Fats are composed of glycerol bonded to three fatty acid molecules. Fats can be saturated or unsaturated depending on whether the fatty acids contain single or double carbon bonds. Saturated fats are typically solid at room temperature as found in animal fats, while unsaturated fats from plants are usually liquid. Unsaturated fats can be made more saturated through hydrogenation, which adds hydrogen to break double bonds. Fats provide energy, aid nutrient absorption, cushion organs, and help regulate body temperature, but saturated fats raise cholesterol levels and risk of cardiovascular diseases.

1. Carbon
Compound

2. FATS
Fats and oils are chemically
similar, but differ in physical
states.

5. What is FAT?
- Fats and oil are mixtures of different esters.
- Fats are formed from 3 molecules of long-
chain carboxylic acids called fatty acids
with 1 molecules of alcohol called glycerol.

6. H
│
H ― C ― OH
│ ‌
‌H ― C ― OH
│ ‌
H ― C ― OH
│ ‌
H
‌‌ ‌
Fatty acids
- R1
, R2
, R3
contains
12 to 18 carbon
atoms per molecule
- R1
, R2
, R3
are three
alkyl groups which
may be the same or
different
- group: carboxylic acid
O
║
OH ― C ― R1
O
║
OH ― C ― R2
O
║
OH ― C ― R3
‌‌ ‌
Glycerol
- propane-1,2,3-triol
- group: alcohol

7. Formation of a fat
molecule

9. Importance
of fats and
oils
PROVIDE ENERGY
-Stored in body
-Use as required
NUTRIENTS
- Helps the absorption
of the fat-soluble
vitamins (A, D, E and K
PROTECTION TO INTERNAL ORGAN
- Act as protection cushion to
prevent the vital organs from injury
THERMAL INSULATION
- Fats under the skin help
to keep our body warm

10. Saturated and unsaturated fats
- Fat or oil molecules is affected by parent fatty
acids.
- Fatty acids can be differentiated in two ways;
i. the length of the carbon chains
(12 to 18 carbon atoms)
ii. saturated or unsaturated

11. Saturated fats Differences Unsaturated fats
Saturated Types of fatty acid Not saturated
No double bond Type of bonding Have double bonds
High melting point and
solids at
room temperature.
Melting point Lower melting points
and are
liquids at room
temperature.
Animal fats Sources Plant or vegetable oils
Maximum Hydrogen content Can be increased
High Cholesterol content Low

12. Saturated Fats
•Fats contain esters of glycerol and saturated fatty acids.
- Example:
i. Tristearin ( glycerol + stearic acid)
ii. Tripalmitin (glycerol + palmitic acid)
Tristearin

13. H O
│ ║
H ― C ― O ― C ― (CH2
)14
— CH3
│
│ O
│ ║
H ― C ― O ― C ― (CH2
)14
— CH3
│
│ O
│ ║
H ― C ― O ― C ― (CH2
)14
— CH3
│
‌‌ H
Tripalmitin

14. Unsaturated Fats
- Fats contain esters of glycerol and
unsaturated fatty acids.
Example:
i. Triolein (glycerol + oleic
acid)
H O
│ ║
H ― C ― O ― C ― (CH2
)7
— CH ═ CH — (CH2
)7
— CH3
│
│ O
│ ║
H ― C ― O ― C ― (CH2
)7
— CH ═ CH — (CH2
)7
— CH3
│
│ O
│ ║
H ― C ― O ― C ― (CH2
)7
— CH ═ CH — (CH2
)7
— CH3
│
‌‌ H

15. Converted unsaturated fats to saturated fats
•Unsaturated fats can be converted into saturated
fats by process called catalytic hydrogenation.
The hydrogenation process is carried out by
bubbling hydrogen gas through hot, liquid oil in
the presence of fine particles of nickel catalyst.

16. a) Unsaturated organic compounds have at
least one pair of double or triple bond.
b) When an unsaturated compound is
treated with hydrogen, the double or triple
bonds will be broken.
c) Two new empty bonds will be created for
each double bond.
d) Hydrogen atoms will then attaches itself
to new bonds of the carbon atom.

17. Double bond Hydroge
n
Single bond
Example : Margarine
Hydrogenation process

18. Effect of fats on health
•Saturated fats (animal oil) will raise the level of
cholesterol.
•Cholesterol causes fatty deposite or the wall of veins
or arteries.
•Blood circulation is restricted and will raise the blood
pressure
•Arteriosclerosis, can result in heart attack.
•Unsaturated fats (plant oil) do not contain cholesterol.
- Do not cause cardiovascular problems.