The document discusses chemical hazards and provides several examples. It covers three main types of chemical hazards: flammability, reactivity, and health hazards. Flammable substances readily catch fire and burn in air. Reactive chemicals involve the release of energy and can explode under certain conditions. Contact with chemicals can result in adverse health effects depending on factors like the substance, route of exposure, and dose. Examples of hazardous chemicals include flammable substances like gasoline, irritants like acids and paint fumes, and gases that interfere with oxygen transport like carbon monoxide. The Bhopal gas disaster released methyl isocyanides, killing thousands in India and exposing hundreds of thousands more.

1. Sitti Sauda binti kuyong 201301-00024
Faridah Donna
201301-0020
Fresnah binti Ompiduk 201301-00017

2. Chemical hazard
• A chemical accident is the unintentional release of one or
more hazardous substances which could harm human
health or the environment. Chemical hazards are
systems where chemical accidents could occur under
certain circumstances. Have two type Physical and
Health
• An element or mixture of elements or synthetic
substances that are considered harmful to employees.
• Chemical hazards may be described under three broad
headings - flammability, reactivity and health.

3. Chemical hazards
• Chemicals can affect the skin by contact or the body
either through the digestive system or through the lungs
if air is contaminated with chemicals, vapors, mist or
dust. There can be an acute (immediate) effect, or a
chronic (medium to long-term) effect from the
accumulation of chemicals or substances in or on the
body.

5. Flammability
• Flammable substances are those that readily catch
fire and burn in air. A flammable liquid does not
itself burn; it is the vapors' from the liquid that
burn. For a liquid, the flash point, auto-ignition
temperature, explosive limits, vapor density and
ability to accumulate an electrostatic charge are
important factors in determining the degree of fire
hazard.

6. Reactivity
• Reactive chemical hazards invariably involve the release
of energy (heat) in relatively high quantities or at a rapid
rate. If the heat evolved in a reaction is not dissipated,
the reaction rate can increase until an explosion results.
• Some chemicals decompose rapidly when heated. Light
or mechanical shock can also initiate explosive reactions.
Some compounds are inherently unstable and can
detonate under certain conditions of pressure and
temperature, while others react violently with water or
when exposed to air.

7. Health
• Contact with many chemicals can result in adverse
health effects. The nature and magnitude of toxic effects
will depend on many factors including the nature of the
substance, route of exposure, magnitude of the dose,
duration of exposure, and individual susceptibility.

8. hazardous chemicals
• Categories of hazardous chemicals:
▫ Flammable or explosive
 Gasoline, kerosene
▫ Irritating to skin, lungs, eyes
 Strong acids, strong alkali (lye), paint fumes
▫ Interfere with oxygen uptake, delivery, and use in body
 Carbon monoxide, Hydrogen sulfide, cyanide

13. Bhopal Gas Disaster
• The Union Carbide Pesticide Plant in Bhopal, released 40 tons of Methyl
Isocyanides (MIC) gas, killing between 2,500 to 5,000 people in the early
hours of the morning.
• The World’s worst Industrial Disaster. The gas being heavier than air,
started entering into the homes of the unwary population. Many who
panicked and ran out also got crushed in stampedes.
• Around 500,000 were estimated to be exposed to the gas & around 20,000
have died as a result. Over 120,000 continue to suffer from the from the
effects of the disaster.
• The Bhopal disaster brought into sharp focus the unprecedented potential
of hazardous chemical release in terms of loss of life, health, injury and
evacuation.

19. Henna hazard: Chemical
causes ornate allergies