Cholera is an acute, profuse watery diarrhea “rice water stools” resulting from the consumption of food or water contaminated by toxigenic strains of the bacterium Vibrio cholerae. Due to frequent outbreaks of cholera in Cameroon, the government of Cameroon introduced the oral cholera vaccine OCV in 2015. The objective of this study was to assess the determinants of the full dose of OCV uptake in Tiko and Limbe Health Districts HDs . A cross sectional household based survey study was conducted in which a multistage sampling technique and simple random sampling SRS were used to select Health Areas Has , quarters and households respectively. In every household selected, data were collected on socio demographic characteristics and information about OCV, from a randomly selected household member of age 21 years and above. Data on socio demographic characteristics and information about OCV were collected using a modified standardized questionnaire. Oral cholera vaccine uptake was compared among different socio demographic characteristics using Chi squared test with significance level set at P 0.05. Overall, coverage rate of OCV was low, 48.6 180 370 , and it was based on those who were aware of OCV 85.1 435 370 and had their vaccination cards. The main source of information was health worker 62.2 . Some of the determinants of non acceptance of the first and second doses of OCV were respondents thought OCV was Covid 19 vaccine absent when the vaccination team visited the house no faith in the vaccine vaccination team did not visit households and no faith in Cameroon’s health system and government. The main determinants for OCV acceptance were the fact that participants considered cholera to be a serious disease, and their willingness to prevent it. The adverse events for the first and second doses were palpable, 18 and 11 respectively. Conclusively, determinants that contributed to the low uptake of OCV were identified and the most peculiar one was the fact that community members perceived the cholera vaccine to be a cover up for the coronavirus vaccine. Lepasia Arnold Fonge | Akoachere Jane-Francis | Esemu Seraphine "Determinants of Full Dose of Oral Cholera Vaccine Uptake in Tiko and Limbe Health Districts" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-7 | Issue-5 , October 2023, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd60062.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/immunobiology/60062/determinants-of-full-dose-of-oral-cholera-vaccine-uptake-in-tiko-and-limbe-health-districts/lepasia-arnold-fonge
Evaluation of factors that influence Reoccurrence of Cholera epidemics in Bwe...PUBLISHERJOURNAL
Cholera is an acute enteric infection characterised by sudden onset of profuse, painless watery diarrhoea and vomiting. Transmission of the disease is by faecal-oral route and from man to man via faecal contaminated water, ingestion of contaminated foods and drinks, and bottle feeding in infants. Globally, an estimated 1.4 to 4.3 million cholera cases and 28,000 to 142,000 cholera related deaths occur every year and the highest deaths rates occur in developing countries. The aim of this study was to explore the factors influencing reoccurrence of cholera outbreaks in Bwera hospital-Kasese district, Uganda. The study was a descriptive cross-sectional where quantitative strategy was applied on health workers and households within Bwera hospital. The study targeted 73 respondents; random sampling procedure was used. Three broad themes were based on to obtain results namely; sources of water for home use, environmental sanitation and the role of climate change. It emerged that water was mainly collected from unprotected sources using rudimentary methods and it was made safe by boiling. Hand washing was seen as a common practice done though occasionally. Generally solid wastes were poorly managed including human waste and reinforcing reforestation was seen as a remedy to avert effects of climate change. The commonest source of water for home consumption was from open water surfaces mainly rivers/streams. Boiling was seen as one of the commonest methods of making water safe for home consumption but the numbers of house hold that boils water are very few thereby making them prone to infection. Washing hands was the commonest practice especially before eating but still some children do ignore washing of their hands before eating if their caretakers are not around them; however, it was not consistently after visiting latrine. Poor waste disposal was seen present in the communities whereby bushes and river banks were seen as places where human waste is deposited.
Keywords: Cholera, Deaths, Households, Bwera hospital, contaminated Water.
This document proposes assessing lifestyles, public health measures, and their impact on containing COVID-19 transmission in communities in Horo Guduru Wollega, Ethiopia. A cross-sectional study will survey 768 individuals across 4 districts on risk factors and prevention practices. Data will be analyzed to identify associations between exposures and infections. The study aims to increase awareness and limit rapid spread in the region through understanding transmission routes and improving prevention measures.
Emerging and re-emerging diseses part2 (INCLUDES ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE)Dr. Mamta Gehlawat
2nd half of my ppt on emerging and re-emerging diseases. i uploaded the first half already. pls refer to that too. this ppt has info on AIDS/HIV, ZIKA, EBOLA-MARBURG, MELIODIOSIS, CHOLERA and ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE
The epidemiology of tuberculosis in Kenya, a high TB/HIV burden country (2000...Premier Publishers
Interest in the epidemiology of TB was triggered by the re-emergence of tuberculosis in the early 1990’s with the advent of HIV and falling economic status of many people which subjected them to poverty. The dual lethal combination of HIV and poverty triggered an unprecedented TB epidemic. In this study, we focused on the period 2000-2013 and all the notified data in Kenya was included. Data on estimates of TB incidence, prevalence and mortality was extracted from the WHO global Tuberculosis database. Data was analysed to produce trends for each of the years and descriptive statistics were calculated. The results showed that there was an average decline of 5% over the last 8 years with the highest decline being reported in the year 2012/13. TB continues to disproportionately affect the male gender with 58% being male and 42% being female. Kenya has made significant efforts to address the burden of HIV among TB patients with cotrimoxazole preventive therapy (CPT) uptake reaching 98% AND ART at 74% by the end of 2013. Kenya’s TB epidemic has evolved over time and it has been characterised by a period where there was increase in the TB cases reaching a peak in the year 2007 after which there was a decline which began to accelerate in the year 2011. The gains in the decline of TB could be attributed in part to the outcomes of integrating TB and HIV services and these gains should be sustained. What is equally notable is the clear epidemiologic shift in age indicating reduced transmission in the younger age groups.
depth and details answer the following discussion board question.docxwrite22
This document discusses vaccine-preventable diseases among refugee and internally displaced populations during humanitarian emergencies. It reviews 50 articles on outbreaks of diseases like measles, polio, and meningitis in these vulnerable groups. Key challenges discussed are the breakdown of health services during crises, overcrowding in camps increasing transmission, and issues providing vaccination due to insecurity or infrastructure damage. Maintaining surveillance and responding quickly to outbreaks with vaccination is important for control. Coordination with partners and vaccination of surrounding communities is also recommended when immunity gaps exist in both displaced and host populations.
depth and details answer the following discussion board question.docx4934bk
This document discusses vaccine-preventable diseases among refugee and internally displaced populations during humanitarian emergencies. It reviews 50 articles on outbreaks of diseases like measles, polio, and meningitis in these vulnerable groups. Key challenges discussed are the breakdown of health services during crises, overcrowding in camps increasing transmission, and issues providing vaccination due to insecurity or infrastructure damage. Maintaining surveillance and responding quickly to outbreaks with vaccination is important for control. Coordination with partners and vaccination of surrounding communities is also recommended when immunity gaps exist in both displaced and host populations.
Running Head: CHOLERA 1
CHOLERA 2
Cholera in Developing Countries
Name
Class
School
Teacher
January 15, 2014
In developing countries, cholera is major concern due to poor sanitation, crowding, poverty, and contaminated drinking water. This disease is caused by bacterium Vibrio cholera. Presence of this bacteria initiates release of a toxin that leads to release of water from the cells of the small intestines, which produces severe diarrhea. Increased diarrhea and vomiting leads to the body being dehydrated. Common locations for cholera in developing countries are Africa, Asia, India, Mexico and South and Central America. Transmission occurs by eating food or drinking water that has been contaminated by waste products of infected persons (Barua & Greenough, 1992)
Cholera exhibits itself in high levels of diarrhea and vomiting of clear fluid. Persons may also have variety of symptoms, for instance abdominal cramps, dry mucus membranes, dry skin, excessive thirst caused by high level of dehydration. Further, symptoms of glassy or sunken eyes, low urine output, lethargy and nausea. If anyone exhibits all or one of these signs, it is advisable to consult a physician in order to run tests. These tests include blood culture, stool culture and gram stains. When treating cholera, the main aim is to replace electrolytes and fluid lost through severe diarrhea. Fluid may be given orally or through vein, known as intravenous. Antibiotics may shorten the periods of illness related to cholera. Antibiotics used to treat cholera include tetracycline or doxcyline. The World Health Organization (WHO) has successfully developed an oral rehydration solution that is cheaper and easier than the IV fluid. If severe diarrhea is not treated in the early stages, it can result in life threatening dehydration and electrolyte imbalances (Barua & Greenough, 1992).
Water supply is an essential in human population and ensuring better public health. This can however be limited by low coverage, poor continuity, insufficient quantity and poor quality. Results of epidemiological studying the relationship between the quality of water supply, sanitation, and water-borne diseases such as cholera vary. However, there is enough evidence to support the conclusion that improving water supply can have significant impact on human health. Adequate water supply and the quality of water are vital in cholera infection reduction. Water is essential in the disposal of excreted waste. If the water supply is inadequate due to shortages, the same water used for domestic purposes like drinking and cooking is at risk of cholera contamination. Sufficient water supply reduces cholera infections and contamination. This helps to ensure that water used for excretal d ...
A Short Report on Status of Leprosy in India by Rahul Shukla in Advances in Complementary & Alternative Medicine
Hansen’s disease, known as leprosy in colloquial language has been able to maintain its prevalence in the Indian subcontinent due to the haggard socio-economic status, lack of awareness and multiple other predisposing factors. Leprosy has been found to suppress the immune system thereby accentuating the chance of secondary infections. Contrary to the long held prevalent notion that the disease is not very contagious but shows long term effects that may lead to permanent limb and nerve disfigurement. The chronic effects of the ailment also include loss of visual acuity along with deformed limbs. Despite the prevalence and emergence of substantial number of new cases of leprosy each year in most of the developed and developing nations, the disease has still not been identified as a major health problem. The major hurdle in tackling the disease is also stemmed from the under reporting of the ailment caused by the excommunication of the afflicted individuals. India accounts for a large chunk of the global burden of leprosy, contributing almost 3/5th of the newly documented cases per annum. Reemergence of leprosy has been evidenced due to development of resistance in the causative bacterial strain. Yet much has not been accomplished in developing therapeutic regimen to curb the rampage of this insidious enemy. The aim of this short communication aims at portraying the true scenario of leprosy and there by attract the attention of policy makers and implementers to take radical actions to eradicate the menace to public health.
Evaluation of factors that influence Reoccurrence of Cholera epidemics in Bwe...PUBLISHERJOURNAL
Cholera is an acute enteric infection characterised by sudden onset of profuse, painless watery diarrhoea and vomiting. Transmission of the disease is by faecal-oral route and from man to man via faecal contaminated water, ingestion of contaminated foods and drinks, and bottle feeding in infants. Globally, an estimated 1.4 to 4.3 million cholera cases and 28,000 to 142,000 cholera related deaths occur every year and the highest deaths rates occur in developing countries. The aim of this study was to explore the factors influencing reoccurrence of cholera outbreaks in Bwera hospital-Kasese district, Uganda. The study was a descriptive cross-sectional where quantitative strategy was applied on health workers and households within Bwera hospital. The study targeted 73 respondents; random sampling procedure was used. Three broad themes were based on to obtain results namely; sources of water for home use, environmental sanitation and the role of climate change. It emerged that water was mainly collected from unprotected sources using rudimentary methods and it was made safe by boiling. Hand washing was seen as a common practice done though occasionally. Generally solid wastes were poorly managed including human waste and reinforcing reforestation was seen as a remedy to avert effects of climate change. The commonest source of water for home consumption was from open water surfaces mainly rivers/streams. Boiling was seen as one of the commonest methods of making water safe for home consumption but the numbers of house hold that boils water are very few thereby making them prone to infection. Washing hands was the commonest practice especially before eating but still some children do ignore washing of their hands before eating if their caretakers are not around them; however, it was not consistently after visiting latrine. Poor waste disposal was seen present in the communities whereby bushes and river banks were seen as places where human waste is deposited.
Keywords: Cholera, Deaths, Households, Bwera hospital, contaminated Water.
This document proposes assessing lifestyles, public health measures, and their impact on containing COVID-19 transmission in communities in Horo Guduru Wollega, Ethiopia. A cross-sectional study will survey 768 individuals across 4 districts on risk factors and prevention practices. Data will be analyzed to identify associations between exposures and infections. The study aims to increase awareness and limit rapid spread in the region through understanding transmission routes and improving prevention measures.
Emerging and re-emerging diseses part2 (INCLUDES ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE)Dr. Mamta Gehlawat
2nd half of my ppt on emerging and re-emerging diseases. i uploaded the first half already. pls refer to that too. this ppt has info on AIDS/HIV, ZIKA, EBOLA-MARBURG, MELIODIOSIS, CHOLERA and ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE
The epidemiology of tuberculosis in Kenya, a high TB/HIV burden country (2000...Premier Publishers
Interest in the epidemiology of TB was triggered by the re-emergence of tuberculosis in the early 1990’s with the advent of HIV and falling economic status of many people which subjected them to poverty. The dual lethal combination of HIV and poverty triggered an unprecedented TB epidemic. In this study, we focused on the period 2000-2013 and all the notified data in Kenya was included. Data on estimates of TB incidence, prevalence and mortality was extracted from the WHO global Tuberculosis database. Data was analysed to produce trends for each of the years and descriptive statistics were calculated. The results showed that there was an average decline of 5% over the last 8 years with the highest decline being reported in the year 2012/13. TB continues to disproportionately affect the male gender with 58% being male and 42% being female. Kenya has made significant efforts to address the burden of HIV among TB patients with cotrimoxazole preventive therapy (CPT) uptake reaching 98% AND ART at 74% by the end of 2013. Kenya’s TB epidemic has evolved over time and it has been characterised by a period where there was increase in the TB cases reaching a peak in the year 2007 after which there was a decline which began to accelerate in the year 2011. The gains in the decline of TB could be attributed in part to the outcomes of integrating TB and HIV services and these gains should be sustained. What is equally notable is the clear epidemiologic shift in age indicating reduced transmission in the younger age groups.
depth and details answer the following discussion board question.docxwrite22
This document discusses vaccine-preventable diseases among refugee and internally displaced populations during humanitarian emergencies. It reviews 50 articles on outbreaks of diseases like measles, polio, and meningitis in these vulnerable groups. Key challenges discussed are the breakdown of health services during crises, overcrowding in camps increasing transmission, and issues providing vaccination due to insecurity or infrastructure damage. Maintaining surveillance and responding quickly to outbreaks with vaccination is important for control. Coordination with partners and vaccination of surrounding communities is also recommended when immunity gaps exist in both displaced and host populations.
depth and details answer the following discussion board question.docx4934bk
This document discusses vaccine-preventable diseases among refugee and internally displaced populations during humanitarian emergencies. It reviews 50 articles on outbreaks of diseases like measles, polio, and meningitis in these vulnerable groups. Key challenges discussed are the breakdown of health services during crises, overcrowding in camps increasing transmission, and issues providing vaccination due to insecurity or infrastructure damage. Maintaining surveillance and responding quickly to outbreaks with vaccination is important for control. Coordination with partners and vaccination of surrounding communities is also recommended when immunity gaps exist in both displaced and host populations.
Running Head: CHOLERA 1
CHOLERA 2
Cholera in Developing Countries
Name
Class
School
Teacher
January 15, 2014
In developing countries, cholera is major concern due to poor sanitation, crowding, poverty, and contaminated drinking water. This disease is caused by bacterium Vibrio cholera. Presence of this bacteria initiates release of a toxin that leads to release of water from the cells of the small intestines, which produces severe diarrhea. Increased diarrhea and vomiting leads to the body being dehydrated. Common locations for cholera in developing countries are Africa, Asia, India, Mexico and South and Central America. Transmission occurs by eating food or drinking water that has been contaminated by waste products of infected persons (Barua & Greenough, 1992)
Cholera exhibits itself in high levels of diarrhea and vomiting of clear fluid. Persons may also have variety of symptoms, for instance abdominal cramps, dry mucus membranes, dry skin, excessive thirst caused by high level of dehydration. Further, symptoms of glassy or sunken eyes, low urine output, lethargy and nausea. If anyone exhibits all or one of these signs, it is advisable to consult a physician in order to run tests. These tests include blood culture, stool culture and gram stains. When treating cholera, the main aim is to replace electrolytes and fluid lost through severe diarrhea. Fluid may be given orally or through vein, known as intravenous. Antibiotics may shorten the periods of illness related to cholera. Antibiotics used to treat cholera include tetracycline or doxcyline. The World Health Organization (WHO) has successfully developed an oral rehydration solution that is cheaper and easier than the IV fluid. If severe diarrhea is not treated in the early stages, it can result in life threatening dehydration and electrolyte imbalances (Barua & Greenough, 1992).
Water supply is an essential in human population and ensuring better public health. This can however be limited by low coverage, poor continuity, insufficient quantity and poor quality. Results of epidemiological studying the relationship between the quality of water supply, sanitation, and water-borne diseases such as cholera vary. However, there is enough evidence to support the conclusion that improving water supply can have significant impact on human health. Adequate water supply and the quality of water are vital in cholera infection reduction. Water is essential in the disposal of excreted waste. If the water supply is inadequate due to shortages, the same water used for domestic purposes like drinking and cooking is at risk of cholera contamination. Sufficient water supply reduces cholera infections and contamination. This helps to ensure that water used for excretal d ...
A Short Report on Status of Leprosy in India by Rahul Shukla in Advances in Complementary & Alternative Medicine
Hansen’s disease, known as leprosy in colloquial language has been able to maintain its prevalence in the Indian subcontinent due to the haggard socio-economic status, lack of awareness and multiple other predisposing factors. Leprosy has been found to suppress the immune system thereby accentuating the chance of secondary infections. Contrary to the long held prevalent notion that the disease is not very contagious but shows long term effects that may lead to permanent limb and nerve disfigurement. The chronic effects of the ailment also include loss of visual acuity along with deformed limbs. Despite the prevalence and emergence of substantial number of new cases of leprosy each year in most of the developed and developing nations, the disease has still not been identified as a major health problem. The major hurdle in tackling the disease is also stemmed from the under reporting of the ailment caused by the excommunication of the afflicted individuals. India accounts for a large chunk of the global burden of leprosy, contributing almost 3/5th of the newly documented cases per annum. Reemergence of leprosy has been evidenced due to development of resistance in the causative bacterial strain. Yet much has not been accomplished in developing therapeutic regimen to curb the rampage of this insidious enemy. The aim of this short communication aims at portraying the true scenario of leprosy and there by attract the attention of policy makers and implementers to take radical actions to eradicate the menace to public health.
The document discusses vaccine-preventable diseases among refugee and internally displaced populations during humanitarian emergencies. It reviews 50 articles on outbreaks of diseases like measles, polio, meningitis, yellow fever and hepatitis A among displaced communities. Mass population movements, overcrowding and poor sanitation in refugee camps increase risk of disease transmission and outbreaks. Vaccination is critical for protection but humanitarian crises pose challenges to vaccine delivery and can threaten global eradication efforts. The increasing number of emergencies globally requires new approaches to vaccination for vulnerable displaced groups.
Diseases Transmitted Through Fecal Oral RouteEmtui
Diseases transmitted by the fecal-oral route include viral, bacterial, protozoan and helminth infections. Major causes globally and in developing countries include rotavirus, cholera, typhoid, bacterial diarrhea and amoebiasis. Risk factors include lack of access to clean water and sanitation. Prevention strategies center on improving hygiene, water quality and sanitation to break the transmission cycle. Challenges to control include poverty, lack of surveillance and cultural practices.
Malaria is a life-threatening disease caused by Plasmodium parasites transmitted via mosquito bites. P. falciparum is the deadliest species. In 2010, malaria killed approximately 600,000 people, mostly young children and pregnant women in Africa. While control efforts have reduced malaria significantly outside of Africa, it remains a major public health challenge, exacerbated by emerging drug resistance and the overlap of malaria with poverty. Accurate diagnosis via microscopy of blood smears remains essential for effective treatment and control of this widespread and complex disease.
This document discusses a study that assessed the impact of mass drug administration (MDA) on the transmission of lymphatic filariasis in Tono Irrigation Area in Navrongo, Ghana. The study involved collecting and dissecting mosquitoes from two communities to determine infection levels. A total of 3,650 Anopheles mosquitoes and 386 Culex mosquitoes were collected and examined. Only 3 Anopheles mosquitoes were found to be infected with filarial parasites, but no infective L3 stage larvae were detected. This suggests that ongoing transmission of lymphatic filariasis had been interrupted in the study sites following over nine years of MDA, though continued surveillance is still needed.
1) Diarrhoea is a major cause of mortality in children under 5 years old, killing over 500,000 children annually. It is caused by various pathogens including rotavirus, ETEC, Salmonella, Shigella, and Cryptosporidium.
2) Oral rehydration therapy is the primary treatment for diarrhoea and involves replacing lost fluids and electrolytes through oral rehydration salts. Intravenous fluids may be required for severe dehydration.
3) Prevention strategies include improved access to clean water and sanitation, breastfeeding, and vaccination. Diarrhoea control programs promote oral rehydration therapy and preventive measures.
The global emergence of the novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19)
in December, 2019 became a major turning point in the global health system. As at 4th May, 2020, the Republic of South Africa, Egypt and Nigeria had 6 783, 6 465 and 2 558 confirmed cases of COVID-19, respectively. Surprisingly, the number of cases in South Africa has risen to 563 598 cases with 10 621 deaths, and the number of cases in Egypt has increased to 95 666 cases with 5 035 deaths while Nigeria has 46 867 cases with 950 deaths[2]. Many African countries that were not having any reported cases of COVID-19 before now have confirmed cases while some experienced a huge spike in the number of confirmed cases due to SARS Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).
Malaria is still considered globally as a leading cause of morbidity with Nigeria carrying the highest burden of 19%. Coinfection of malaria and Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) accelerate disease progression of HIV/AIDS subjects. This study investigated the prevalence and predictors of malaria among HIV infected subjects attending the antiretroviral therapy Clinic at Federal the Medical Centre, Keffi, Nigeria. After ethical clearance, 200 whole blood specimens were collected from patients who gave informed consent and completed a self-structured questionnaire. The specimens were examined for malarial parasite using rapid kits and microscopy. The overall prevalence of the infection was 78/200 (39.0%). The prevalence was higher in male (44.7%) than female (34.0%) subjects. Those subjects aged < 20 years (54.5), male gender (44.7%), non-formal education holders (61.5%), farmers (62.5%), stream water users (48.1%), those that lives in rural setting (43.6%), those that do not use Insecticides Treated Nets (ITNs) (39.4%) and swampy environment dwellers (41.7%) were identified predictors for malaria infection in the area. All the predictors studied did not show any statistically significant difference with the infection but some arithmetic difference exists (P > 0.05). The 39.0% prevalence of malaria in HIV infected subjects is a public health concern. Therefore, Public health surveillance and health education among HIV population should be advocated to help eradicate malaria comes 2030. Further study that will characterize the genes of the parasite should be carried out.
Malaria parasitaemia and socioeconomic status of selected residents of Emohua...IOSRJPBS
The document summarizes a study that investigated the prevalence of malaria and socioeconomic status of residents in Emohua Community, Rivers State, Nigeria. Blood samples were collected from 200 subjects aged 0-17 years old and tested for malaria parasites. The main findings were:
1) The overall malaria prevalence was 53%, with higher rates among females, young children aged 0-6 years, and individuals from lower socioeconomic classes.
2) Subjects not using mosquito nets or using untreated nets had higher infection rates compared to those using treated nets.
3) Most individuals had non-formal education and sought treatment from patent drug sellers rather than hospitals. Treatment-seeking behaviors differed based on education levels.
1) The document discusses recommendations for pediatric dentists regarding dental treatment of children during the COVID-19 pandemic. It notes that children often have mild or no symptoms of COVID-19 infection and may play a major role in viral transmission.
2) For dental emergencies involving children, the document recommends phone screening, personal protective equipment, limiting aerosol-generating procedures, disinfection of the clinical setting, and postponing routine treatments.
3) Pediatric dentists are advised to maintain a high level of awareness to help patients, minimize risk, and prevent further viral spread, as dental practice may need to be reorganized to ensure higher safety standards during the pandemic.
Attitude of the youth towards voluntary counselling and testing (vct) of hiv ...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the attitudes of youth in Accra, Ghana toward voluntary counseling and testing (VCT) for HIV/AIDS. The study found that while knowledge of HIV/AIDS was high, awareness and use of VCT services was low. Most respondents were unaware that VCT services existed or where they could access them. Of those aware of VCT, very few had utilized the services themselves. Fear of knowing their HIV status appeared to be a major barrier preventing youth from seeking VCT. The study concluded that efforts must be made to increase awareness and use of VCT, especially among youth, through expanded information and education campaigns.
The document discusses the theoretical framework for understanding the impact of implementing Enhanced Community Quarantine (ECQ) in preventing the spread of COVID-19 in Alion, Mariveles. It reviews relevant theories and literature on quarantine and pandemics. Studies show that quarantine can effectively reduce transmission by isolating cases, but it also has economic and psychological costs. The conceptual framework identifies independent variables like age, sex, and socioeconomic status, and dependent variables like perception of the quarantine's informativeness and security. The hypothesis is that these factors may influence perceptions of the quarantine's effectiveness.
The document discusses challenges and opportunities for capacity building of veterinary services in Thailand related to transboundary animal diseases and food safety issues. It summarizes Thailand's experiences dealing with highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 outbreaks between 2004-2008, identifying risk factors like free-grazing duck populations. It also describes Thailand's strong veterinary services as identified in an OIE PVS evaluation, including well-staffed veterinary laboratories and effective quarantine and border security. However, it notes regulatory gaps in veterinary medicines and the need to improve food safety standards for smaller domestic operations. Strengthening developing country veterinary services is seen as important for compliance with international standards and access to international markets.
The document discusses an epidemiological study on worm infestation in Surkhet district, Nepal. It provides background on common types of worms that can infect humans. Worm infestation is a major public health problem, especially among children, due to poor sanitation and hygiene. The study aims to understand the epidemiology of worm infestation in the district by examining factors like time, place, and person. Secondary data from the past 3 years will be reviewed to analyze trends and distributions of worm infestation cases. The findings will help authorities better plan prevention and treatment services.
Combination vaccines against diarrheal diseasesMalabi M Venk.docxdrandy1
Combination vaccines against diarrheal diseases
Malabi M Venkatesan1,* and Lillian L Van de Verg2
1Bacterial Diseases Branch; Walter Reed Army Institute of Research; Silver Spring, MD USA; 2Enteric Vaccine Initiative; Vaccine Development Global Program;
PATH; Washington, DC USA
Keywords: combination, diarrhea, ETEC, Shigella, vaccines
Diarrheal diseases remain a leading cause of global
childhood mortality and morbidity. Several recent
epidemiological studies highlight the rate of diarrheal
diseases in different parts of the world and draw attention to
the impact on childhood growth and survival. Despite the
well-documented global burden of diarrheal diseases,
currently there are no combination diarrheal vaccines, only
licensed vaccines for rotavirus and cholera, and Salmonella
typhi-based vaccines for typhoid fever. The recognition of the
impact of diarrheal episodes on infant growth, as seen in
resource-poor countries, has spurred action from
governmental and non-governmental agencies to accelerate
research toward affordable and effective vaccines against
diarrheal diseases. Both travelers and children in endemic
countries will benefit from a combination diarrheal vaccine,
but it can be argued that the greater proportion of any
positive impact will be on the public health status of the
latter. The history of combination pediatric vaccines indicate
that monovalent or single disease vaccines are typically
licensed first prior to formulation in a combination vaccine,
and that the combinations themselves undergo periodic
revision in response to need for improvement in safety or
potential for wider coverage of important pediatric
pathogens. Nevertheless combination pediatric vaccines have
proven to be an effective tool in limiting or eradicating
communicable childhood diseases worldwide. The landscape
of diarrheal vaccine candidates indicates that there now
several in active development that offer options for potential
testing of combinations to combat those bacterial and viral
pathogens responsible for the heaviest disease burden—
rotavirus, ETEC, Shigella, Campylobacter, V. cholera and
Salmonella.
Introduction
Several recent large scale studies of global diarrheal disease
burden and epidemiology, renewed recognition of multiple
diarrhea episodes as a serious impediment to the health and
development of children in resource-poor countries, an
upsurge in the investment by charitable foundations and gov-
ernmental entities in combatting global infectious diseases
and the emergence of new concepts in vaccination strategies
collectively point to opportunities to develop new vaccines
against very old diseases. In this paper, we first review up-to-
date information on diarrheal disease burden as a rationale
for the pursuit of vaccine development. The history of the
development and challenges of combination pediatric vaccines
are presented as a model for combination diarrheal vaccines
for children in endemic parts of the world as well as for trav.
Combination vaccines against diarrheal diseasesMalabi M Venk.docxcargillfilberto
Combination vaccines against diarrheal diseases
Malabi M Venkatesan1,* and Lillian L Van de Verg2
1Bacterial Diseases Branch; Walter Reed Army Institute of Research; Silver Spring, MD USA; 2Enteric Vaccine Initiative; Vaccine Development Global Program;
PATH; Washington, DC USA
Keywords: combination, diarrhea, ETEC, Shigella, vaccines
Diarrheal diseases remain a leading cause of global
childhood mortality and morbidity. Several recent
epidemiological studies highlight the rate of diarrheal
diseases in different parts of the world and draw attention to
the impact on childhood growth and survival. Despite the
well-documented global burden of diarrheal diseases,
currently there are no combination diarrheal vaccines, only
licensed vaccines for rotavirus and cholera, and Salmonella
typhi-based vaccines for typhoid fever. The recognition of the
impact of diarrheal episodes on infant growth, as seen in
resource-poor countries, has spurred action from
governmental and non-governmental agencies to accelerate
research toward affordable and effective vaccines against
diarrheal diseases. Both travelers and children in endemic
countries will benefit from a combination diarrheal vaccine,
but it can be argued that the greater proportion of any
positive impact will be on the public health status of the
latter. The history of combination pediatric vaccines indicate
that monovalent or single disease vaccines are typically
licensed first prior to formulation in a combination vaccine,
and that the combinations themselves undergo periodic
revision in response to need for improvement in safety or
potential for wider coverage of important pediatric
pathogens. Nevertheless combination pediatric vaccines have
proven to be an effective tool in limiting or eradicating
communicable childhood diseases worldwide. The landscape
of diarrheal vaccine candidates indicates that there now
several in active development that offer options for potential
testing of combinations to combat those bacterial and viral
pathogens responsible for the heaviest disease burden—
rotavirus, ETEC, Shigella, Campylobacter, V. cholera and
Salmonella.
Introduction
Several recent large scale studies of global diarrheal disease
burden and epidemiology, renewed recognition of multiple
diarrhea episodes as a serious impediment to the health and
development of children in resource-poor countries, an
upsurge in the investment by charitable foundations and gov-
ernmental entities in combatting global infectious diseases
and the emergence of new concepts in vaccination strategies
collectively point to opportunities to develop new vaccines
against very old diseases. In this paper, we first review up-to-
date information on diarrheal disease burden as a rationale
for the pursuit of vaccine development. The history of the
development and challenges of combination pediatric vaccines
are presented as a model for combination diarrheal vaccines
for children in endemic parts of the world as well as for trav.
Infection Control of COVID-19 - WHO Guideline.pdfmilahelan999
This review article discusses changes to infection control procedures in dentistry during the COVID-19 pandemic. It notes that SARS-CoV-2 can be transmitted through saliva and aerosols generated during dental procedures, putting dental staff and patients at high risk. Key changes include taking patient medical histories remotely before appointments to screen for COVID-19 symptoms or exposure, minimizing non-emergency visits during peak pandemic periods, and modifying standard infection control protocols like increased use of PPE and ventilation to reduce virus transmission. Strict adherence to modified infection control measures is necessary to protect dental practitioners, staff, patients and the community from COVID-19 exposure during treatment.
The context surrounding the emergence of infectious diseases and the need to ...ILRI
Presentation by Hung Nguyen-Viet at a Preventing Zoonotic Disease Emergence (PREZODE) side event at the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) Forum on Science and Innovation, 13 October 2022.
‘Six Sigma Technique’ A Journey Through its Implementationijtsrd
The manufacturing industries all over the world are facing tough challenges for growth, development and sustainability in today’s competitive environment. They have to achieve apex position by adapting with the global competitive environment by delivering goods and services at low cost, prime quality and better price to increase wealth and consumer satisfaction. Cost Management ensures profit, growth and sustainability of the business with implementation of Continuous Improvement Technique like Six Sigma. This leads to optimize Business performance. The method drives for customer satisfaction, low variation, reduction in waste and cycle time resulting into a competitive advantage over other industries which did not implement it. The main objective of this paper ‘Six Sigma Technique A Journey Through Its Implementation’ is to conceptualize the effectiveness of Six Sigma Technique through the journey of its implementation. Aditi Sunilkumar Ghosalkar "‘Six Sigma Technique’: A Journey Through its Implementation" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64546.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64546/‘six-sigma-technique’-a-journey-through-its-implementation/aditi-sunilkumar-ghosalkar
Edge Computing in Space Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space...ijtsrd
Edge computing, a paradigm that involves processing data closer to its source, has gained significant attention for its potential to revolutionize data processing and communication in space missions. With the increasing complexity and data volume generated by modern space missions, traditional centralized computing approaches face challenges related to latency, bandwidth, and security. Edge computing in space, involving on board processing and analysis of data, offers promising solutions to these challenges. This paper explores the concept of edge computing in space, its benefits, applications, and future prospects in enhancing space missions. Manish Verma "Edge Computing in Space: Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space Missions" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64541.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/artificial-intelligence/64541/edge-computing-in-space-enhancing-data-processing-and-communication-for-space-missions/manish-verma
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Malaria is still considered globally as a leading cause of morbidity with Nigeria carrying the highest burden of 19%. Coinfection of malaria and Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) accelerate disease progression of HIV/AIDS subjects. This study investigated the prevalence and predictors of malaria among HIV infected subjects attending the antiretroviral therapy Clinic at Federal the Medical Centre, Keffi, Nigeria. After ethical clearance, 200 whole blood specimens were collected from patients who gave informed consent and completed a self-structured questionnaire. The specimens were examined for malarial parasite using rapid kits and microscopy. The overall prevalence of the infection was 78/200 (39.0%). The prevalence was higher in male (44.7%) than female (34.0%) subjects. Those subjects aged < 20 years (54.5), male gender (44.7%), non-formal education holders (61.5%), farmers (62.5%), stream water users (48.1%), those that lives in rural setting (43.6%), those that do not use Insecticides Treated Nets (ITNs) (39.4%) and swampy environment dwellers (41.7%) were identified predictors for malaria infection in the area. All the predictors studied did not show any statistically significant difference with the infection but some arithmetic difference exists (P > 0.05). The 39.0% prevalence of malaria in HIV infected subjects is a public health concern. Therefore, Public health surveillance and health education among HIV population should be advocated to help eradicate malaria comes 2030. Further study that will characterize the genes of the parasite should be carried out.
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Combination vaccines against diarrheal diseasesMalabi M Venk.docxdrandy1
Combination vaccines against diarrheal diseases
Malabi M Venkatesan1,* and Lillian L Van de Verg2
1Bacterial Diseases Branch; Walter Reed Army Institute of Research; Silver Spring, MD USA; 2Enteric Vaccine Initiative; Vaccine Development Global Program;
PATH; Washington, DC USA
Keywords: combination, diarrhea, ETEC, Shigella, vaccines
Diarrheal diseases remain a leading cause of global
childhood mortality and morbidity. Several recent
epidemiological studies highlight the rate of diarrheal
diseases in different parts of the world and draw attention to
the impact on childhood growth and survival. Despite the
well-documented global burden of diarrheal diseases,
currently there are no combination diarrheal vaccines, only
licensed vaccines for rotavirus and cholera, and Salmonella
typhi-based vaccines for typhoid fever. The recognition of the
impact of diarrheal episodes on infant growth, as seen in
resource-poor countries, has spurred action from
governmental and non-governmental agencies to accelerate
research toward affordable and effective vaccines against
diarrheal diseases. Both travelers and children in endemic
countries will benefit from a combination diarrheal vaccine,
but it can be argued that the greater proportion of any
positive impact will be on the public health status of the
latter. The history of combination pediatric vaccines indicate
that monovalent or single disease vaccines are typically
licensed first prior to formulation in a combination vaccine,
and that the combinations themselves undergo periodic
revision in response to need for improvement in safety or
potential for wider coverage of important pediatric
pathogens. Nevertheless combination pediatric vaccines have
proven to be an effective tool in limiting or eradicating
communicable childhood diseases worldwide. The landscape
of diarrheal vaccine candidates indicates that there now
several in active development that offer options for potential
testing of combinations to combat those bacterial and viral
pathogens responsible for the heaviest disease burden—
rotavirus, ETEC, Shigella, Campylobacter, V. cholera and
Salmonella.
Introduction
Several recent large scale studies of global diarrheal disease
burden and epidemiology, renewed recognition of multiple
diarrhea episodes as a serious impediment to the health and
development of children in resource-poor countries, an
upsurge in the investment by charitable foundations and gov-
ernmental entities in combatting global infectious diseases
and the emergence of new concepts in vaccination strategies
collectively point to opportunities to develop new vaccines
against very old diseases. In this paper, we first review up-to-
date information on diarrheal disease burden as a rationale
for the pursuit of vaccine development. The history of the
development and challenges of combination pediatric vaccines
are presented as a model for combination diarrheal vaccines
for children in endemic parts of the world as well as for trav.
Combination vaccines against diarrheal diseasesMalabi M Venk.docxcargillfilberto
Combination vaccines against diarrheal diseases
Malabi M Venkatesan1,* and Lillian L Van de Verg2
1Bacterial Diseases Branch; Walter Reed Army Institute of Research; Silver Spring, MD USA; 2Enteric Vaccine Initiative; Vaccine Development Global Program;
PATH; Washington, DC USA
Keywords: combination, diarrhea, ETEC, Shigella, vaccines
Diarrheal diseases remain a leading cause of global
childhood mortality and morbidity. Several recent
epidemiological studies highlight the rate of diarrheal
diseases in different parts of the world and draw attention to
the impact on childhood growth and survival. Despite the
well-documented global burden of diarrheal diseases,
currently there are no combination diarrheal vaccines, only
licensed vaccines for rotavirus and cholera, and Salmonella
typhi-based vaccines for typhoid fever. The recognition of the
impact of diarrheal episodes on infant growth, as seen in
resource-poor countries, has spurred action from
governmental and non-governmental agencies to accelerate
research toward affordable and effective vaccines against
diarrheal diseases. Both travelers and children in endemic
countries will benefit from a combination diarrheal vaccine,
but it can be argued that the greater proportion of any
positive impact will be on the public health status of the
latter. The history of combination pediatric vaccines indicate
that monovalent or single disease vaccines are typically
licensed first prior to formulation in a combination vaccine,
and that the combinations themselves undergo periodic
revision in response to need for improvement in safety or
potential for wider coverage of important pediatric
pathogens. Nevertheless combination pediatric vaccines have
proven to be an effective tool in limiting or eradicating
communicable childhood diseases worldwide. The landscape
of diarrheal vaccine candidates indicates that there now
several in active development that offer options for potential
testing of combinations to combat those bacterial and viral
pathogens responsible for the heaviest disease burden—
rotavirus, ETEC, Shigella, Campylobacter, V. cholera and
Salmonella.
Introduction
Several recent large scale studies of global diarrheal disease
burden and epidemiology, renewed recognition of multiple
diarrhea episodes as a serious impediment to the health and
development of children in resource-poor countries, an
upsurge in the investment by charitable foundations and gov-
ernmental entities in combatting global infectious diseases
and the emergence of new concepts in vaccination strategies
collectively point to opportunities to develop new vaccines
against very old diseases. In this paper, we first review up-to-
date information on diarrheal disease burden as a rationale
for the pursuit of vaccine development. The history of the
development and challenges of combination pediatric vaccines
are presented as a model for combination diarrheal vaccines
for children in endemic parts of the world as well as for trav.
Infection Control of COVID-19 - WHO Guideline.pdfmilahelan999
This review article discusses changes to infection control procedures in dentistry during the COVID-19 pandemic. It notes that SARS-CoV-2 can be transmitted through saliva and aerosols generated during dental procedures, putting dental staff and patients at high risk. Key changes include taking patient medical histories remotely before appointments to screen for COVID-19 symptoms or exposure, minimizing non-emergency visits during peak pandemic periods, and modifying standard infection control protocols like increased use of PPE and ventilation to reduce virus transmission. Strict adherence to modified infection control measures is necessary to protect dental practitioners, staff, patients and the community from COVID-19 exposure during treatment.
The context surrounding the emergence of infectious diseases and the need to ...ILRI
Presentation by Hung Nguyen-Viet at a Preventing Zoonotic Disease Emergence (PREZODE) side event at the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) Forum on Science and Innovation, 13 October 2022.
Similar to Determinants of Full Dose of Oral Cholera Vaccine Uptake in Tiko and Limbe Health Districts (20)
‘Six Sigma Technique’ A Journey Through its Implementationijtsrd
The manufacturing industries all over the world are facing tough challenges for growth, development and sustainability in today’s competitive environment. They have to achieve apex position by adapting with the global competitive environment by delivering goods and services at low cost, prime quality and better price to increase wealth and consumer satisfaction. Cost Management ensures profit, growth and sustainability of the business with implementation of Continuous Improvement Technique like Six Sigma. This leads to optimize Business performance. The method drives for customer satisfaction, low variation, reduction in waste and cycle time resulting into a competitive advantage over other industries which did not implement it. The main objective of this paper ‘Six Sigma Technique A Journey Through Its Implementation’ is to conceptualize the effectiveness of Six Sigma Technique through the journey of its implementation. Aditi Sunilkumar Ghosalkar "‘Six Sigma Technique’: A Journey Through its Implementation" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64546.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64546/‘six-sigma-technique’-a-journey-through-its-implementation/aditi-sunilkumar-ghosalkar
Edge Computing in Space Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space...ijtsrd
Edge computing, a paradigm that involves processing data closer to its source, has gained significant attention for its potential to revolutionize data processing and communication in space missions. With the increasing complexity and data volume generated by modern space missions, traditional centralized computing approaches face challenges related to latency, bandwidth, and security. Edge computing in space, involving on board processing and analysis of data, offers promising solutions to these challenges. This paper explores the concept of edge computing in space, its benefits, applications, and future prospects in enhancing space missions. Manish Verma "Edge Computing in Space: Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space Missions" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64541.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/artificial-intelligence/64541/edge-computing-in-space-enhancing-data-processing-and-communication-for-space-missions/manish-verma
Dynamics of Communal Politics in 21st Century India Challenges and Prospectsijtsrd
Communal politics in India has evolved through centuries, weaving a complex tapestry shaped by historical legacies, colonial influences, and contemporary socio political transformations. This research comprehensively examines the dynamics of communal politics in 21st century India, emphasizing its historical roots, socio political dynamics, economic implications, challenges, and prospects for mitigation. The historical perspective unravels the intricate interplay of religious identities and power dynamics from ancient civilizations to the impact of colonial rule, providing insights into the evolution of communalism. The socio political dynamics section delves into the contemporary manifestations, exploring the roles of identity politics, socio economic disparities, and globalization. The economic implications section highlights how communal politics intersects with economic issues, perpetuating disparities and influencing resource allocation. Challenges posed by communal politics are scrutinized, revealing multifaceted issues ranging from social fragmentation to threats against democratic values. The prospects for mitigation present a multifaceted approach, incorporating policy interventions, community engagement, and educational initiatives. The paper conducts a comparative analysis with international examples, identifying common patterns such as identity politics and economic disparities. It also examines unique challenges, emphasizing Indias diverse religious landscape, historical legacy, and secular framework. Lessons for effective strategies are drawn from international experiences, offering insights into inclusive policies, interfaith dialogue, media regulation, and global cooperation. By scrutinizing historical epochs, contemporary dynamics, economic implications, and international comparisons, this research provides a comprehensive understanding of communal politics in India. The proposed strategies for mitigation underscore the importance of a holistic approach to foster social harmony, inclusivity, and democratic values. Rose Hossain "Dynamics of Communal Politics in 21st Century India: Challenges and Prospects" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64528.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/history/64528/dynamics-of-communal-politics-in-21st-century-india-challenges-and-prospects/rose-hossain
Assess Perspective and Knowledge of Healthcare Providers Towards Elehealth in...ijtsrd
Background and Objective Telehealth has become a well known tool for the delivery of health care in Saudi Arabia, and the perspective and knowledge of healthcare providers are influential in the implementation, adoption and advancement of the method. This systematic review was conducted to examine the current literature base regarding telehealth and the related healthcare professional perspective and knowledge in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Materials and Methods This systematic review was conducted by searching 7 databases including, MEDLINE, CINHAL, Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, PsycINFO, and ProQuest Central. Studies on healthcare practitioners telehealth knowledge and perspectives published in English in Saudi Arabia from 2000 to 2023 were included. Boland directed this comprehensive review. The researchers examined each connected study using the AXIS tool, which evaluates cross sectional systematic reviews. Narrative synthesis was used to summarise and convey the data. Results Out of 1840 search results, 10 studies were included. Positive outlook and limited knowledge among providers were seen across trials. Healthcare professionals like telehealth for its ability to improve quality, access, and delivery, save time and money, and be successful. Age, gender, occupation, and work experience also affect health workers knowledge. In Saudi Arabia, healthcare professionals face inadequate expert assistance, patient privacy, internet connection concerns, lack of training courses, lack of telehealth understanding, and high costs while performing telemedicine. Conclusions Healthcare practitioners telehealth perceptions and knowledge were examined in this systematic study. Its collection of concerned experts different personal attitudes and expertise would help enhance telehealths implementation in Saudi Arabia, develop its healthcare delivery alternative, and eliminate frequent problems. Badriah Mousa I Mulayhi | Dr. Jomin George | Judy Jenkins "Assess Perspective and Knowledge of Healthcare Providers Towards Elehealth in Saudi Arabia: A Systematic Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64535.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/other/64535/assess-perspective-and-knowledge-of-healthcare-providers-towards-elehealth-in-saudi-arabia-a-systematic-review/badriah-mousa-i-mulayhi
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The impact of digital media on the distribution of power and the weakening of traditional gatekeepers has gained considerable attention in recent years. The adoption of digital technologies and the internet has resulted in declining influence and power for traditional gatekeepers such as publishing houses and news organizations. Simultaneously, digital media has facilitated the emergence of new voices and players in the media industry. Digital medias impact on power decentralization and gatekeeper erosion is visible in several ways. One significant aspect is the democratization of information, which enables anyone with an internet connection to publish and share content globally, leading to citizen journalism and bypassing traditional gatekeepers. Another aspect is the disruption of conventional media industry business models, as traditional organizations struggle to adjust to the decrease in advertising revenue and the rise of digital platforms. Alternative business models, such as subscription models and crowdfunding, have become more prevalent, leading to the emergence of new players. Overall, the impact of digital media on the distribution of power and the weakening of traditional gatekeepers has brought about significant changes in the media landscape and the way information is shared. Further research is required to fully comprehend the implications of these changes and their impact on society. Dr. Kusum Lata "The Impact of Digital Media on the Decentralization of Power and the Erosion of Traditional Gatekeepers" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64544.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/64544/the-impact-of-digital-media-on-the-decentralization-of-power-and-the-erosion-of-traditional-gatekeepers/dr-kusum-lata
Online Voices, Offline Impact Ambedkars Ideals and Socio Political Inclusion ...ijtsrd
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Comparative Analysis of Total Corporate Disclosure of Selected IT Companies o...ijtsrd
Disclosure is a process through which a business enterprise communicates with external parties. A corporate disclosure is communication of financial and non financial information of the activities of a business enterprise to the interested entities. Corporate disclosure is done through publishing annual reports. So corporate disclosure through annual reports plays a vital role in the life of all the companies and provides valuable information to investors. The basic objectives of corporate disclosure is to give a true and fair view of companies to the parties related either directly or indirectly like owner, government, creditors, shareholders etc. in the companies act, provisions have been made about mandatory and voluntary disclosure. The IT sector in India is rapidly growing, the trend to invest in the IT sector is rising and employment opportunities in IT sectors are also increasing. Therefore the IT sector is expected to have fair, full and adequate disclosure of all information. Unfair and incomplete disclosure may adversely affect the entire economy. A research study on disclosure practices of IT companies could play an important role in this regard. Hence, the present research study has been done to study and review comparative analysis of total corporate disclosure of selected IT companies of India and to put forward overall findings and suggestions with a view to increase disclosure score of these companies. The researcher hopes that the present research study will be helpful to all selected Companies for improving level of corporate disclosure through annual reports as well as the government, creditors, investors, all business organizations and upcoming researcher for comparative analyses of level of corporate disclosure with special reference to selected IT companies. Dr. Vaibhavi D. Thaker "Comparative Analysis of Total Corporate Disclosure of Selected IT Companies of India" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64539.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64539/comparative-analysis-of-total-corporate-disclosure-of-selected-it-companies-of-india/dr-vaibhavi-d-thaker
The Impact of Educational Background and Professional Training on Human Right...ijtsrd
This study investigated the impact of educational background and professional training on human rights awareness among secondary school teachers in the Marathwada region of Maharashtra, India. The key findings reveal that higher levels of education, particularly a master’s degree, and fields of study related to education, humanities, or social sciences are associated with greater human rights awareness among teachers. Additionally, both pre service teacher training and in service professional development programs focused on human rights education significantly enhance teacher’s knowledge, skills, and competencies in promoting human rights principles in their classrooms. Baig Ameer Bee Mirza Abdul Aziz | Dr. Syed Azaz Ali Amjad Ali "The Impact of Educational Background and Professional Training on Human Rights Awareness among Secondary School Teachers" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64529.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/64529/the-impact-of-educational-background-and-professional-training-on-human-rights-awareness-among-secondary-school-teachers/baig-ameer-bee-mirza-abdul-aziz
A Study on the Effective Teaching Learning Process in English Curriculum at t...ijtsrd
“One Language sets you in a corridor for life. Two languages open every door along the way” Frank Smith English as a foreign language or as a second language has been ruling in India since the period of Lord Macaulay. But the question is how much we teach or learn English properly in our culture. Is there any scope to use English as a language rather than a subject How much we learn or teach English without any interference of mother language specially in the classroom teaching learning scenario in West Bengal By considering all these issues the researcher has attempted in this article to focus on the effective teaching learning process comparing to other traditional strategies in the field of English curriculum at the secondary level to investigate whether they fulfill the present teaching learning requirements or not by examining the validity of the present curriculum of English. The purpose of this study is to focus on the effectiveness of the systematic, scientific, sequential and logical transaction of the course between the teachers and the learners in the perspective of the 5Es programme that is engage, explore, explain, extend and evaluate. Sanchali Mondal | Santinath Sarkar "A Study on the Effective Teaching Learning Process in English Curriculum at the Secondary Level of West Bengal" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd62412.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/62412/a-study-on-the-effective-teaching-learning-process-in-english-curriculum-at-the-secondary-level-of-west-bengal/sanchali-mondal
The Role of Mentoring and Its Influence on the Effectiveness of the Teaching ...ijtsrd
This paper reports on a study which was conducted to investigate the role of mentoring and its influence on the effectiveness of the teaching of Physics in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. The study adopted the convergent parallel mixed methods design, focusing on respondents in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. Both quantitative and qualitative data were collected, analysed separately, and the results were compared to see if the findings confirm or disconfirm each other. The quantitative analysis found that majority of the respondents 72 of Physics teachers affirmed that they had more experienced colleagues as mentors to help build their confidence, improve their teaching, and help them improve their effectiveness and efficiency in guiding learners’ achievements. Only 28 of the respondents disagreed with these statements. With majority respondents 72 agreeing with the statements, it implies that in most secondary schools, experienced Physics teachers act as mentors to build teachers’ confidence in teaching and improving students’ learning. The interview qualitative data analysis summarized how secondary school Principals use meetings with mentors and mentees to promote mentorship in the school milieu. This has helped strengthen teachers’ classroom practices in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. With the results confirming each other, the study recommends that mentoring should focus on helping teachers employ social interactions and instructional practices feedback and clarity in teaching that have direct measurable impact on students’ learning achievements. Andrew Ngeim Sumba | Frederick Ebot Ashu | Peter Agborbechem Tambi "The Role of Mentoring and Its Influence on the Effectiveness of the Teaching of Physics in Secondary Schools in the South West Region of Cameroon" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64524.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/management-development/64524/the-role-of-mentoring-and-its-influence-on-the-effectiveness-of-the-teaching-of-physics-in-secondary-schools-in-the-south-west-region-of-cameroon/andrew-ngeim-sumba
Design Simulation and Hardware Construction of an Arduino Microcontroller Bas...ijtsrd
This study primarily focuses on the design of a high side buck converter using an Arduino microcontroller. The converter is specifically intended for use in DC DC applications, particularly in standalone solar PV systems where the PV output voltage exceeds the load or battery voltage. To evaluate the performance of the converter, simulation experiments are conducted using Proteus Software. These simulations provide insights into the input and output voltages, currents, powers, and efficiency under different state of charge SoC conditions of a 12V,70Ah rechargeable lead acid battery. Additionally, the hardware design of the converter is implemented, and practical data is collected through operation, monitoring, and recording. By comparing the simulation results with the practical results, the efficiency and performance of the designed converter are assessed. The findings indicate that while the buck converter is suitable for practical use in standalone PV systems, its efficiency is compromised due to a lower output current. Chan Myae Aung | Dr. Ei Mon "Design Simulation and Hardware Construction of an Arduino-Microcontroller Based DC-DC High-Side Buck Converter for Standalone PV System" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64518.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/64518/design-simulation-and-hardware-construction-of-an-arduinomicrocontroller-based-dcdc-highside-buck-converter-for-standalone-pv-system/chan-myae-aung
Sustainable Energy by Paul A. Adekunte | Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Janet O. Sadikuijtsrd
Energy becomes sustainable if it meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Some of the definitions of sustainable energy include the considerations of environmental aspects such as greenhouse gas emissions, social, and economic aspects such as energy poverty. Generally far more sustainable than fossil fuel are renewable energy sources such as wind, hydroelectric power, solar, and geothermal energy sources. Worthy of note is that some renewable energy projects, like the clearing of forests to produce biofuels, can cause severe environmental damage. The sustainability of nuclear power which is a low carbon source is highly debated because of concerns about radioactive waste, nuclear proliferation, and accidents. The switching from coal to natural gas has environmental benefits, including a lower climate impact, but could lead to delay in switching to more sustainable options. “Carbon capture and storage” can be built into power plants to remove the carbon dioxide CO2 emissions, but this technology is expensive and has rarely been implemented. Leading non renewable energy sources around the world is fossil fuels, coal, petroleum, and natural gas. Nuclear energy is usually considered another non renewable energy source, although nuclear energy itself is a renewable energy source, but the material used in nuclear power plants is not. The paper addresses the issue of sustainable energy, its attendant benefits to the future generation, and humanity in general. Paul A. Adekunte | Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Janet O. Sadiku "Sustainable Energy" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64534.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/64534/sustainable-energy/paul-a-adekunte
Concepts for Sudan Survey Act Implementations Executive Regulations and Stand...ijtsrd
This paper aims to outline the executive regulations, survey standards, and specifications required for the implementation of the Sudan Survey Act, and for regulating and organizing all surveying work activities in Sudan. The act has been discussed for more than 5 years. The Land Survey Act was initiated by the Sudan Survey Authority and all official legislations were headed by the Sudan Ministry of Justice till it was issued in 2022. The paper presents conceptual guidelines to be used for the Survey Act implementation and to regulate the survey work practice, standardizing the field surveys, processing, quality control, procedures, and the processes related to survey work carried out by the stakeholders and relevant authorities in Sudan. The conceptual guidelines are meant to improve the quality and harmonization of geospatial data and to aid decision making processes as well as geospatial information systems. The established comprehensive executive regulations will govern and regulate the implementation of the Sudan Survey Geomatics Act in all surveying and mapping practices undertaken by the Sudan Survey Authority SSA and state local survey departments for public or private sector organizations. The targeted standards and specifications include the reference frame, projection, coordinate systems, and the guidelines and specifications that must be followed in the field of survey work, processes, and mapping products. In the last few decades, there has been a growing awareness of the importance of geomatics activities and measurements on the Earths surface in space and time, together with observing and mapping the changes. In such cases, data must be captured promptly, standardized, and obtained with more accuracy and specified in much detail. The paper will also highlight the current situation in Sudan, the degree to which survey standards are used, the problems encountered, and the errors that arise from not using the standards and survey specifications. Kamal A. A. Sami "Concepts for Sudan Survey Act Implementations - Executive Regulations and Standards" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63484.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/63484/concepts-for-sudan-survey-act-implementations--executive-regulations-and-standards/kamal-a-a-sami
Towards the Implementation of the Sudan Interpolated Geoid Model Khartoum Sta...ijtsrd
The discussions between ellipsoid and geoid have invoked many researchers during the recent decades, especially during the GNSS technology era, which had witnessed a great deal of development but still geoid undulation requires more investigations. To figure out a solution for Sudans local geoid, this research has tried to intake the possibility of determining the geoid model by following two approaches, gravimetric and geometrical geoid model determination, by making use of GNSS leveling benchmarks at Khartoum state. The Benchmarks are well distributed in the study area, in which, the horizontal coordinates and the height above the ellipsoid have been observed by GNSS while orthometric heights were carried out using precise leveling. The Global Geopotential Model GGM represented in EGM2008 has been exploited to figure out the geoid undulation at the benchmarks in the study area. This is followed by a fitting process, that has been done to suit the geoid undulation data which has been computed using GNSS leveling data and geoid undulation inspired by the EGM2008. Two geoid surfaces were created after the fitting process to ensure that they are identical and both of them could be counted for getting the same geoid undulation with an acceptable accuracy. In this respect, statistical operation played an important role in ensuring the consistency and integrity of the model by applying cross validation techniques splitting the data into training and testing datasets for building the geoid model and testing its eligibility. The geometrical solution for geoid undulation computation has been utilized by applying straightforward equations that facilitate the calculation of the geoid undulation directly through applying statistical techniques for the GNSS leveling data of the study area to get the common equation parameters values that could be utilized to calculate geoid undulation of any position in the study area within the claimed accuracy. Both systems were checked and proved eligible to be used within the study area with acceptable accuracy which may contribute to solving the geoid undulation problem in the Khartoum area, and be further generalized to determine the geoid model over the entire country, and this could be considered in the future, for regional and continental geoid model. Ahmed M. A. Mohammed. | Kamal A. A. Sami "Towards the Implementation of the Sudan Interpolated Geoid Model (Khartoum State Case Study)" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63483.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/63483/towards-the-implementation-of-the-sudan-interpolated-geoid-model-khartoum-state-case-study/ahmed-m-a-mohammed
Activating Geospatial Information for Sudans Sustainable Investment Mapijtsrd
Sudan is witnessing an acceleration in the processes of development and transformation in the performance of government institutions to raise the productivity and investment efficiency of the government sector. The development plans and investment opportunities have focused on achieving national goals in various sectors. This paper aims to illuminate the path to the future and provide geospatial data and information to develop the investment climate and environment for all sized businesses, and to bridge the development gap between the Sudan states. The Sudan Survey Authority SSA is the main advisor to the Sudan Government in conducting surveying, mappings, designing, and developing systems related to geospatial data and information. In recent years, SSA made a strategic partnership with the Ministry of Investment to activate Geospatial Information for Sudans Sustainable Investment and in particular, for the preparation and implementation of the Sudan investment map, based on the directives and objectives of the Ministry of Investment MI in Sudan. This paper comes within the framework of activating the efforts of the Ministry of Investment to develop technical investment services by applying techniques adopted by the Ministry and its strategic partners for advancing investment processes in the country. Kamal A. A. Sami "Activating Geospatial Information for Sudan's Sustainable Investment Map" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63482.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/information-technology/63482/activating-geospatial-information-for-sudans-sustainable-investment-map/kamal-a-a-sami
Educational Unity Embracing Diversity for a Stronger Societyijtsrd
In a rapidly changing global landscape, the importance of education as a unifying force cannot be overstated. This paper explores the crucial role of educational unity in fostering a stronger and more inclusive society through the embrace of diversity. By examining the benefits of diverse learning environments, the paper aims to highlight the positive impact on societal strength. The discussion encompasses various dimensions, from curriculum design to classroom dynamics, and emphasizes the need for educational institutions to become catalysts for unity in diversity. It highlights the need for a paradigm shift in educational policies, curricula, and pedagogical approaches to ensure that they are reflective of the diverse fabric of society. This paper also addresses the challenges associated with implementing inclusive educational practices and offers practical strategies for overcoming barriers. It advocates for collaborative efforts between educational institutions, policymakers, and communities to create a supportive ecosystem that promotes diversity and unity. Mr. Amit Adhikari | Madhumita Teli | Gopal Adhikari "Educational Unity: Embracing Diversity for a Stronger Society" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64525.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/64525/educational-unity-embracing-diversity-for-a-stronger-society/mr-amit-adhikari
Integration of Indian Indigenous Knowledge System in Management Prospects and...ijtsrd
The diversity of indigenous knowledge systems in India is vast and can vary significantly between different communities and regions. Preserving and respecting these knowledge systems is crucial for maintaining cultural heritage, promoting sustainable practices, and fostering cross cultural understanding. In this paper, an overview of the prospects and challenges associated with incorporating Indian indigenous knowledge into management is explored. It is found that IIKS helps in management in many areas like sustainable development, tourism, food security, natural resource management, cultural preservation and innovation, etc. However, IIKS integration with management faces some challenges in the form of a lack of documentation, cultural sensitivity, language barriers legal framework, etc. Savita Lathwal "Integration of Indian Indigenous Knowledge System in Management: Prospects and Challenges" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63500.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/accounting-and-finance/63500/integration-of-indian-indigenous-knowledge-system-in-management-prospects-and-challenges/savita-lathwal
DeepMask Transforming Face Mask Identification for Better Pandemic Control in...ijtsrd
The COVID 19 pandemic has highlighted the crucial need of preventive measures, with widespread use of face masks being a key method for slowing the viruss spread. This research investigates face mask identification using deep learning as a technological solution to be reducing the risk of coronavirus transmission. The proposed method uses state of the art convolutional neural networks CNNs and transfer learning to automatically recognize persons who are not wearing masks in a variety of circumstances. We discuss how this strategy improves public health and safety by providing an efficient manner of enforcing mask wearing standards. The report also discusses the obstacles, ethical concerns, and prospective applications of face mask detection systems in the ongoing fight against the pandemic. Dilip Kumar Sharma | Aaditya Yadav "DeepMask: Transforming Face Mask Identification for Better Pandemic Control in the COVID-19 Era" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64522.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/64522/deepmask-transforming-face-mask-identification-for-better-pandemic-control-in-the-covid19-era/dilip-kumar-sharma
Streamlining Data Collection eCRF Design and Machine Learningijtsrd
Efficient and accurate data collection is paramount in clinical trials, and the design of Electronic Case Report Forms eCRFs plays a pivotal role in streamlining this process. This paper explores the integration of machine learning techniques in the design and implementation of eCRFs to enhance data collection efficiency. We delve into the synergies between eCRF design principles and machine learning algorithms, aiming to optimize data quality, reduce errors, and expedite the overall data collection process. The application of machine learning in eCRF design brings forth innovative approaches to data validation, anomaly detection, and real time adaptability. This paper discusses the benefits, challenges, and future prospects of leveraging machine learning in eCRF design for streamlined and advanced data collection in clinical trials. Dhanalakshmi D | Vijaya Lakshmi Kannareddy "Streamlining Data Collection: eCRF Design and Machine Learning" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63515.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/biotechnology/63515/streamlining-data-collection-ecrf-design-and-machine-learning/dhanalakshmi-d
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
Thinking of getting a dog? Be aware that breeds like Pit Bulls, Rottweilers, and German Shepherds can be loyal and dangerous. Proper training and socialization are crucial to preventing aggressive behaviors. Ensure safety by understanding their needs and always supervising interactions. Stay safe, and enjoy your furry friends!
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
2. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD60062 | Volume – 7 | Issue – 5 | Sep-Oct 2023 Page 967
Cholera has two major routes of transmission; from
aquatic reservoirs in the environment (Primary
transmission) and secondly, from previously infected
individuals (Secondary transmission). The primary
transmission initiates an outbreak and the secondary
transmission causes an epidemic in endemic areas.
Contaminated water is the main route of transmission
in endemic areas, although transmission can occur via
food contaminated by Vibrio cholerae (Edward et al.,
2016).
Antibiotics have been recommended for the treatment
of some hospitalized patients. Antibiotics commonly
used for cholera are tetracyclines, fluoroquinolones,
and macrolides. Most V. cholerae are resistant to
chloramphenicol, co-trimoxazole, and furazolidone
which are therefore no longer used (WHO, 2018).
Due to the recurrent cholera outbreaks, the WHO has
recommended the use of oral cholera vaccine (OCV)
in addition to improving access to water, sanitation,
and hygiene (WASH), as measures to reduce the
public health burden of cholera in affected countries.
Oral cholera vaccines have different protective
efficiencies, for example Shancho, has a protective
efficiency of 66% while the Dukoral OCV has a
direct protective efficiency of 79% after complete
dose (Khatib et al., 2012). These vaccines are
available for international use. From the values,
efficacy is not high enough but for the vaccine to
have an impact, people must be willing to accept it.
The Strategic Advisory Group of Experts on
Immunization (SAGE) working group (McDonald,
2015), defined vaccine hesitancy as a behavior,
influenced by several factors including issues of
confidence (do not trust vaccine or provider),
complacency (do not perceive a need for a vaccine,
do not value the vaccine), and convenience (access).
Vaccine-hesitant individuals are a heterogeneous
group who hold varying degrees of indecision about
specific vaccines or vaccination in general. They may
accept all vaccines but remain concerned about
vaccines, some may refuse or delay some vaccines,
but accept others; some individuals may refuse all
vaccines (Mcdonald, 2015). A review of vaccine
hesitancy suggests community effectiveness may
depend on particular features of setting, health
problems, and vaccine (Patrick et al., 2015).
Due to frequent outbreaks of cholera in Cameroon
and the challenges in meeting the WASH needs of
inhabitants, the government of Cameroon introduced
OCV in 2015. The 2020 outbreak further persuaded
the Cameroon government to administer OCV in five
endemic regions in the Country; the Far North, North,
South, Littoral, and South West. In the South West
region, OCV was administered in two HDs: THD,
and LHD. In the LHD, OCV was administered only
in Mabeta head area (HA). Distribution was in all
head areas (HAs) in the THD because most of the
HAs have poor WASH conditions and access to
health care services is poor. In addition, the THD is
the gateway to the South West region and shares a
boundary with the Littoral Region that had recorded
outbreaks in 2020. The lone death in the THD
traveled to Tiko from Douala. Some HAs in THD and
the Mabeta HA have several creeks, estuaries, and
salt marshes which are favorable grounds for V
cholerae. These factors contributed to the distribution
of OCV in THD and LHD since the people in these
HDs are at high risk of cholera outbreaks.
The first dose of OCV was distributed in Tiko and
Limbe HDs in August 2020, and the second dose was
administered six months later, (that is March 2021),
as an intervention to curb cholera disease.
Statement of the Problem
Cameroon reported its first cholera cases in 1971.
Since then, the disease has been occurring
periodically with an increase in the number of cases
and deaths. These increases have resulted in case -
fatality rate (CFR) that transcend the WHO’s
threshold of less than 1% if the disease is properly
managed (WHO, 2012). The outbreak of cholera
caused untold losses to thousands of inhabitants in
affected communities, ranging from a long period of
hospital stay, panic, and deaths.
In November 2019, there was a cholera outbreak in
the South West Region of Cameroon, which started in
the Bakassi Health District (BHD) and later spread to
other head HDs including; Tiko, Limbe, Buea, and
Ekondo Titi (WHO, 2020b). The outbreak in the Tiko
Health District (THD) started in February 2020, fifty-
two cases and one death (5-year-old) were reported
(WHO, 2020b). In the Limbe Health District (LHD),
the outbreak occurred in Mabeta health area (HA),
where 46 cases and 4 deaths were recorded (Mabeta
Integrated Health Center, 2020). Because the burden
was larger in the THD and LHD compared to other
affected HDs in the South West Region, the Ministry
of Public Health launched a cholera vaccination
campaign in these two HDs, to prevent and control
infection. Despite this, the vaccine was not taken by
all inhabitants of these HDs.
Research Objective
This study was aimed at assessing the determinants of
full dose OCV uptake in two purposively sampled
Health Districts (HDs) in the Southwest regions of
Cameroon, notably Tiko and Limbe HDs. These two
HDs were targeted because no study has been
conducted to evaluate the coverage of OCV and
identify the factors that determine uptake.
3. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD60062 | Volume – 7 | Issue – 5 | Sep-Oct 2023 Page 968
The study was guided by two specific research
objectives and one research hypothesis.
Specific objectives
1. Determine OCV coverage in THD and Mabeta
HA in LHD.
2. Identify the factors that determine OCV uptake, in
the study areas.
Research Hypothesis
The oral cholera vaccine uptake in Tiko and Limbe
health districts was low and was influenced by certain
factors.
Significance of the Study
The results of this research will inform policies with
respect to Cholera interventions, in order to reduce
the disease burden and the resulted mortality, and
socio-economic impact on the population and national
development at larger.
Methodology
Research Design
The study employed a cross-sectional household-
based survey design. It was carried out from the 2nd
-
15th
of August 2021.
Area of Study
The study was conducted in Tiko and Limbe Health
Districts, two of the four HDs in Fako Division,
South West Region of Cameroon. These are the only
HDs where OCV was distributed in the South West
region in 2020 and 2021.
Tiko health district has a total surface area of 484 km,
an elevation of 64m above sea level and is located
between Longitude 8.6°10'E and Latitude 4°5.2'N.
Tiko was originally called “Keta” by the Bakweris.
Tiko has a coastal equatorial climate with daily
temperatures ranging from 28°C to 33°C. It has two
major seasons: the rainy season (March to October)
and the dry season (November to February). Soil
types include the sandy alluvial and volcanic with
high agricultural potentials. Agriculture is the major
source of living of the majority of inhabitants of the
Tiko HD. The main watercourses in the THD include
Rivers Mungo, and Ombe. The THD is bounded to
the North by Buea, South by Bonaberi, West by
Limbe, and East by Dibombari. It is made up of 8
Health Areas (HA) namely; Holforth, Kange,
Likomba, Mutengene, Mondoni, Mudeka, Missellele
and Tiko Town (Ngum et al., 2021) with about 90
communities and 21 health facilities. As of 2017,
Tiko was estimated to have a population of 151,109.
The Limbe Health District (LHD) is situated in the
tropical rain forest of the Congo Basin between
Latitude 4° 01' 27.12" N and Longitude 9° 12' 53.64"
E. It is bounded to the North by the Buea health
district, to the East by Mbonge Health District, South
by the Atlantic Ocean, and the West by the Tiko
health district. LHD is made up of highlands that
form part of the Cameroon range of active volcanic
mountains. Many rivers are meandering between the
valleys and gorges. These features are attractive eco-
touristic sites but with the potential of disaster leading
to emergencies. Limbe HD covers an area of 185 km2
and has a population of 202,831 inhabitants. Its
climate is typically equatorial with annual rainfall
exceeding 4000 mm, temperatures ranging from
23 °C to 32 °C, and 80% relative humidity. LDH has
eight health areas namely: Batoke, Bojongo, Bota,
Idenau, Mabeta, Moliwe, Seaport, and Zone II. This
study was carried out only in the Mabeta HA, where
the full dose of OCV was distributed. Mabeta is
located at longitude N 4° 0' 7' and E 9° 17' 8'' of the
equator. It is characterized by outgrown vegetation,
thickets of rubber and palm plantation, stagnant
water, flooding, poor water, hygiene and sanitation
(WASH), and the presence of creeks and salt marshes
which are favorable grounds for V. cholerae. Mabeta
has a population of 7,267 inhabitants.
Population of the study
This study targeted people of both sexes, aged
twenty-one years and above that were residing in
THD and Mabeta HA in LHD. Likomba was
excluded because the data collection instrument was
trial-tested there.
Inclusion criteria
This study included residents of the participating HAs
of age 21 years and above, who took the OCV and
those within the same age range who refused to take
the OCV, and who gave consent to participate.
Exclusion criteria
Individuals 0-20 years, those who were not present in
the HAs when OCV was distributed as well as those
without their vaccination cards were excluded from
the study.
Sample size determination and Sampling methods
Sample size determination
The sample size for this study was calculated using
the formula; n0 = Z2
P (1-P) ̸ e2
(Cochran, 1977).
Where n0 = sample size, Z2
= 1.96 for 95% CI, P=
50%, the prevalence of OCV coverage in a previous
study carried out in Somalia (Mutaawe et al., 2020)
and e2
= tolerable error = 4.7%. n0 = 1.962
x 0.5 (1-0.5)
/ 0.0472
= 434.7. A minimum of four hundred and
thirty-five (435) households were sampled in the
participating 6 HAs in the two HDs.
Sampling methods
A multistage sampling technique and simple random
sampling (SRS) were used to select the HDs, the
HAs, quarters and households respectively (WHO,
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2008). HDs were sampled purposively. Participating
HAs were selected using simple random technique.
Five of the 8 HAs were selected by SRS. Random
selection was done by writing the names of the HAs
on a separate piece of paper, which was then placed
in a box and thoroughly mixed before selection. The
following HAs were randomly selected; Tiko town,
Holforth, Mutegene, Missele, Mudeka. Mabeta HA
was the lone HA in the LHD where OCV was
administered thus it was just adopted. In each HA,
quarters were selected using simple random sampling
method. A list of all the quarters were collected from
the Has in the THD and LHD. For each HA, numbers
representing the quarters were written on pieces of
paper, folded, and then shuffled. The selection of the
number of quarters was proportionate to the total
number of quarters in the HA. For example, for a HA
with twenty quarters, after the shuffling, nine quarters
were randomly selected while for HAs with seven
quarters, three quarters were randomly selected.
To select the different households, the Expanded
Program on Immunization (EPI) random walk
methods was used, where a central location near the
approximate geographical center of the quarter was
chosen, such as a market or a mosque, and then the
enumeration team randomly selected a direction by
spinning a bottle on even ground and walked in that
direction counting the number of houses until the
edge of the quarter was reached. A household number
between one and the total number of houses counted
along the directional line was randomly selected and
this became the first selected household to visit. The
second household was the one nearest to the first, and
so on in any direction within the directionally-
sampled cluster (WHO, 2008).
Validity and Reliability of Instrument
Construct validity was check by ensuring that the
measures under investigation relate with one another
in a way that is consistent with theoretically derived
hypothesis.
To ensure content validity, the questionnaire was
checked by the researcher, his supervisor, a colleague
and the statistician to make sure the indicators were
adequately labelled and could appropriately measure
the characters under study. Generally, above 0.75,
CVI is satisfactory (Nana, 2018) and in the context of
this study, the judges validated the final instrument
making a CVI of 1.
To ensure face validity which is the kind ascertained
when little or nothing is known about the research
variables, the questionnaire was checked by judges
listed earlier, the investigator and participants during
the trial testing of the instrument for clarity and
visibility.
Data collection
Data was collected using standardized paper-based
trial-tested questionnaire adapted from previous
studies on OCV coverage (Cynthia et al., 2018;
Mutaawe et al., 2020). The pseudo-pilot study was
done in Likomba, one of the HAs in THD. Thirty
questionnaires were trial-tested. It took 15-20 minutes
to administer a questionnaire. The interview was done
face-face. Three students from Maflekumen Higher
Institute / School of Health Sciences Tiko were
recruited and trained by the investigator for three
days, on data collection. Among other things, this
training enabled them to translate all the questions
from English to Pidgin English to ease
communication with respondents who could not
speak or understand the English language. They
worked alongside the lead investigator. In every
household selected, the interviewer collected data on
socio-demographic characteristics and information
about OCV, from a randomly selected household
member of age 21 years and above. Information such
as: the number of OCV doses taken, why one dose
and not two was taken and why none was taken by
those who did not take any. Data on vaccination
acceptability (reasons for taking the OCV, why they
preferred to take the vaccine), OCV campaign
awareness (whether the participants were informed or
not, and through what means or channel), and adverse
events following immunization (AEFI) were
collected.
Data management and analysis
Data were entered using EpiData Version 3.1
(EpiData Association, Odense Denmark, 2008).
Epidata gives room to entry customization and has an
internal consistency checked function that helps
minimize entry errors. Data were analyzed using the
Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS)
Standard version, Release 21.0 (IBM Inc. 2012). Data
was made essentially of categorical variables that
were described using frequency and proportions. Oral
cholera vaccine uptake was compared among
different socio-demographic characteristics using
Chi-square test of Equality of Proportion.
Ethical Considerations
Ethical clearance was obtained from the Faculty of
Health Sciences (FHS) Institutional Review Board
(IRB) of the University of Buea. Administrative
authorization was obtained from the Regional
Delegate of Public Health for the Southwest Region
and the District Medical Officer (DMO) of Tiko and
Limbe HDs.
Findings
Sociodemographic characteristics of participants
A total of 435 selected individuals from different
households were interviewed. Those from Tiko HD
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were 87.1% (379/435) and 12.9% (56/435) were from
Mabeta HA in Limbe HD. In Tiko HD, participation
was as follows from the five health areas surveyed:
22.8% (99/435) were from Tiko Town, 20.9%
(91/435) from Holforth, 23.0%, (100/435) from
Mutegene, 11.5% (50/435) from Missele, and 9.7%
(42/435) from Mudeka.
The majority of respondents 43.4%, (189/435) were
of age 31-40 years. The sample was well stratified
with respect to sex, though males 46.7% (203/435)
were lesser than females 53.3% (232/435). Among
the females, 5.5% (24/435) were pregnant.
Households were relatively large with Half of the
participants 50.3% (219/435) living in house of size
5-10 persons.
Most of them 35.2% (153/435) had primary
education; domestic employees were dominant 29.9%
(130/435); Christians were 92.9% (404/435) and
single 45.7% (199/435). They obtained drinking
water mainly from shared stand pipe tap 69.7%
(303/435). Only 0.2% (1/435) of respondents used
bottled water (Mineral water) and the same
proportion used rainwater as their source of drinking
water.
With regards to sanitation, 45.1% (196/435) defecated
in a latrine with a slab while 16.1% (70/435) used a
flushing toilet. Some respondents however practiced
open defecation in the bush 9.4% (41/435), some in
the sea 0.7% (3/435) and stream 0.7% (3/435) while
1.8% (8/435) used an open pit (Table 2).
Table 1: Socio-demographic characteristics of household respondents
N=435
Demographic parameter Frequency Percentage
Health district
Tiko 379 87.1
Limbe 56 12.9
Health Area
Tiko Town 99 22.8
Holforth 91 20.9
Mutegene 100 23
Missele 50 11.5
Mudeka 42 9.7
Mabeta 53 12.2
Age of participants
21-30 112 25.8
31-40 189 43.4
41-50 72 6.6
51-60 41 9.4
61+ 21 4.8
Gender
Male 203 46.7
Female 332 53.3
Pregnancy status
Yes 24 5.5
No 208 47.8
Household size
1-4 191 43.9
5-10 219 50.3
11+ 25 5.7
Education
Never been to school 47 10.8
Primary 153 35.2
Secondary 121 27.8
High school 58 13.3
University 56 12.9
Main Occupation
Not active/Retired 28 6.4
Business/Trader 107 24.6
Domestic employee 130 29.9
Farmer/Fishing 104 23.9
Medical/teacher 20 4.6
Student 8 1.8
Administrator 10 2.3
Street vendor 28 6.4
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Religion
Christian 404 92.9
Muslim 18 4.1
African Traditional Religion 3 0.7
None 10 2.3
Marital status
Married 187 43.0
Single 199 45.7
Divorced 6 1.4
Co-habiting 24 5.5
Widow/Widower 19 4.4
Source of drinking water
Shared tap 303 69.7
Water from well piped into the house 19 4.4
Borehole water 75 17.2
Stream, Spring 75 17.2
Bottled water (mineral water) 1 0.2
Rainwater 1 0.2
Type of Toilet
Latrine without slab 120 27.6
Latrine with slab 196 45.1
Open-pit 8 1.8
Flushing toilet 70 16.1
Bush around 41 9.4
Sea 3 0.7
Stream 3 0.7
Awareness, Card availability, and Sources of information of OCV
Among the 435 respondents 85.1 % (370/435) were aware of OCV (Table 2). Of this, 48.5% (180/370) had
OCV cards to prove they had been vaccinated. The majority of respondents heard about OCV from health
workers 62.2% (230). Others heard from Town Crier/Quarter head 46.5% (172), Social mobilizers, 25.1% (93),
family members/friends’ 22.2% (82), village leaders 8.1% (30), Radio/TV 6.8% (25), school 5.1% (19),
religious leaders 1.6% (6), Cell phone messages 1.4% (5) and Newspapers 0.5 % (2).
Table 2: Awareness, Card availability, and Sources of information of OCV
Aware of OCV N Percentage
Yes 370 85.1%
No 65 14.9%
Total 435 100.0%
Cards availability N Percentage
Yes 180 48.6%
No 190 51.4%
Total 370 100.0%
Sources of information N Percentage
Health worker 230 62.2%
Town crier/quarter head 172 46.5%
Social mobilizers 93 25.1%
Friends/family members 82 22.2%
Village leaders 30 8.1%
Radio/TV 25 6.8%
School 19 5.1%
Religious leaders 6 1.6%
Cell phone messages 5 1.4%
Newspaper 2 0.5%
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Overall OCV coverage rate
The coverage rate was based on those who were aware of OCV and had OCV card as prove of being vaccinated.
Of the 370 participants who were aware of OCV, only 180 presented cards as evidence of vaccination. Thus,
OCV coverage rate was 48.6% (180/370) (Table 3).
Table 3: Overall OCV coverage
N= 370
N percentage
Coverage rate
Yes 180 48.6%
No 190 51.4%
Total 370 100.0%
Doses taken by participants
Among the 180 respondents who took OCV, 48.3% (87/180) took one dose while 51.7% (93/180) took two
doses.
Determinants of the uptake of the first dose of OCV in THD and LHD
Participants advanced several reasons for taking the first dose of OCV (Figure 1). The majority (72.4%) took it
because they considered cholera to be a serious health problem, 62.1% (54) said they were told it will prevent
them from cholera, 31.0% (27) were told it is good to take OCV, 25.3% (22) heard there was an outbreak while
9.2% (8) saw others taking OCV and that is while they took it. Other reasons for taking the vaccine were; having
faith in the health system/government (4.6%), were encouraged by health personnel (4.6%), forced by the
household heads to take the vaccine (4.6%), they wanted to travel abroad (4.6%), it was mango season (3.4%),
job requirements, as the employer required OCV cards (1.1%).
Figure 1: Determinants of the uptake of the first dose of OCV in the study areas
Contributing factors for not taking the first dose of OCV
The majority of the respondents believed it was covid-19 vaccine 44.2% (84). Some were not aware of OCV
24.2%, (46), absent when the vaccination team came 21.6% (41) had no faith in the vaccine 17.4% (33). Other
reasons were; vaccination team did not visit household 6.8% (13), had no faith in Cameroon’s health system and
government 6.8% (13), head of household did not authorize them to take the OCV 4.7% (9), not in a good state
of health to take the vaccine 2.1% (4), not motivated with money to take the vaccine 1.1% (2), and, was aware of
the campaign but date and time of the vaccination team visit was unknown 0.5% (1) (Figure 2).
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Figure 2: Reasons for not taking the first dose of OCV
Factors that determined the uptake of the second dose of OCV in THD and LHD
The majority of respondents 44.7% (42) took the vaccine because they were told that it is good, 43.6% (41)
reported they took it because they were told that complete dose of OCV gives more protection than taking just a
single dose, 42.6 % (40) considered cholera to be serious while 21.3% (20) took it because they heard there was
an outbreak. Other reasons for taking the second dose were; they saw others taking it 6.4% (6), had faith in the
health system and government 6.4% (6), did not experience any adverse event with the first dose 5.3% (5), OCV
was one of the requirements needed for a job by their employer 5.3% (5). One respondent reported that he was
encouraged by a friend to take the second dose and still another respondent took it because the vaccination team
campaigned in their school 1.1% (1) (Figure 3).
Figure 3: Reasons for taking the second dose of OCV
Reasons for not taking the second dose of OCV
Most of the respondents, 70.4% (126) thought it was covid-19 vaccine. Some reported they were absent when
vaccination team came 29.1% (52), did not have faith in the vaccine 15.6% (28), had no faith in health system/
government 13.4% (24), were not authorized by the head of house to take it 11.2% (20), not aware of the OCV
campaign 10.1% (18), vaccination team did not visit the houses 8.4% (15) of the respondents. A few participants
6.1% (11) were not aware that OCV require two doses, date and time of vaccination team visit was unknown
2.2% (4), still 2.2% (4) were not in a good state of health to take OCV while 0.6% experienced adverse events
after taking the first dose and so did not take the second OCV (Figure 4).
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Figure 4: Reasons for not taking the second dose of OCV
Adverse events experienced by those who took first dose of OCV
Only a few respondents 19.5% (17/87) experienced adverse events after taking the first dose of OCV (Table 4).
Adverse events reported were: nausea was experienced 6.9% (6/87), vomiting 3.5% (3/87) and while 3.5%
(3/87) reported headache. Weakness and fever were reported by 2.3% (2/87) respectively while 1% (1/87)
reported dizziness.
Table 4: Adverse Events experienced after taking the first dose of OCV
N=87
Adverse Event
Yes
n %
Dizziness 1 1
Weakness 2 2.3
Fever 2 2.3
Vomiting 3 3.5
Headache 3 3.5
Nausea 6 6.9
Total 17/87 19.5
Adverse events experienced after taking the second dose of OCV
Of the 93 participants who took the second OCV dose, only 10.8% (10/93) experienced adverse events (Table
6). Adverse events reported were; nausea 5.4% (5/93), fever 2.2% (2/93), headache 2.2% (2/93), and abdominal
pain 1% (1/93) (Table 5).
Table 5: Adverse events experienced after taking the second dose of OCV
N=93
Adverse Event
Yes
n %
Abdominal pain 1 1
Headache 2 2.2
Fever 2 2.2
Nausea 5 5.4
Total 10/93 10.8
Preferred locations for the uptake of OCV
Respondents indicated the following as their preferred location to take OCV: hospital (51%), any place (24.2%),
home (23.9%), and school (0.9%) (Figure 5).
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N=443
Figure 5: Preferred locations for the uptake of OCV
Participants perception of OCV
The majority of the respondents 38.4%, (167/435) regarded OCV as necessary 38.4%, (167/435) and very
necessary 33.6%, (146/435). The rest considered OCV to be a bit necessary 16.3%, (71/435) and not necessary
11.7%, (51/435) (Figure 6).
N=435
Figure 6: Participants’ perception of OCV
Association of OCV uptake with socio-demographic characteristics of respondents
Table 7: Association of OCV uptake with socio-demographic characteristics of respondents
N= 370
Predictors Categories
Did you take any of the OCV doses
N ꭓ2 -test
Yes No
Health district
Tiko 45.5% (147) 54.5% (175) 322 ꭓ2 =12.599
P=0.000
Limbe 72.9% (35) 27.1% (13) 48
Health Areas
Tiko Town 58.0% (47) 42.0% (34) 81
ꭓ2 =64.288
P=0.000
Holforth 48.0% (36) 52.0 % (38) 74
Mutegene 16.7% (16) 83.3% (80) 96
Missele 71.8% (28) 28.2% (11) 39
mudeka 62.9% (22) 37.1% (13) 35
Mabeta 73.3% (33) 26.7% (12) 45
Age group
21-30 55.7% (34) 44.3 (61) 36
ꭓ2
=2.465
Df=2
P=0.292
31-40 55.7% (98) 44.3 (78) 61
41-50 56.8%(25) 43.2% (19) 176
51-60 47.5% (19) 52.5% (21) 44
61+ 32.7% (16) 67.3% (33) 40
Gender
Male 45.2% (75) 54.8% (90) 49 ꭓ2
=1.806
Df=1
P=0.179
Female 52.2% (107) 47.8% (98) 205
Pregnancy status
Pregnant 57.9% (11) 42.1% (8) 19 ꭓ2
=0. .273a
P=0.602
Not Pregnant 51.6% (96) 48.4% (90) 186
Household size
1-4 44.3% (70) 55.7% (87) 157
ꭓ2
=2.525
P=0.283
5-10 52.4% (100) 47.4% (91) 191
11 and above 54.5% (12) 45.5% (10) 22
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Level of education
attainment
Never been to school 69.0% (20) 31.0% (9) 29
ꭓ2
=6.642
P=0.156
Primary 51.1% (68) 48.9% (64) 132
Secondary 44.0% (48) 56.0% (61) 109
High School 43.1% (22) 56.9% (29) 51
University 59.0% (24) 41.0% (25) 49
The main
occupation of
Head of House
Not active/retired 56.5% (13) 43.5% (10) 23
ꭓ2 =14.909
P=0.037
Business/Seller 34.8% (32) 65.2% (60) 92
Administrator 33.3% (3) 66.7% (6) 9
Farmer/Fishing 50.0% (50) 50% (50) 100
Medical physician/teacher 56.3% (9) 43.7% (7) 16
Student 60.0% (3) 40.0% (2) 5
Domestic employee 60.2 % (62) 39.8% (40) 102
Street vendor 43.5% (10) 56.5% (13) 23
Religion
Christian 47.0% (164) 53.0 (184) 348
ꭓ2 =10.646
P=0.014
Muslim 77.8% (7) 22.2% (2) 9
African traditional
religion
66.7% (2) 33.3 (1) 3
None 90.0% (9) 10% (1) 10
Marital status
Married 53.4% (87) 46.6% (75) 162
ꭓ2
=8.012
P=0.091
Single 42.8% (71) 57.2% (95) 166
Divorcee 60.0% (3) 40.0% (2) 5
Free union 70.0% (14) 30.0% (6) 20
Widow/Widower 41.2% (7) 58.8 (10) 17
Acceptance of OCV was significantly dependent on the health district whereby more participants from Limbe
(72.9%) took OCV compared to Tiko (45.5 %.). There was a significant difference in OCV uptake with respect
to health area. Uptake was significantly higher in Mabeta health area (73.3%) compared the other health areas
investigated (ꭓ2
= 64.288, P = 0.00). Mutegene had the least uptake of OCV (16.7%). There was no significant
difference in OCV uptake with respect to age (ꭓ2
= 2.465, P = 0.292), gender (ꭓ2
= 1.806, P = 0.179), level of
education (ꭓ2
= 6.642, P0.156), and marital status (ꭓ2
= 8.012, P = 0.091). There were significant differences in
vaccine uptake for occupation (ꭓ2
= 14.909, P = 0.037) and religion (ꭓ2
= 10.646, P = 0.014) (Table 7).
Discussion
This study determined OCV coverage rate (48.6%)
and the factors that influenced OCV uptake in Tiko
and Limbe HDs. The findings of this study were
compared to that of other studies with similar
objectives. Majority of the participants were aware of
the OCV mass vaccination campaign (85.1%). This is
similar to the results of previous studies in
Mozambique (82.7%), Haiti (87 - 96%), Nigeria
(90%), and Guinea (95.7%) (Cynthia et al., 2018;
2015; Moise et al., 2015; Luquero et al., 2013).
The main sources of information were obtained from
health workers (62.2%) and Town crier/Quarter head
(46.5%). This was similar to that of earlier study
carried out in Haiti, where 52.2% of respondents
obtained information on OCV campaign through
criers (Sharp et al., 2020). The least sources of
information were; cell phone messages (1.4%) and
newspapers. This could be due to the fact that, the
health districts studied are in rural areas with almost
half of the participants having primary education or
no education, hence could not read newspapers, or
health related messages sent to their phones. From
our findings, policy makers should lay more
emphases on the use of health workers and town
criers or quarter heads to disseminate information
about OCV administration.
Although over three-quarter (85.1%) of participants
had heard of OCV, only less than half (48.6%) had
proof of vaccination. This contradicts previous
reports from Haiti and Guinea, where (50 -60%)
confirmed vaccine status by card and vaccination
cards retention for adults was (74.8%) respectively
(Sharp et al., 2020; Luquero et al., 2013).
Fewer participants took two doses (48.3%) than those
who took one dose (51.7%). This coverage rate is
similar to the 49.7% OCV uptake reported in
Zanzibar (Schaetti et al., 2015). But lower compared
to the 75.9% reported in Guinea (Luquero et al.,
2013). The low coverage could be due to the fact that
there was a large gap of eight months between the
administration of the first and second dose of OCV
instead of two weeks. Thus, people must have
forgotten about the second dose since they had been
previously informed that the second dose would be
administered two weeks after the first dose and
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simply avoid it for some of the reasons mentioned in
this study. Furthermore, the low uptake of OCV
(48.6%) could be ascribed to the community’s
reluctance to be vaccinated as 85.1% of participants
were aware of the OCV campaign.
Oral cholera vaccine campaign was conducted
following the EPI house to house strategy, which has
been shown to result in an increase in vaccination
uptake in countries like Nigeria and Somalia
(Mutaawe et al., 2020; Micheal et al., 2017). Many of
the respondents (44-71%) thought that OCV was the
covid-19 vaccine, since OCV campaign coincided
with the time Covid-19 vaccination campaign was
ongoing. Various conspiracy theories against the
Covid-19 vaccine during that period, where
renounced medical practitioners like Doctor Thomas
Cowan had spread misleading information about
Covid-19 linking with 5G wireless technology
(Adama et al., 2020). Such fake news spread all over
the social media in different WhatsApp groups,
Facebook, Instagram etc (Adama et al., 2020) and
could have contributed to the very low OCV uptake
and probably the uptake of other vaccines that were
distributed at that same period.
Mabeta HA, had the highest OCV uptake compared
to HAs in Tiko HD. This could be attributed to poor
internet network in Mabeta HA, where few people
have access to social media. It is therefore, possible
that most people in this HA did not get these
conspiracy theories. Other deterrent factors reported
by participants were absence when the vaccination
team visited the house, no faith in the vaccine,
vaccination team did not visit households, no faith in
Cameroon’s health system and government. Not
receiving authorization from the head of household,
not in a good state of health to take the vaccine also
contributed negatively to the poor OCV uptake rate.
These results are similar to the report of a study
carried out in Mozambique where respondents gave
similar reasons for not taking OCV (Cynthia et al.,
2018).
Majority of the participants (42-73%) took the first
and second doses of OCV because they considered
cholera to be a serious disease, were told complete
dose will give maximum protection, and it will
prevent them from cholera. Similar reasons were
given in earlier studies carried in Kenya, Zanzibar,
and Mozambique (Sundaram et al., 2013; Cynthia et
al., 2018; Schaetti et al., 2015). Other reasons given
by participants for taking the first and second doses of
OCV are: They were told it is good to take it; there
was an outbreak; had faith in vaccination; they were
encouraged by health personnel; forced by household
head; traveling abroad; mango season; no adverse
effect was experienced after taking the first dose; and
to secure a job.
Among the respondents who took first and second
doses of OCV, 18% and 11% respectively
experienced adverse effects. Side effects reported
were nausea, headache, abdominal pain, fever and
vomiting for the leading ones. Similar findings were
reported in previous studies carried in Mozambique
and Thailand (Cynthia et al., 2018; Phares et al.,
2016). Some of the side effects such as nausea,
vomiting and abdominal pains could be attributed to
irritation of the gastrointestinal tract caused by OCV.
No study was found to ascertain this fact.
In our study, majority of participants (52.0%)
preferred to be administered OCV in the hospital.
This is similar to the report of a study in Mozambique
(Cynthia et al., 2018), where participants preferred to
receive OCV in public health centers. On the
contrary, in another study in Mozambique, almost all
participants (96.7%) preferred taking OCV at home.
With regard to OCV uptake, the majority of the
respondents still considered vaccines as being a
necessary intervention method for curbing diseases.
With respect to factors associated to OCV uptake, no
association was observed with age, gender, pregnancy
status, household size, level of education, and marital
status. The associations between these predictors and
uptake of either of the OCV doses were not
statistically significant (age group, P=0.292; Gender,
P=0.179; pregnancy status, P=0.602; household size,
P=0.283; level of education, P=0.156, and marital
status; P=0.091). Our findings contradict the report of
a study in Uganda where level of education was
significantly associated with OCV uptake (P=0.03)
(Bwire et al., 2020).
More participants in household size 5-10 took OCV
compared to those in household size 1-4 and >11,
though the difference was not significant (P=0.283).
Our findings are similar to reports of a previous study
in Mozambique, where no significant association
between age group, gender, and OCV uptake was
reported (Cynthia et al., 2018). Nevertheless, there
was a significant association between those who took
at least one dose of OCV with the following
predictors: Health districts (P=0.000); Health Areas
(P=0.000); Occupation (P=0.037), and Religion
(P=0.014).
Conclusions
Based on the findings of this study, we concluded that
oral cholera vaccine coverage rate (48.6%) in Tiko
and Limbe health districts was low, and that the
determinants of uptake of OCV were identified and
noteworthy is the fact most participants thought oral
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cholera vaccine was the coronavirus vaccine that is
why they refused to take the vaccine. Therefore,
covid-19 likely contributed to OCV hesitancy in the
targeted HDs. The participants who took OCV were
motivated by the fact that, they considered cholera to
be a serious disease and were told that it is good to
take the vaccine.
These findings will go a long way to inform policy
makers to conduct pre-campaign qualitative research
to understand behavioral determinants of vaccine
acceptability and to educate the population on the
type, purpose and importance of the vaccine that will
be administered to them. This will boost their
confidence, combat complacency and increase
convenience for them to get vaccinated without fear
of any conspiracy theory about OCV and thereby
increasing coverage rate.
Recommendations
There should be intense sensitization on mass
vaccination by using health workers and town criers
or quarter heads, for sufficient duration of time before
the OCV administration. Moreover, during the
administration of OCV, they should be many
supervisors on the field to assist health workers in
educating the population on the type, purpose and
importance of the vaccine that they are taking; this
will help increase OCV coverage rate.
Perspectives for further research
Similar studies should be conducted in other health
areas in the country where OCV was distributed.
A pre-campaign study should be carried out to
ascertain the people’s perception of OCV.
A study should be carried out in these health districts
on Knowledge, attitude, and practice on cholera and
cholera vaccines.
Another study should be carried out to verify the
impact of covid-19 on the hesitancy of OCV.
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