental effects in the long run.
Key-words- Heterometrus fulvipes, Heavy Metals, Hepato-somatic indices, Morphometry
Iron and iodine supplementation in school children in ngargoyoso sub district...Alexander Decker
This study examined the effects of iron and iodine supplementation on 365 school children in Ngargoyoso sub-district, Central Java, Indonesia. The children were randomly assigned to two groups. Group 1 received iron twice weekly plus daily iodine via drinking water. Group 2 received iron six days a week plus daily iodine via drinking water. Both groups showed significant increases in hemoglobin and median urinary iodine levels after 6 weeks. However, anemia prevalence only slightly decreased. Adding iron to iodine supplementation was effective in improving nutritional status, but anemia remains a major public health problem in the area requiring ongoing intervention.
Composition and Variation of the Human Milk Microbiota Are Influenced by Mate...Ciencia Tecnología
Breastmilk contains a complex community of bacteria that may help seed the infant gut microbiota. The composition and determinants of milk microbiota are poorly understood. Among 393 mother-infant dyads from the CHILD cohort, we found that milk microbiota at 3–4 months postpartum was dominated by inversely correlated Proteobacteria and Firmicutes, and exhibited discrete compositional patterns. Milk microbiota composition and diversity were associated with maternal factors (BMI, parity, and mode of delivery), breastfeeding practices, and other milk components in a sex-specific manner. Causal modeling identified mode of breastfeeding as a key determinant of milk microbiota composition. Specifically, providing pumped breastmilk was consistently associated with multiple microbiota parameters including enrichment of potential pathogens and depletion of bifidobacteria. Further, these data support the retrograde inoculation hypothesis, whereby the infant oral cavity impacts the milk microbiota. Collectively, these results identify features and determinants of human milk microbiota composition, with potential implications for infant health and development.
Analysis of the significance of fishing on food security status ofAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study analyzing the significance of fishing on food security status of rural
households around Lake Ziway and Lake Langano in Ethiopia. 344 rural households were surveyed, with 179
being fishing households and 165 being non-fishing households. Food security was measured using a food
security index calculating daily per capita calorie availability and requirements. Propensity score matching
methods were used to estimate the average treatment effect of fishing on food energy intake, accounting for
observable and unobservable factors. Results found that fishing households had significantly higher food energy
intake compared to non-fishing households, indicating the positive impact of fishing on household food security.
The study suggests promoting income diversification and
Effect of family structure on nutritional status of pre school children (2 – ...Alexander Decker
This study evaluated the effect of family structure on the nutritional status of 300 pre-school children in rural Nigeria. The majority of children had married parents from monogamous families with 4-5 family members. Anthropometric measurements found most children had normal weight and height, though 25% were stunted and 35% were obese. Regression analysis indicated that a child's position as the first or second born and living in a polygamous family significantly influenced their weight-for-age. A child's position also influenced their height-for-age and weight. The age of parents and single parent families significantly influenced children's BMI.
Assessment of nutritional status of household members in a rural nigerian pop...Alexander Decker
This study assessed the nutritional status of household members in 50 rural Nigerian households comprising 202 individuals. Data was collected through questionnaires and anthropometric measurements. Results showed 56% of households obtained food through market purchases and homegrown sources, while 22% relied solely on market purchases. Food was mostly distributed individually (42%) or collectively (32%). Fathers received the largest share of food (36%), followed by mothers (30%). Nutritional status revealed high rates of underweight children (67.2%) but normal weight parents (55.4%). Male-headed households had better nutritional status. The study concluded improper food allocation led to high rates of malnutrition among this population.
This document presents a research proposal to compare heavy metal concentrations in brand and non-brand cow milk samples in Savar, Bangladesh and analyze potential human health risks. The study will validate testing methods to select the most suitable for analyzing milk samples. Heavy metal concentrations will be measured and daily intake, hazard quotients, and carcinogenic risks will be calculated. The study aims to contribute new insights compared to previous studies by directly comparing brand and non-brand milk and validating testing methods. Data collection and analysis will occur from December 2014 to November 2015. The researcher expresses gratitude to supervisors who are guiding the study.
This document discusses heavy metals and their effects on human health. It provides background on heavy metals and lists some of the most hazardous ones, including arsenic, lead, mercury, and cadmium. It discusses factors that affect metal toxicity like dose, duration of exposure, and route of exposure. It then goes into more detail on the sources, absorption, distribution, mechanisms of toxicity, symptoms, diagnosis, and regulations for specific metals like lead, mercury, arsenic, cadmium, and others. The document provides a comprehensive overview of several heavy metals and their impacts on the human body.
Human Milk Bank Hazard Analysis Plan: Trainee WorkbookLeith Greenslade
In the absence of global guidelines and standards for human milk banking, the need for quality assurance planning is critical and needed at the local level. This new toolkit from PATH will help ensure that hazards are identified, eliminated, minimized, or monitored, and proactively checked for the optimal safe distribution of donor human milk. This training workbook will help local human milk bank teams at the national, regional, and hospital levels determine that their human milk banks are operating safely and effectively.
The document discusses infant and child feeding, including breastfeeding, artificial feeding, and introducing solids. It describes the anatomy and physiology of breastfeeding, comparing breast milk to cow's milk. Guidelines are provided for breastfeeding techniques, determining milk supply, introducing formula or solids, and weaning from breastfeeding to solid foods.
The document discusses the extraction and processing of various metals. It describes how most metals are found in ores and require concentration and extraction of the pure metal. The extraction method depends on the metal's reactivity. Less reactive metals can be directly extracted from ores, while more reactive metals require electrolysis or reduction using carbon or other reagents. Common extraction techniques are also outlined for a number of metals including iron, aluminum, and zinc.
The document discusses food poisoning, including its definition, causes, types, symptoms, and prevention. It covers bacterial causes like Salmonella, Campylobacter, Listeria, and Bacillus cereus. It also discusses toxin-mediated food poisoning from Staphylococcus aureus, Clostridium perfringens, and Clostridium botulinum (botulism). The ideal conditions for growth of microorganisms that cause food poisoning are discussed. Prevention methods focus on proper food handling, sanitation, and refrigeration.
Recovery from developmental nonylphenol exposure is possible i. maleAlexander Decker
This study examined whether the effects of developmental exposure to the endocrine disrupting chemical nonylphenol (NP) could be reversed in subsequent unexposed generations of rats. Female rats were exposed to NP during pregnancy and lactation, and their offspring (F1 generation) showed increased body weight and hyperadrenalism at adulthood. The F1 females were bred to produce the F2 generation without further NP exposure. The F2 offspring did not show increased body weight or hyperadrenalism, indicating the developmental effects of NP exposure were reversed. This suggests that the "default state" can be recovered after a generation that experiences the health impacts and costs of developmental NP exposure.
Zebrafish as an alternative method for determining the embryo toxicity of pla...Noor Zada
The document systematically reviews 12 articles that evaluated the toxicity of various plant products using zebrafish embryos. The plant products tested included caffeine, cannabinoids, nicotine, curcumin, resveratrol, quercetin, rutin, matrine, sophocarpine, and arecoline. The studies assessed endpoints such as mortality, developmental abnormalities, heart rate, locomotor activity, and growth. Many found similar results to mammalian studies, demonstrating zebrafish embryos can be a valid alternative model for toxicity testing of plant products.
Exposure to Toxic Environmental Agents - Resources for Healthy Children www.scribd.com/doc/254613619 - For more information, Please see Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children www.scribd.com/doc/254613963 - Gardening with Volcanic Rock Dust www.scribd.com/doc/254613846 - Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech www.scribd.com/doc/254613765 - Free School Gardening Art Posters www.scribd.com/doc/254613694 - Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden www.scribd.com/doc/254609890 - Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success www.scribd.com/doc/254613619 - City Chickens for your Organic School Garden www.scribd.com/doc/254613553 - Huerto Ecológico, Tecnologías Sostenibles, Agricultura Organica www.scribd.com/doc/254613494 - Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide www.scribd.com/doc/254613410 - Free Organic Gardening Publications www.scribd.com/doc/254609890 ~
Comparative Studies of Knowledge and Perception of Parents on Home Management...inventionjournals
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Determination of Opinions and Level of knowledge of Culinary Program Students...Skyfox Publishing Group
This study is conducted to investigate knowledge, attitudes and behavior of university culinary program students about
genetically modified organisms (GMOS). The study is carried out among 214 university students aged (99 female, 115 male).
Demographic characteristics of students, their knowledge, attitude and behavior of Genetically Modified Organisms (GMO) are taken
into consideration in the data collection process. 10 open-ended questions and an attitude scale questionnaire which consists of 30
questions was applied. The data obtained with the SPSS 20.0 program by using frequency (F), percent (%), t-test and one way analysis
of variance (ANOVA). For the question “Have you ever heard of the term GMO?” 32 students (15%) stated that they never heard of
the term. Students from the culinary program, replied the question “In your opinion, is GMO beneficial or harmful? ‘’ 95, 8% replied as
harmful. According to replies of culinary program 1. and 2. year students there was no significant difference between their answers to the
question (p> 0.05). For the question ’’ If it is harmful, why?’’ students stated that GMO causes cancer. The average of female students
answer is 3, 40, while the average of male students is 3,42. T test conducted to these averages gives the result of p=0.389 (p> 0.05). The
averages of their responses to the items and the number of male and female students have been very close to each other. But there is
statistical difference to the reply of 28. Question which is p=0.02 (p<0.05). The analysis demonstrates that students have enough basic
knowledge about genetically modified organisms, but it was observed that they experience conceptual confusion. Most of the students
believe that GMO technology is harmful, and there are some conceptual mistakes. It was concluded that the concept of the course will
increase knowledge and awareness about GMOs in the curriculum topics that will help to eliminate confusion.
Identifying and Prioritizing Chemicals with Uncertain Burden oMalikPinckney86
Identifying and Prioritizing Chemicals with Uncertain Burden of Exposure:
Opportunities for Biomonitoring and Health-Related Research
Edo D. Pellizzari,1 Tracey J. Woodruff,2 Rebecca R. Boyles,3 Kurunthachalam Kannan,4 Paloma I. Beamer,5 Jessie P. Buckley,6
Aolin Wang,2 Yeyi Zhu,7,8 and Deborah H. Bennett9 (Environmental influences on Child Health Outcomes)
1Fellow Program, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
2Program on Reproductive Health and the Environment, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San
Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
3Bioinformatics and Data Science, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
4Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York, USA
5Department of Community, Environment and Policy, Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
6Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Heath, Johns Hopkins University,
Baltimore, Maryland, USA
7Northern California Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente, Oakland, California, USA
8Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
9Department of Public Health Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
BACKGROUND: The National Institutes of Health’s Environmental influences on Child Health Outcomes (ECHO) initiative aims to understand the
impact of environmental factors on childhood disease. Over 40,000 chemicals are approved for commercial use. The challenge is to prioritize chemi-
cals for biomonitoring that may present health risk concerns.
OBJECTIVES: Our aim was to prioritize chemicals that may elicit child health effects of interest to ECHO but that have not been biomonitored nation-
wide and to identify gaps needing additional research.
METHODS: We searched databases and the literature for chemicals in environmental media and in consumer products that were potentially toxic. We
selected chemicals that were not measured in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. From over 700 chemicals, we chose 155 chemi-
cals and created eight chemical panels. For each chemical, we compiled biomonitoring and toxicity data, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency ex-
posure predictions, and annual production usage. We also applied predictive modeling to estimate toxicity. Using these data, we recommended
chemicals either for biomonitoring, to be deferred pending additional data, or as low priority for biomonitoring.
RESULTS: For the 155 chemicals, 97 were measured in food or water, 67 in air or house dust, and 52 in biospecimens. We found in vivo endocrine, de-
velopmental, reproductive, and neurotoxic effects for 61, 74, 47, and 32 chemicals, respectively. Eighty-six had data from high-throughput in vitro
assays. Positive results for endocrine, developmental, neurotoxicity, ...
Identifying and prioritizing chemicals with uncertain burden ossuser47f0be
This document summarizes a study that aimed to prioritize chemicals for biomonitoring that may present health risks to children, as part of the National Institutes of Health's ECHO initiative. The researchers identified over 700 chemicals from environmental media and consumer products databases that had not been measured in the NHANES. They compiled toxicity and exposure data on 155 chemicals and organized them into 8 panels. Based on the data, 36 chemicals were recommended for biomonitoring, 108 were deferred pending more research, and 11 were deemed a low priority. The study identified many chemicals that lack data on biomonitoring methods and health effects, representing opportunities for future research.
Inorganic arsenic is found naturally in the environment and can contaminate foods like rice and seafood through soil and water absorption. While inorganic arsenic is a known human carcinogen, analyses suggest levels found in foods are not considered dangerous to health. Dietary exposures to inorganic arsenic in the US have been estimated to be below safety thresholds. The food groups contributing most to inorganic arsenic exposure vary by age, but for the general population include grains like rice, seafood, meat and poultry, and beverages.
Hawaii Buffer Zones - Literature Review Hawaii Center for Food SafetyJosh Green
This document summarizes the scientific literature on the health impacts of pesticide exposure, particularly from pesticide drift. It finds that pesticide use is intensive in Hawaii's GE crop fields, exposing nearby residents. The literature establishes links between pesticide exposure and various cancers, neurological and developmental disorders. Children are especially vulnerable given pesticides' impacts on development. Buffer zones around schools and homes are recommended to protect public health from the harms of pesticide drift.
Chemical Trespass - A Toxic Legacy - Resources for Healthy Children www.scribd.com/doc/254613619 - For more information, Please see Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children www.scribd.com/doc/254613963 - Gardening with Volcanic Rock Dust www.scribd.com/doc/254613846 - Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech www.scribd.com/doc/254613765 - Free School Gardening Art Posters www.scribd.com/doc/254613694 - Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden www.scribd.com/doc/254609890 - Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success www.scribd.com/doc/254613619 - City Chickens for your Organic School Garden www.scribd.com/doc/254613553 - Huerto Ecológico, Tecnologías Sostenibles, Agricultura Organica www.scribd.com/doc/254613494 - Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide www.scribd.com/doc/254613410 - Free Organic Gardening Publications www.scribd.com/doc/254609890 ~
E-screen assay validation: evaluation of estrogenic activity by MCF7 cell cul...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
— Natural and synthetic estrogens have been detected in rivers, lakes and estuaries in many parts of the world. Primary sources of these compounds are domestic and industrial effluents, which are not deleted after the water treatment. Estrogen has been the endocrine disruptor most researched to be very active biologically and be the etiologic agent of diverse types of cancer and other conditions such as endometriosis, precocious puberty, feminization, masculinization, sterility. In this context, we use water of 36 natural reservoirs or dams, in a bioassay to characterize their estrogenicity in culture of MCF7 cells and obtained high concentration of estrogen in samples taken in Ibiúna and Equestrian Santo Amaro / SP. However, certain concentration in our samples for most water samples from different regions was very close to the limit of quantification by bioassay and estrogen was in fmol. It has been shown that e-screen assay with MCF7 cells is a sensitive and stable tool for quantitative analysis of estrogenicity of water and can easily be developed and implemented for routine for estrogen quantification also in animal food and man, aqueous and plastics etc. Keywords— endocrine disrupters, estrogen, breast cancer cells, (MCF7) bioassay: E-screen assay
What We Know - New Science Linking our Health and the Environment v2zq
This document summarizes new scientific research linking environmental contaminants to human health issues. It discusses findings from biomonitoring studies that found hundreds of industrial chemicals in newborns and high levels of flame retardants in breast milk. Certain health problems like breast cancer, heart disease, endometriosis and fertility issues may be linked to environmental exposures. Minority populations often face disproportionate burdens of disease from environmental factors. The information provides context on definitions of terms like environmental contaminants and chemicals.
This document analyzes arsenic concentration in groundwater in the Sonarpur and Baruipur blocks of West Bengal and its effects on children. Arsenic contamination is widespread in the region, with concentrations exceeding WHO and Indian standards. Children are particularly vulnerable to arsenic exposure due to their physiology and reliance on water. The study finds high rates of arsenic contamination across the blocks, with some villages having concentrations over 250 times the safe limit. Children in these highly contaminated areas are likely to develop arsenic-induced skin lesions and have increased risk of skin cancer. Addressing arsenic contamination is important to reduce health impacts on the region's children.
This document discusses concerns about inorganic arsenic in food and provides context on the issue. It notes that while arsenic is naturally occurring, it is also classified as a human carcinogen. Recent increased sensitivity in testing and media coverage has led to growing consumer awareness and concerns about levels in foods like rice and apple juice. The document reviews studies on arsenic exposure and risks from rice, as well as evaluations by expert groups like JECFA and EFSA that found mean exposures to be below levels of toxicological concern. It emphasizes that the dose is critical in determining toxicity, and environmental exposures from foods are typically far below doses shown to cause health effects.
Maternal And Paternal Risk Factors For Cryptorchidism And Hypospadias A Case–...Biblioteca Virtual
This study examined potential risk factors for cryptorchidism (undescended testes) and hypospadias (abnormal urethra opening) in newborn boys. The study compared 78 cryptorchidism cases, 56 hypospadias cases, and 313 controls. Paternal pesticide exposure was associated with an increased risk of cryptorchidism. Paternal smoking was associated with an increased risk of hypospadias. Maternal exposures were not associated with either condition. Being small for gestational age increased the risk of hypospadias, and preterm birth increased the risk of cryptorchidism.
This document presents a research proposal to compare heavy metal concentrations in brand and non-brand cow milk samples in Savar, Bangladesh and analyze potential human health risks. The study will validate testing methods to select the most suitable for analyzing milk samples. Heavy metal concentrations will be measured and daily intake, hazard quotients, and carcinogenic risks will be calculated. The study aims to contribute new insights compared to previous studies by directly comparing brand and non-brand milk and validating testing methods. Data collection and analysis will occur from December 2014 to November 2015. The researcher expresses gratitude to supervisors who are guiding the study.
This document discusses heavy metals and their effects on human health. It provides background on heavy metals and lists some of the most hazardous ones, including arsenic, lead, mercury, and cadmium. It discusses factors that affect metal toxicity like dose, duration of exposure, and route of exposure. It then goes into more detail on the sources, absorption, distribution, mechanisms of toxicity, symptoms, diagnosis, and regulations for specific metals like lead, mercury, arsenic, cadmium, and others. The document provides a comprehensive overview of several heavy metals and their impacts on the human body.
Human Milk Bank Hazard Analysis Plan: Trainee WorkbookLeith Greenslade
In the absence of global guidelines and standards for human milk banking, the need for quality assurance planning is critical and needed at the local level. This new toolkit from PATH will help ensure that hazards are identified, eliminated, minimized, or monitored, and proactively checked for the optimal safe distribution of donor human milk. This training workbook will help local human milk bank teams at the national, regional, and hospital levels determine that their human milk banks are operating safely and effectively.
The document discusses infant and child feeding, including breastfeeding, artificial feeding, and introducing solids. It describes the anatomy and physiology of breastfeeding, comparing breast milk to cow's milk. Guidelines are provided for breastfeeding techniques, determining milk supply, introducing formula or solids, and weaning from breastfeeding to solid foods.
The document discusses the extraction and processing of various metals. It describes how most metals are found in ores and require concentration and extraction of the pure metal. The extraction method depends on the metal's reactivity. Less reactive metals can be directly extracted from ores, while more reactive metals require electrolysis or reduction using carbon or other reagents. Common extraction techniques are also outlined for a number of metals including iron, aluminum, and zinc.
The document discusses food poisoning, including its definition, causes, types, symptoms, and prevention. It covers bacterial causes like Salmonella, Campylobacter, Listeria, and Bacillus cereus. It also discusses toxin-mediated food poisoning from Staphylococcus aureus, Clostridium perfringens, and Clostridium botulinum (botulism). The ideal conditions for growth of microorganisms that cause food poisoning are discussed. Prevention methods focus on proper food handling, sanitation, and refrigeration.
Recovery from developmental nonylphenol exposure is possible i. maleAlexander Decker
This study examined whether the effects of developmental exposure to the endocrine disrupting chemical nonylphenol (NP) could be reversed in subsequent unexposed generations of rats. Female rats were exposed to NP during pregnancy and lactation, and their offspring (F1 generation) showed increased body weight and hyperadrenalism at adulthood. The F1 females were bred to produce the F2 generation without further NP exposure. The F2 offspring did not show increased body weight or hyperadrenalism, indicating the developmental effects of NP exposure were reversed. This suggests that the "default state" can be recovered after a generation that experiences the health impacts and costs of developmental NP exposure.
Zebrafish as an alternative method for determining the embryo toxicity of pla...Noor Zada
The document systematically reviews 12 articles that evaluated the toxicity of various plant products using zebrafish embryos. The plant products tested included caffeine, cannabinoids, nicotine, curcumin, resveratrol, quercetin, rutin, matrine, sophocarpine, and arecoline. The studies assessed endpoints such as mortality, developmental abnormalities, heart rate, locomotor activity, and growth. Many found similar results to mammalian studies, demonstrating zebrafish embryos can be a valid alternative model for toxicity testing of plant products.
Exposure to Toxic Environmental Agents - Resources for Healthy Children www.scribd.com/doc/254613619 - For more information, Please see Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children www.scribd.com/doc/254613963 - Gardening with Volcanic Rock Dust www.scribd.com/doc/254613846 - Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech www.scribd.com/doc/254613765 - Free School Gardening Art Posters www.scribd.com/doc/254613694 - Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden www.scribd.com/doc/254609890 - Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success www.scribd.com/doc/254613619 - City Chickens for your Organic School Garden www.scribd.com/doc/254613553 - Huerto Ecológico, Tecnologías Sostenibles, Agricultura Organica www.scribd.com/doc/254613494 - Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide www.scribd.com/doc/254613410 - Free Organic Gardening Publications www.scribd.com/doc/254609890 ~
Comparative Studies of Knowledge and Perception of Parents on Home Management...inventionjournals
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Determination of Opinions and Level of knowledge of Culinary Program Students...Skyfox Publishing Group
This study is conducted to investigate knowledge, attitudes and behavior of university culinary program students about
genetically modified organisms (GMOS). The study is carried out among 214 university students aged (99 female, 115 male).
Demographic characteristics of students, their knowledge, attitude and behavior of Genetically Modified Organisms (GMO) are taken
into consideration in the data collection process. 10 open-ended questions and an attitude scale questionnaire which consists of 30
questions was applied. The data obtained with the SPSS 20.0 program by using frequency (F), percent (%), t-test and one way analysis
of variance (ANOVA). For the question “Have you ever heard of the term GMO?” 32 students (15%) stated that they never heard of
the term. Students from the culinary program, replied the question “In your opinion, is GMO beneficial or harmful? ‘’ 95, 8% replied as
harmful. According to replies of culinary program 1. and 2. year students there was no significant difference between their answers to the
question (p> 0.05). For the question ’’ If it is harmful, why?’’ students stated that GMO causes cancer. The average of female students
answer is 3, 40, while the average of male students is 3,42. T test conducted to these averages gives the result of p=0.389 (p> 0.05). The
averages of their responses to the items and the number of male and female students have been very close to each other. But there is
statistical difference to the reply of 28. Question which is p=0.02 (p<0.05). The analysis demonstrates that students have enough basic
knowledge about genetically modified organisms, but it was observed that they experience conceptual confusion. Most of the students
believe that GMO technology is harmful, and there are some conceptual mistakes. It was concluded that the concept of the course will
increase knowledge and awareness about GMOs in the curriculum topics that will help to eliminate confusion.
Identifying and Prioritizing Chemicals with Uncertain Burden oMalikPinckney86
Identifying and Prioritizing Chemicals with Uncertain Burden of Exposure:
Opportunities for Biomonitoring and Health-Related Research
Edo D. Pellizzari,1 Tracey J. Woodruff,2 Rebecca R. Boyles,3 Kurunthachalam Kannan,4 Paloma I. Beamer,5 Jessie P. Buckley,6
Aolin Wang,2 Yeyi Zhu,7,8 and Deborah H. Bennett9 (Environmental influences on Child Health Outcomes)
1Fellow Program, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
2Program on Reproductive Health and the Environment, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San
Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
3Bioinformatics and Data Science, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
4Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York, USA
5Department of Community, Environment and Policy, Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
6Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Heath, Johns Hopkins University,
Baltimore, Maryland, USA
7Northern California Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente, Oakland, California, USA
8Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
9Department of Public Health Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
BACKGROUND: The National Institutes of Health’s Environmental influences on Child Health Outcomes (ECHO) initiative aims to understand the
impact of environmental factors on childhood disease. Over 40,000 chemicals are approved for commercial use. The challenge is to prioritize chemi-
cals for biomonitoring that may present health risk concerns.
OBJECTIVES: Our aim was to prioritize chemicals that may elicit child health effects of interest to ECHO but that have not been biomonitored nation-
wide and to identify gaps needing additional research.
METHODS: We searched databases and the literature for chemicals in environmental media and in consumer products that were potentially toxic. We
selected chemicals that were not measured in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. From over 700 chemicals, we chose 155 chemi-
cals and created eight chemical panels. For each chemical, we compiled biomonitoring and toxicity data, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency ex-
posure predictions, and annual production usage. We also applied predictive modeling to estimate toxicity. Using these data, we recommended
chemicals either for biomonitoring, to be deferred pending additional data, or as low priority for biomonitoring.
RESULTS: For the 155 chemicals, 97 were measured in food or water, 67 in air or house dust, and 52 in biospecimens. We found in vivo endocrine, de-
velopmental, reproductive, and neurotoxic effects for 61, 74, 47, and 32 chemicals, respectively. Eighty-six had data from high-throughput in vitro
assays. Positive results for endocrine, developmental, neurotoxicity, ...
Identifying and prioritizing chemicals with uncertain burden ossuser47f0be
This document summarizes a study that aimed to prioritize chemicals for biomonitoring that may present health risks to children, as part of the National Institutes of Health's ECHO initiative. The researchers identified over 700 chemicals from environmental media and consumer products databases that had not been measured in the NHANES. They compiled toxicity and exposure data on 155 chemicals and organized them into 8 panels. Based on the data, 36 chemicals were recommended for biomonitoring, 108 were deferred pending more research, and 11 were deemed a low priority. The study identified many chemicals that lack data on biomonitoring methods and health effects, representing opportunities for future research.
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Pattern of arsenic exposure to children new born to toddler stages
1. Journal of Natural Sciences Research www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3186 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0921 (Online)
Vol.2, No.6, 2012
Pattern of Arsenic Exposure to Children: New born to toddler
Stages
Shelley Bhattacharya (Corresponding author), Sarmishtha Chatterjee, Shuvasree Sarkar
Environmental Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Zoology (Centre for Advanced Studies),Visva Bharati
University, Santiniketan 731235, West Bengal, India.
Tel: +919232374161 E-mail: shelleyb38@gmail.com
Abstract
Elevated levels of arsenic are found in several countries which exceed the World Health Organization (WHO)
drinking water guideline (10µg/L), affecting 100 million people globally. Its prevalence varies in different
countries among which Andean Argentina and South-East Asia are most severely affected. Bangladesh is
considered a major As-contaminated zone and more than 10µg/L of As is present in the tube wells installed
during the last decade. As-contaminated water poses serious threat to the population in general, and children in
particular. School-age children exposed to As are found to be deficient in cognitive functions in several countries.
Although As contamination is a global phenomenon reports on children’s exposure to As, through breast milk
pathway is limited. Findings of the few global studies show low level of As in breast milk even in populations
exposed to high levels. Several reports indicate the potential counterbalancing the impact of exposures of
chemicals through breast milk which outweigh the hazards of feeding contaminated breast milk. On the other
hand, the presence of toxic elements in powdered and liquid infant milk is a cause of concern considering the
probable health problems in infants. It is surmised from available data that although the lactating mothers resided
in highly As-contaminated zones the concentration of the toxic metal is low in the breast milk and breast feeding
infants are protected from the toxic effects of As. Therefore breast feeding is still the best way to protect the
infants in As-contaminated zones as per WHO recommendations.
1. Introduction
Toxic chemicals present in the environment are accumulated in humans over time. Children also face such
unintended risks throughout their growth phase. When risks of such contaminations are assessed during infancy
it has to be recognized that children are not small adults; their early postnatal period is characterized by rapid
growth and development and has unique metabolic and physiological pathways including a completely different
exposure pattern as compared to the adult (Guzelian et al.,1992).The exposure of the mother to chemicals occurs
mainly through food and the rate of transfer to breast milk depends on the concentration and pharmacological
properties of the toxic chemicals in the serum of the mother (Somogyi and Beck, 1993). While nonpolar
lipophilic compounds easily establish equilibrium between blood fat and milk fat (Somogyi and Beck, 1993),
metals remain bound to transferrin in the serum (Pizarro et al., 2004). The following definitions have been
recommended by WHO (IPCS, 2006) to categorize infants and young children. The neonatal period extends from
birth to 4 weeks, infancy from 4 weeks to 1 year and young childhood from 1 year to 5 years. Zhongua et al.
(2008) demonstrated that drinking high arsenic water over a long period of time is a risk factor of neonate
development and Myers et al. (2010) reported that exposure to arsenic may have a role in neonatal death in
inner Mongolia, China. The focus of the present review is on exposure patterns of arsenic and risk evaluation of
arsenic contamination in breast fed children. An attempt has also been made to compare the level of
contamination of breast milk and infant formula to assess whether breast feeding is safe in arsenic contaminated
zones.
The Pervasive Nature of Arsenic Contamination
Today millions of people are at risk of arsenic exposure and frank manifestation of arsenicosis. Natural
contamination by arsenic has been the main source of environmental exposures in populations worldwide
(Hopenhayn-Rich,2000). Approximately 15% of the U.S. population obtain their water from private wells (U.S.
Geological Survey, 2004), and arsenic concentrations > 10 µg/L have been documented in private wells
throughout the United States (Ayotte et al., 2003; Steinmaus et al., 2005). In certain areas people drinking well
water may be exposed to arsenic levels ranging from 50 to 90 µg/L, well above the EPA’s guideline of 10 µg/L
(Mead, 2005). Globally about 100 million people are at risk of exposure to high levels of arsenic and countries
where arsenic in drinking water exceeds the acceptable level include Argentina, Bangladesh, Bolivia, Chile,
China, Hungary, India, Mexico, Nepal, Peru, Romania, Taiwan, USA and Vietnam (Ng, 2005).
39
2. Journal of Natural Sciences Research www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3186 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0921 (Online)
Vol.2, No.6, 2012
Arsenic Toxicity
Inorganic arsenic compounds contain oxygen, chlorine and sulfur which can exist in trivalent or pentavalent forms.
Various epidemiological studies have established a clear association of arsenic contamination with cancer in
humans (Chiou et al., 1995).Trivalent forms of As, both inorganic (Hirano et al., 2003) and methylated (Dopp et
al., 2004) are more toxic than the pentavalent forms. Owing to l6 years or more of latency period of As, it remains
in the environment long enough to be absorbed by the biota (Zaldivar et al., 1981). Liver is the major organ for
biotransformation and inorganic As at trivalent oxidation state is methylated through the involvement of
S-adenosyl methionine. Two metabolized forms are produced which are a) monomethylarsonic acid or MMA and
b) dimethyarsinic acid or DMA (Suzuki et al., 2002). Among these two compounds, MMA is found to be more
toxic than DMA (Aposhian et al., 2003; Styblo et al., 2000).
Arsenic Exposures of Neonates and Children
Risks and Benefits of Breast Feeding
Studies in school-age children revealed deficiency in cognitive functions in Mexico (Calderon et al., 2001;
Rosado et al., 2007), United States (Wright et al., 2006), Taiwan (Tsai et al., 2003) and India (von Ehrenstein et
al., 2007). In Bangladesh, children of 6 and 10 years of age, consume high amounts of arsenic in their drinking
water, which produces IQ performance deficits (Wasserman et al., 2007). During pregnancy, transplacental
transfer of As occurs (Concha et al., 1998) and exposure to high levels during pregnancy results in reduced birth
weight (Huyck et al., 2007) and increase in fetal loss (Rahman et al., 2007). Recently, however, Tofail et al.
(2009) could not detect any significant effect of As exposure during pregnancy on infant development in Matlab,
Bangladesh although Rahman et al. (2009) detected negative effect on birth size at low level of As exposure.
Breast feeding has substantial benefit and despite the concentrations of chemicals found in human milk, no
major studies have demonstrated that these chemical concentrations lead to adverse health outcomes in breast fed
children (Sonawane, 1995). Breast milk provides passive protection against infections during lactation and also
stimulates the immune system of the infant with several long term positive effects (Hanson, 1998; Goldman,
2007) besides being an unsurpassed natural nutrition to the newborn and the infant (Jackson and Nazar, 2006). It
is amply evidenced that colostrum and mature human milk have significant lethal effect on Entamoeba
histolytica and protect from its infection in breast fed children (Akisu et al., 2004). The concept of the immune
system in human milk emerged in the 1970s and later expanded to include not only antimicrobial but also
anti-inflammatory and immunoregulatory agents (Goldman, 2007). There are reports on the absence of
association of negative effects on exposure to organochlorine compounds (LaKind et al., 2000; Ribas-Fito et al.,
2003) while several other reports indicate the potential counterbalancing the impact of exposures of these
chemicals through breast milk (Boersma and Lanting, 2000; Hooper and She, 2003; Ribas-Fito et al., 2003;
Arendt, 2008). Evidences from studies of 32 mothers and their children in a province of Thailand establish that
arsenic exposure during pregnancies harbored gene expression changes leading to cancer and other diseases later
in life (Fry et al., 2007).
As the breast-feeding child grows up into a toddler typical “child-behaviors” are demonstrated such as
hand-to-mouth movement, touching and tasting (Freeman et al., 2001). Yost et al. (2004) reported the mean
dietary intake of 3.2µg of inorganic arsenic/ day in US children which came from milk, fruit and fruit juices, rice,
grain, rice products and grain products. In the living zone or micro environment of the child it is unable to
sense or understand the danger of contamination. Moreover, owing to their rapid growth phase they have a
dynamic developmental physiology demanding increased nutrient and energy requirements. One of the
constituents of breast milk is fat which is derived from the mother’s body. Adipose tissue is a natural repository
of lipid soluble toxicants such as the organochlorines (Grandjean et al., 1995) thus the developing baby is
exposed to such chemicals from their mother’s body during pregnancy to weaning. Understandably, pregnant and
breast feeding women are especially concerned, because the myriad chemicals present in the food can become
concentrated in the breast milk.
Arsenic Residues in Human Milk - Monitoring Studies
Breast milk is the natural food containing the optimal balance of fats carbohydrates and proteins for infants
meeting nutritional needs, and also provides a range of benefits for growth, immunity and development
(Landrigan et al., 2002). Breast milk is also a unique pathway for the mother to child transfer of toxic heavy
metals. The origin of metals in the breast milk is exogenous as evidenced by the reports on the environmental
presence of arsenic. The level of metal contamination is expressed in terms of ppb or µg/L of breast milk instead
of fat because metals are not lipophilic and remain bound to transferrin. There are only a few reports on arsenic
contamination of human milk. In a study (Concha et al., 1998) with lactating mothers, exposed to arsenic
through their drinking water (~ 200µg/L), low concentrations of arsenic in the range of 0.83-7.6 µg/kg
(equivalent to 0.83-7.6 ppb) were recorded in 10 subjects. In a worldwide study conducted to assess the level of
contamination of breast milk covering six countries (Guatemala, Hungary, Nigeria, Philippines, Sweden, Zaire)
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various metals were detected at ppb concentrations (Table 1) where median arsenic value was found to be 0.3
ppb with a range of 0.1-0.8 ppb (WHO 1989), while Cd, Pb and Sb were reported in twenty six countries
(Patriarca et al., 2000).
Besides the arsenic-high zones, such as Bangladesh and West Bengal, India, arsenic in the breast milk is
found in various other countries. In Turkey, Izmir is a land of long extinct volcanoes, where Ulman et al. (1998)
demonstrated arsenic concentration in the breast milk (4.219±0.079 µg/L/ ppb) not much different than what is
present in the cow’s milk (4.932±0.038 µg/L / ppb). Thus the children, either fed with breast or cow’s milk, are
equally exposed to arsenic contamination, although the level of contamination is not deleterious. In Munster,
Lower Saxony, Germany, Sternowsky et al. (2002) conducted a study in a military training area where chemical
weapons are dumped after the Second World War. More than hundred samples of breast milk collected from
three different regions, Hamburg city, rural area of Soltau and Munster the potentially contaminated area, and
analyzed for arsenic reveals that 156 out of 187 samples tested had arsenic contamination below 0.3µg/L (0.3
ppb) whereas the highest concentration of 2.8 µg/L (2.8 ppb) is in the breast milk sample collected from Soltau.
From these findings the daily intake of arsenic by the breast fed infant is calculated and found to be 0.02-0.06
µg/kg body weight (bw) and even in the samples from women living in previously arsenic contaminated region,
concentration of arsenic in breast milk is within the reported safety limits (WHO Permissible Limit 15µg/kg
bw/week). In several other countries too breast milk samples tested positive for arsenic contamination (Table 2).
Table 3 depicts the study of Concha et al. (1998) highlighting how arsenic was partitioned in blood, urine and
breast milk. On analyzing the data it is abundantly clear that arsenic is present in the breast milk at very low
concentrations as compared to both blood and urine. The data also indicate that arsenic is mainly cleared through
the urine quite rapidly (Table 3) thus saving the breast fed infant from high arsenic exposures. Some toxic metals
have been reported in breast milk (Concha et al., 1998). Since metals do not bind to fat the breast milk pathway
was not considered to be significant in respect of metal accumulation (Golding, 1997). However, the presence of
toxic metals in the breast milk suggests pathway exposure and also presents breast milk arsenic as a probable
indicator of prenatal exposure (Oskarsson et al., 1995).
Very few breast milk monitoring studies are on record in the Indian subcontinent. One of the earliest studies
was reported in Central India (Dang et al., 1985) where breast milk is analyzed for the presence of several metals
in a group of 86 economically weak women who hailed from a tribal group residing either in rural or urban
regions. Among the 86 samples of breast milk collected 0.73 ng As/g colostrums is found in the tribal group in
contrast to 0.5 ng As/g in 19 urban women. Another study in a Steel Plant Township situated in Bhilai, Madhya
Pradesh, India (Sharma and Pervez, 2005) revealed that in general, the concentration of toxic elements is higher
in the blood than in the breast milk of the 120 subjects tested. Sharma and Pervez (2005) also noted higher
levels of As in the blood samples as compared to breast milk samples in the study. From the above data it is
obvious that Steel plant workers have higher presence of toxic metal in their breast milk; Mn, Pb, Hg have higher
tendency to associate with blood and breast milk than As and Cd and the order of toxic metals in blood and
breast milk is : Mn > Pb > Hg > As > Cd (Table 4). Watanabe et al. (2003) reported up to 38µg/L or 38 ppb
arsenic in breast milk in a small group of seven women in Bangladesh. Among infants who are exclusively
breastfed, urine levels did not exceed 19 µg/L inorganic arsenic and its metabolites, whereas infants who
received infant formula prepared with local drinking water in addition to some breast milk had urine levels up to
1,100 µg/L or 1100 ppb. This clearly demonstrates that arsenic exposure through breast milk pathway is not as
alarming as through other pathways.
Samanta et al. (2007) conducted a seminal survey on lactating women in arsenic affected areas of West
Bengal, namely three blocks of North 24 –Parganas, one of the worst arsenic affected districts in West Bengal,
India. The body burden is assessed in urine, hair and nail of the 226 lactating subjects and correlated with the
load of arsenic in their drinking water. Ninety nine percent of the water samples had arsenic much above (220
µg/L) the WHO recommended level of 10µg/L. The normal rate of arsenic excretion through urine is 5-40
µg/day, through hair 0.08-0.25 mg/kg (1.0 mg/kg indicated toxicity) and through nail 0.43-1.08 mg/kg. In the
breast milk samples of 39 subjects the mean arsenic concentration is 19.6 µg/L (19.6 ppb) as compared to the
control levels of 2.5 µg/L (2.5 ppb). Infants are exposed to toxicants via breast milk, at the same time, they are
exposed to arsenic through water and food.. In the Andean population exposed to arsenic through drinking water,
3µg/kg (3 ppb) is the median concentration in the breast milk sampled in 27 subjects with a range between
1.9-5.5 µg/kg or 1.9-5.5 ppb (Concha et al., 1998). Contrastingly in the Bangladesh study the range is higher.
The various information gleaned from these monitoring studies suggest that mother’s exposure to arsenic is
owing to the contaminated food and water ingested and a fraction of it is reflected in the breast milk which is a
major source of arsenic to the suckling infant. Moreover, it may be concluded from these studies that children are
vulnerable to higher arsenic exposure, as evidenced by the arsenic concentration in the urine of the infants, when
their mothers have a higher body load of arsenic (Watanabe et al., 2003).
Arsenic Metabolites in Breast Milk
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It has been reported that the major form of the arsenic transferred via placenta is dimethylarsinic acid,
although the mechanisms responsible are unknown (Concha et al., 1998). Human breast tissue contain entirely
inorganic arsenic mainly in trivalent form although in a very low dose and methylated arsenic metabolites in
blood plasma are not known to easily pass into the mammary gland. Fängström et al. (2008) analyzed
inorganic arsenic and expressed as the sum total of the arsenic metabolites (iAs, MMA, DMA) in breast milk
(1.0 µg/L or 1 ppb) and urine (1.2 µg/L or 1.2 ppb) from ninety eight three month-old infants. Moreover, the
urine concentration of arsenic in the breast fed infants is significantly lower than those who are non-exclusively
breast fed. There is also a significant association between infant urine and breast milk. It is concluded that a)
breast milk contains, almost entirely, mainly trivalent form of iAs; b) methylated arsenic metabolites in blood
plasma do not easily enter the breast tissue and c) arsenic concentration in breast milk is negatively correlated
with % DMA and positively correlated with % iAs in maternal urine. Highly efficient methylation of iAs thus
leads to less arsenic excretion in human breast milk (Fängström et al., 2008)
Probable Pathway of Biotransformation of Arsenic
Liu et al. (2004) suggested that trivalent arsenic metabolite is protonated at physiological pH, passes via
aquaglyceroporins, and the main transporters of As (III), to the mammary gland during lactation (Matsuzaki et al.,
2005).Results also indicate that breast milk: plasma ratio is about one for iAs, corroborating other evidences
(Gamble et al., 2007). An efficient methylation is also found to occur in the infants (Fängström et al., 2008) with
very high, 87-89% DMA, in the exclusively breast fed infants and MMA, which poses greater risk is only 2.3%
compared to 10 % in the studied mothers (Vahter, 2002). A recent study brings to the fore that the mother’s
strong metabolism helps get rid of most of the harmful form of arsenic during breast feeding; furthermore during
weaning the infants become more susceptible to the toxic effect of arsenic (Fängström et al., 2009).
Advantages of Breast Feeding against Infant Formulas
A declining rate of breast feeding and aggressive marketing of breast milk substitutes had blurred the distinction
between breast milk and formula (Walker, 1993), although it was reported that infant formula may shorten the
duration of breast-feeding and hasten the age at which solid foods are introduced (Bergevin et al., 1983).
Moreover, infant formula may not be free from contamination of metals such as Cd (Jedrzejczak and Szteke,
1991), As (Krachler et al., 2000) Pb (Navarro-Blasco and Alvarez-Galindo, 2005), Al (Navarro Blasco et al.,
2005a, b). Garg et al. (1993) compared the concentrations of various trace elements in human breast milk and
infant formula and As, Cd and Hg were higher in the infant formula. The Joint Food Safety and Standards Group,
Ministry of Agriculture Fisheries and Food, UK (1999) published relevant information on the level of elemental
concentrations of several trace elements in infant foods including infant formula and breast milk (Table 5). An
estimated daily intake further revealed (Table 6) dietary exposures of infants to metals from various types of
infant formulae (Gregory et al., 1995). A series of milk samples were compared with infant formulae wherein
several trace elements ( Ag, Al, As, Au, Pt, Se, Ti, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni and V) levels were found to be
significantly influenced by the quality of tap water used for preparation (Prohaska et al., 2000). Results of a study
suggest that soy-based powder infant formulas generally have higher levels of toxic elements than milk based
powder formulations (Ikem et al., 2002). More recently Ljung et al. (2011) have clearly demonstrated that
concentrations of the essential elements were from ten to hundred times the intake of the breast fed infant, levels
that may be associated with adverse health effects. They further found that one portion of infant food also
provided more arsenic than one feeding of breast milk. Jackson et al. (2012) concluded from their analyses of 15
infant formulas of five main brands that although As is present in relatively low concentrations (1-23 ng/ g),
these levels are of because As is present in more toxic inorganic form.
It has been documented earlier that a significant decline in mortality due to chronic arsenic exposure of late
fetal, neonatal and post-neonatal occurred in Chile over a study period of 1950-1996 (Hopenhayn-Rich et al.,
2000). Breast feeding is recommended by WHO in spite of several reports of breast milk contamination by
toxicants and also infectious agents (Pronczuk et al., 2002). Devanathan et al. (2009) reported a decline in the
levels of DDT and HCHs implying the effects of various bans and restrictions on their usage in Kolkata, Mumbai
and New Delhi. Unlike the persistent organic pollutants (POPS) metals do not bind to fat and so do not usually
accumulate to higher concentrations in breast milk than in blood (Golding, 1997); Arsenic as a water pollutant
thus poses lesser risk to the breast fed infants. However, regional differences exist in levels of xenobiotics in
breast milk owing to historical and current local use patterns (Solomon and Weiss, 2002). Even in high arsenic
contaminated areas there are unquestionable advantages of breast feeding such as : i) breast fed babies have
lower rates of some serious chronic diseases : asthma, diabetes and some childhood cancers ; ii) breast feeding
reduces the risk and severity of communicable diseases : pneumonia, diarrhea, ear infections ; iii) women who
breast feed have lower levels of ovarian and breast cancer; iv) breastfed daughters also have lower rates of breast
cancer when they grow up; v) breast feeding may reverse some of the damage caused by chemical exposures in
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the womb (IPCS, 2006). Targeting breast feeding to diminish chemical exposures is detrimental to the vulnerable
developing organism, because it risks limiting acquisition of much needed nutrients and it deprives infants of
breast feeding benefits essential to counteract neurotoxic effects arising from prenatal exposure (Dorea, 2007).
Last but not the least, As is not excreted in breast milk to any significant extent. WHO’s global public health
recommendation of exclusive breast feeding of infants for six months to two years or even beyond should be
made mandatory in all countries for the safety of the child, in utero, post-natal and also in the adult life of the girl
child.
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