1. Bacterial cell wall and applied importance Dr.Raghu prakash

5. Gram Positive Cell Envelope Cytoplasm Lipoteichoic acid Peptidoglycan-teichoic acid Cytoplasmic membrane M-Protein r r r r r r r r r r

7. Peptidoglycan Synthesis

8. UMP UDP UTP UTP + Glc NAc-1-p UDP-Glc NAc UDP-Glc NAc Enolpyruvate UDP – Mur NAc UDP – Mur NAc-L-Ala UDP – Mur NAc-L-Ala- D -Glu UDP – Mur NAc-L-Ala- D -Glu-L-R3 UDP – Mur NAc-L-Ala - D -Glu-L-R 3 -(DAla) 2 D-Ala-DAla 2-L-Ala Cycloserine inhibits 9MurF + L-R3 +D-Glu +L-Ala +NADPH +PEP - PP 1 Phosphonomycin inhibits D -ALa D-Ala transport Undecaprenyl-PP -Mur NAc- pentapeptide Undecaprenyl-P Cytoplasm Membrane Wall Undecaprenyl-PP Disaccaride -pentapeptide Bacitracin inhibits Disaccaride -pentapeptide Nascent Peptidoglycan Expanding cross linked wall Peptidoglycan 3 Lactum Antibiotic inhibits Vancomycin inhibits

15. Stabilization of outer membrane &mating aggregates in F-dependent conjugation;receptor for phage Tu11. Most abundant surface protein in E.coli &S.enterica ;major structural protein ;stabilizes cell surface. Diffusion channel for various metabolies ex: maltose . LamB transport maltose&maltodextrins,binding sites for lambda phages . Diffusion channel for small molecules ;receptors for Tulb&T3,T4. Protease. Omp.A Murien lipoprotein OmpB Lam.B Omp.C & Omp.F Omp.T FUNCTIONS PROTEINS

16. Anion-selective diffusion channel under phosphate limitation Anion-selective diffusion channel in P.aeruginosainduced under phosphate . Maintenance of OM integrity;activity of group a colicins Ferrichrome siderophore uptake;receptor for phages T1,T5,80,&COLICIN M. Dependent proteins . transport vit B12 &Siderophores PhoE Protein P TolA TonA Ton.B

26. The Structure of the Bacterial Surface: Flagella Summary Flagella filamentous protein structures attached to the cell surface that provide swimming movement for most motile bacterial cells. The flagellar filament is rotated by a motor apparatus in the plasma membrane allowing the cell to swim in fluid environments. tactic behavior or motility is the ability to move (swim) in response to environmental stimuli. Chemotaxis: a bacterium can sense the quality and quantity of certain chemicals in its environment and swim towards them (if they are useful nutrients) or away from them (if they are harmful substances). Aerotaxis: bacteria swim toward or away from O 2 motility as a determinant of virulence: e.g. Vibrio cholerae, Campylobacter, Helicobacter, Pseudomonas

31. Endospores are produced as intracellular structures within the cytoplasm of certain bacteria, most notably Bacillus and Clostridium species. Endospore forming bacteria left to right: Clostridium botulinum, Bacillus brevis, Bacillus thuringiensis

34. Endospore formation is NOT a mechanism of reproduction. Rather it is a mechanism for survival in deleterious environments. During the process of spore formation, one vegetative cell develops into one endospore. The sequential steps of endospore formation in a Bacillus species. The process of endospore formation takes about six hours. Eventually the mature endospore is released from its “mother cell” as a free spore

35. Under favorable nutritional and environmental conditions, an endospore germinates into a vegetative cell. A germinating spore

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