This paper reports the effect of high volume of GGBS on the properties of structural
concrete. In this study, GGBS is physically and chemically characterized and partially
replaced in the ratio of 10% to 90% by weight of cement. The fresh properties of GGBS
concrete like slump test and hardened properties like compressive strength, Split tensile
strength, Modulus of Elasticity are carried out. In addition to this the carbon foot prints are
also calculated and the savings per capita per year is determined for reduction of usage of
cement. The test results indicated that fresh and hardened properties of the GGBS concrete
increases as the percentage of replacement of GGBS increases up to certain extent
AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON METAKAOLIN AND GGBS BASED GEOPOLYMER CONCRETEIAEME Publication
Objectives: To study the strength and durability properties of Metakaolin and Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBS) based Geopolymer Concrete mixes at various proportions. Methods/Statistical Analysis: In this connection, Geopolymer is showing great potential and does not need the presence of Portland cement as a binder. Geopolymer concrete is prepared by using an alkaline solution of the suitable chemical composition. Findings: The ratio of the mixture is 2.5 and the concentration of sodium hydroxide is 10M. The geopolymer concrete specimens are cast and tested for different types of strengths for 3, 7, and 28 days and cured at ambient temperature. Applications/ Improvements: This study helps in gaining knowledge about the morphological composition of concrete which might result in path-breaking trends in the construction industry.
STUDY OF THE PROPERTIES OF METAKIOLIN AND GGBS BASED GEOPOLYMER CONCRETEIAEME Publication
Objectives: To investigate the properties of metakiolin and GGBS based geopolymer concrete. Methods/Statistical Analysis: In this connection, Geopolymer is need of the hour, where the binder is inorganic polymer. Geopolymer concrete will be introduced as an alternative concrete which did not use any cement in its mixture and used Metakaolin and GGBS as alternative cement. NaOH and Na2SiO3 were used as activator solution. Findings: Geopolymer concrete is prepared by using the solution of sodium silicate mixed with sodium hydroxide. The fixed ratio of sodium silicate to sodium hydroxide is 2.5 and the concentration of sodium hydroxide is 8M. The geo polymer concrete specimens are casted and tested for compressive strength for and 28 days and cured at ambient temperature. Applications/Improvements: This study helps in gaining knowledge about the morphological composition of concrete which might result in path-breaking trends in construction industry.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Study of Concrete by Replacing Fine Aggregate by ETP Sludge of TiO2IJERA Editor
The rapid increase in construction activities leads to scarcity of conventional construction materials such as
cement, fine aggregate and coarse aggregate. Researches are being conducted for finding cheaper materials. In
India, there are many industries producing large amount of effluent treatment plant waste sludge which leads in
problems of disposal. The final destination of effluent treatment plant sludge affects the environment. So
alternative option is necessary for disposing effluent treatment sludge. In this study is subjected to the effective
reuse of effluent treatment plant sludge of TiO2 pigment generated from Kerala Minerals and Metals Ltd
(KMML). The aim of the thesis is to determine the strength parameters of concrete with the partial replacement
of fine aggregate by waste sludge from KMML. Reuse of ETP sludge in concrete is an effective option for the
problem of ultimate disposal up to greater extent. In this study the fine aggregate is replaced by the ETP sludge
of TiO2 with different percentages such as 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, and 25% in M35 concrete mix. The various tests
such as compression, tensile and flexural strength are conducted.
Effect of partial replacement of natural sand with crushed sand along with su...eSAT Journals
Abstract
The effect of partial replacement of natural sand (NS) by crushed sand (CS) and partial replacement of cement by supplementary cementing material have been investigated. All the trials have been taken at actual construction site and tested at site laboratory. Supplementary Cementing materials (SCM) Fly Ash and GGBS have been used and cement has been replaced by three combination of Fly ash (15%, 20%, 25%) and two combinations of GGBS (40% & 50%). In both the cases , 50% natural sand have been replaced by crushed sand .Both the materials have shown good compatible results when used and it is found that use of SCM gives better result in terms of compressive strength and workability due to reduction in w/c ratio. This paper puts forward the applications of crushed sand and supplementary cementing materials as an attempt towards sustainable development. It will help to find viable solution to the declining availability of natural sand to make eco-balance.
Keywords: Crushed Sand (CS), Natural Sand (NS), Fly Ash (FA), Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBS), Admixture.
AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON METAKAOLIN AND GGBS BASED GEOPOLYMER CONCRETEIAEME Publication
Objectives: To study the strength and durability properties of Metakaolin and Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBS) based Geopolymer Concrete mixes at various proportions. Methods/Statistical Analysis: In this connection, Geopolymer is showing great potential and does not need the presence of Portland cement as a binder. Geopolymer concrete is prepared by using an alkaline solution of the suitable chemical composition. Findings: The ratio of the mixture is 2.5 and the concentration of sodium hydroxide is 10M. The geopolymer concrete specimens are cast and tested for different types of strengths for 3, 7, and 28 days and cured at ambient temperature. Applications/ Improvements: This study helps in gaining knowledge about the morphological composition of concrete which might result in path-breaking trends in the construction industry.
STUDY OF THE PROPERTIES OF METAKIOLIN AND GGBS BASED GEOPOLYMER CONCRETEIAEME Publication
Objectives: To investigate the properties of metakiolin and GGBS based geopolymer concrete. Methods/Statistical Analysis: In this connection, Geopolymer is need of the hour, where the binder is inorganic polymer. Geopolymer concrete will be introduced as an alternative concrete which did not use any cement in its mixture and used Metakaolin and GGBS as alternative cement. NaOH and Na2SiO3 were used as activator solution. Findings: Geopolymer concrete is prepared by using the solution of sodium silicate mixed with sodium hydroxide. The fixed ratio of sodium silicate to sodium hydroxide is 2.5 and the concentration of sodium hydroxide is 8M. The geo polymer concrete specimens are casted and tested for compressive strength for and 28 days and cured at ambient temperature. Applications/Improvements: This study helps in gaining knowledge about the morphological composition of concrete which might result in path-breaking trends in construction industry.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Study of Concrete by Replacing Fine Aggregate by ETP Sludge of TiO2IJERA Editor
The rapid increase in construction activities leads to scarcity of conventional construction materials such as
cement, fine aggregate and coarse aggregate. Researches are being conducted for finding cheaper materials. In
India, there are many industries producing large amount of effluent treatment plant waste sludge which leads in
problems of disposal. The final destination of effluent treatment plant sludge affects the environment. So
alternative option is necessary for disposing effluent treatment sludge. In this study is subjected to the effective
reuse of effluent treatment plant sludge of TiO2 pigment generated from Kerala Minerals and Metals Ltd
(KMML). The aim of the thesis is to determine the strength parameters of concrete with the partial replacement
of fine aggregate by waste sludge from KMML. Reuse of ETP sludge in concrete is an effective option for the
problem of ultimate disposal up to greater extent. In this study the fine aggregate is replaced by the ETP sludge
of TiO2 with different percentages such as 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, and 25% in M35 concrete mix. The various tests
such as compression, tensile and flexural strength are conducted.
Effect of partial replacement of natural sand with crushed sand along with su...eSAT Journals
Abstract
The effect of partial replacement of natural sand (NS) by crushed sand (CS) and partial replacement of cement by supplementary cementing material have been investigated. All the trials have been taken at actual construction site and tested at site laboratory. Supplementary Cementing materials (SCM) Fly Ash and GGBS have been used and cement has been replaced by three combination of Fly ash (15%, 20%, 25%) and two combinations of GGBS (40% & 50%). In both the cases , 50% natural sand have been replaced by crushed sand .Both the materials have shown good compatible results when used and it is found that use of SCM gives better result in terms of compressive strength and workability due to reduction in w/c ratio. This paper puts forward the applications of crushed sand and supplementary cementing materials as an attempt towards sustainable development. It will help to find viable solution to the declining availability of natural sand to make eco-balance.
Keywords: Crushed Sand (CS), Natural Sand (NS), Fly Ash (FA), Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBS), Admixture.
EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF SUB SOIL PROFILE USING GIS IAEME Publication
In this paper, GIS technology integrates common database operation such as query and statistical analysis benefits offered by maps. This ability distinguish GIS from other information system and makes it valuable to a wide range of public and private enterprises for explaining events, predicting outcome and planning strategies. The soils at various places of the particular area are collected at the closest distance. QGIS open source software is used for mapping. We have collected samples from four places. From each place 6 KG of soil is collected. The current latitude and longitude position from where the samples are taken are located using GPS and are noted down. The Test was Carried on the Shear strength of the Soil are found by the Direct Shear Test, Bearing capacity of the Soil are found by the CBR(California Bearing Ratio, Permeability of the Soil are found by the Falling Head Flow Method for the Different Location.
To mitigate emission of carbon dioxide and other green gases, it is necessary to develop alternative ways by which sustainable development can be improved. This paper discusses various combination of cement with hypo sludge and different size of aggregates. Hypo sludge has a very good content of Cao and thus it works as a partial replacement material in construction process. This study examines 5%, 10%, and 15% replacement of hypo sludge in place of cement in concrete for M20 and then tested for its compressive strength. The result shows that the strength of the concrete increases by adding hypo sludge up to 10%. However, further increase in hypo sludge decreases the compressive strength. Also, rate analysis has been done which concludes that the rate of the concrete decreases on replacing the cement with hypo sludge. The aim of this study is to make eco-friendly building material and to see how the concrete behaves on replacing the cement with the hypo sludge in various proportions. This study also examines the possibility of utilization of hypo sludge as a partial replacement material and it can be further used as cementitious material. It also helps with the disposal and pollution problems associated with paper industry waste
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and TechnologyCompar...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Properties of concrete incorporated with ggbseSAT Journals
Abstract
Throughout the world, the most widely used construction material is concrete. It is the second most consumed substance on the earth after water. As concrete being used for construction of most of the buildings, bridges etc., it has been labelled as the backbone to the infrastructure development of nation. It is commonly made by mixing Portland cement with sand, crushed rock and water. It is very clear that among the all components, aggregate and water is largely available material in India at very low cost. As cement is comparatively high cost it would be advisable to use other locally available industrial and agricultural waste material to replace the cement partially. Ground Granulated Blast-furnace Slag (GGBS) is a non-metallic and non-hazardous waste material of Iron Industry. Therefore the minimization of this waste material without a harmful effect on nature has a vital importance.The present work focused on the utilization of GGBS in concrete which can be suitably used under the Indian conditions. For this purpose, the various tests on properties of green and hardened concrete have been performed. The properties of green concrete have been analyzed by workability of concrete in terms of slump value whereas the properties of hardened concrete have been analyzed in terms of mechanical and physical properties of concrete. The mechanical properties of hardened concrete include the compressive strength, flexural strength and split tensile strength whereas physical properties includes the dry & moist density and water absorption of hardened concrete. On the basis of present work we found that GGBS in concrete improves workability, compressive strength, flexural strength, split tensile strength and decreases the density & water absorption characteristics of hardened concrete. As a result the cost of concrete decreases. Also GGBS leads to the significant reduction in the quantity of cement which enables the reduction in CO2 emission and reduction in energy consumption in production of cement.
Keywords: GGBS, cement, fine and coarse aggregate and concrete
STUDY OF BEHAVIOUR OF GEO-POLYMER CONCRETE WITH RESPECT TO ITS MECHANICAL PRO...IAEME Publication
The primary object of the work is to observe the mechanical properties of geopolymer
concrete with GGBS and FLYASH. Now-a-days the carbon oxide emission is a lot of within the
atmosphere, which leads to warming and atmospheric phenomenon. Hence, for the purpose of
reducing the emissions, the consequences of industrial waste are being used for geopolymer
concrete like GBBS and Flyash. Sodium hydroxide and Sodium Silicate (NAOH and Na2SiO3)
area unit used as basic activators. The molarity of Sodium hydroxide is 10M and 12M.The ratio
of basic activators are1:2.Having similar properties to cement concrete and attaining equal
strength, the geopolymer concrete reduces greenhouse emission. The proportions used are 100%
GGBS, 75% GGBS & 25% fly ash, 50% GGBS & 50% fly ash, 25% GGBS & 75% fly ash. The
ambient natural process at space temperature is completed for an amount of seven and twenty
eight days. The mechanical properties have been identified by compressive, flexural, split tensile
strength tests through which the results are compared for 10 M and 12 M.
EVALUATION OFTENSILE PROPERTIESOF EPOXY RESIN BASED COMPOSITES REINFORCED WIT...IAEME Publication
In recent times the concern for the environmental pollution and the prevention of nonrenewable
and non- biodegradable resources has promoted research in the field of green
technologies, eco friendly, non polluting materials which can maximize energy and resource
savings. In the present work Jute fibres reinforced with biaxial glass fibres in epoxy matrix,
alongside Banana fibres reinforced with biaxial glass fibres in epoxy matrix and Flax fibres
reinforced with biaxial glass fibres in epoxy matrix was prepared and mechanical properties were
evaluated and compared for two weight fractions, the samples were prepared by using the hand
lay-up process and applying pressure at room temperature. The samples were subjected to tensile
testing was performed on the samples to investigate the mechanical properties and to suggest a
material which could compete with synthetic materials and still be easily disposed. Results of
wear test showed that with increasing reinforcement concentration the wear rate decreases but
with increasing speed, sliding distance the wear increases, additional interesting observation was
that banana hybrid composite showed less wear than all the other composites.
COMPARATIVE LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT OF DIFFERENT MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE MANAGEME...IAEME Publication
The main objectives of this paper to review the cost of the different municipal solid waste
management and to assess the different options using a comparative life cycle appraisal in
selected wards of Bangalore. Life cycle appraisal methodology was used for optimum
municipal solid waste management strategies in selected wards of Bangalore city. Bangalore
is the largest city and business capital of Karnataka state. The population of the city as per the
2011 census is 8,443,675 with the total number of houses 2,101,831. The total of
approximately 62.84 tons per day of waste is generated in selected wards of Bangalore.
Environmental LCA is a system analysis tool is used to analyze and to evaluate different
options that can be implemented to enable the good community solid waste management in the
present study. Collected waste to the landfill and composting (Oc I) Optimized route for waste
to landfill (OcII) vermin composting (62%) and landfill (32%) (OcIII), Entire waste
Incineration (Oc IV), were taken into consideration. An effective Community Municipal Solid
waste management system is needed in these selected wards, since the generated CMSW is
transported to the dumped yard that has no liner, no biogas capture, etc. Based on the analysis
indicates that, the Option OcI and OcIII led to the most adverse environmental impact in the
human health and ecosystem quality damage category. Option OcII (Recycling, optimized
route and landfilling) is the best option in terms of lower environmental impacts on human
health, ecosystem quality and resources and financial requirements. The results also showed
that the most eco-friendly scenario to be implemented in the future would be the combination
of incineration and landfill (OcIV), further, Oc III option had the least helpful effect on the
resources damage category. Theoverall analysis of different options implied that the scenario
Sc-1 was the worst options, and followed by OcII and OcIII among the studied options.
In this construction world, Geopolymer concrete is a special concrete which doesn't
requires the Ordinary Portland Cement and also reduces the emission of carbon-dioxide. The
Geopolymer Concrete is made up of industrial by-products (which contains more Silica and
Alumina) and activated with the help of Alkaline solution (combination of sodium hydroxide &
sodium silicate or potassium hydroxide & potassium silicate). The high viscosity nature of
Geopolymer Concrete had the ability to fail due to lack of compaction. In improvising the
issue, Self Compacting Geopolymer Concrete has been introduced. The SCGC doesn't require
any additional compaction it will flow and compacted by its own weight. This concrete is made
up of industrial by-products like Fly ash, GGBFS and Silica Fume and activated with alkaline
solution. The earlier research was mostly on Fly ash based SCGC. In few research works Fly
ash was partially replaced with GGBS and Silica Fume. They evaluated the compressive
strength of concrete with varying molarties of NaOH; curing time and curing temperature. The
flexural behavior of the concrete also examined. The Fly ash based SCGC was got high
compressive strength in heat curing as well as low compressive strength in ambient curing.
The presence of GGBS improves the strength in ambient curing. For aiming the high strength
in ambient curing Fly ash will be completely replace and examine with different mineral
admixtures.
CRITICAL REVIEW ON STRUCTURAL LIGHT WEIGHT CONCRETE IAEME Publication
Concrete is widely used material across the world for construction of large structures. Due
to increase in industrialization and development of urban areas, high volume of resources is
required which are available naturally. This means high volume of resources is used worldwide
for production of concrete. To reduce the use of such resources and to decrease the negative
impact on environment, the uses of industrial waste and artificial aggregates as a replacement
of natural aggregates are increasingly used. Another focus required in material research is to
reduce the concrete weight density so that the effective dead load and seismic loads can be
lowered. The paper attempts to review the literature and present a state of art in making
lightweight concrete as reported till now for structural application
The Mechanical Properties of Concrete Incorporating Silica Fume as Partial Re...HARISH B A
Concrete is the most important engineering
material and the addition of some other materials may change
the properties of concrete. With increase in trend towards the
wider use of concrete for prestressed concrete and high rise
buildings there is a growing demand of concrete with higher
compressive strength. Mineral additions which are also
known as mineral admixtures have been used with cements
for many years. Silica fume particles are 100 times smaller
than the average cement particle. Its handling and disposal is
a point of concern because of the environment concerns. Silica
fume is usually categorized as a supplementary cementitious
material. These materials exhibit pozzolanic properties,
cementitious properties and a combination of both properties.
Due to these properties, it can affect the concrete behavior in
many ways. In the present work, an attempt has been made to
use silica fume as a supplementary material for cement and to
evaluate the limit of replacement of cement for M20 grade
concrete. The main aim of this work is to study the
mechanical properties of M20 grade control concrete and
silica fume concrete with different percentages (5, 10, 15 and
20%) of silica fume as a partial replacement of cement.
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF NANOIRON PARTICLES REINFORCED EPOXY/POLYESTER NANOCO...IAEME Publication
We report on synthesis of two highly dissolve nanoparticles viz. Fe2 O3 & f-Fe2 O3using chemical reduction method. Reaction effect was initiated to mix up solution 1 (i.e.Fecl3 6H2 o) into solution 2 (i.e. Fecl2 4H2 o) as one under the occurrence of ammonium to build up nanoiron (NI) particles. Mechanical properties as above mentioned nanoiron particles filled with polyester and epoxy nanocomposites were fabricated to assess the possibility of using this filler as a latest material. Functionalization agent as Methacryloxypropyl was used to prepare f-Fe2 O3 nanoparticles. f-Fe2 O3 nanocomposites of mechanical properties were improved with the help of functionalization when compared with nanocomposites of Fe2 O3 Nanoiron particles functionalization favours the composite fabrication with a curing temperature at low as compared to the as-synthesised nanoparticles filled polyester nanocomposites. Mechanical properties carried out are Hardness, Impact strength, Tensile strength, Flexural strength and Compression strength. Mechanical property values increased due to the homogeneous nanoparticle dispersion and chemical bonding between polyester matrix and nanoparticles. After incorporation nanoiron particles into the polyester resin matrix it becomes magnetically harder. Machines generated mechanical property values were compared and analysed with system generated software analysis of variance (ANOVA) values
STRENGTH CHARACTERIZATION OF GLASSCARON HYBRID REINFORCEMENTS - AN EXPERIMENT...IAEME Publication
This study aims to characterize and quantify the mechanical properties of hybrid
reinforcements which have been introduced in the research field of polymer composites as a
facelift. Hybrid reinforcement is the fusion of more than one type of material into one element.
A combination of glass and carbon in the ratio of 60:40 is used as Hybrid reinforcement in this
study. The carbon fiber is used as the inner core surrounded with glass fiber using epoxy
thermo set resin. This present work is mainly centered on the tensile and transverse shear
strength of glass-carbon Hybrid reinforcements. Hybridisation offers a profitable mode for
manufacturing a product with reduced cost, high specific modulus, strength, corrosion
resistance and in many cases excellent thermal stability. Based on the-way of fabrication,
different types of hybrid composites can be prepared. The current study presents the
experiments that has been carried out on 8 mm diameter hybrid rods using ASTM (American
Society for testing and Methods) standards. The results were compared with 10 mm Glass
Fibre Reinforced Polymer (GFRP) reinforcements and 10 mm Conventional (steel)
reinforcements. From the experimental observation, it has been found out that hybrid
reinforcement exhibits a tensile strength 1.5 to 2.0 times higher than GFRP and Conventional
reinforcements. Similarly, hybrid reinforcement performs slightly greater Transverse shear
strength than GFRP and Conventional reinforcements respectively.
ANALYSIS OF RAINFALL PATTERN AND TEMPERATURE VARIATIONS IN THREE REGIONS OF S...IAEME Publication
Rainfall and temperature are important parameters that determine the climatic condition
of a region andis a growing concern in the current situation. Growing industrialization and
increasing use of fossil fuels are putting pressure and effecting the regional and global
temperatures that are subsequently influencing the overall precipitation levels. GCC and Arab
countries are mostly dominated by dry climate and hot winds for most part of the year with
little or no rainfall in most regions. In Middle east, specifically GCC countries economy
depends on oil and gas production, processing, and exports, and these resources are used for
electricity generation across all the six countries. This practice invariably is releasing more of
greenhouse gases coupled with industrial emissions annually from industrialized zones.
Among the six GCC nations, Oman has the second largest land area next to Saudi Arabia and
has significant quantities of oil and gas resources and limited ground water resources.
Scarcity of ground water poses serious problems for farming and potable water that cannot be
supported by scanty or less rainfall annually. In absence of considerable data on rainfall
pattern and temperature deviations, this paper is focused to highlight the rainfall scenario over
temperature changes by studying the rainfall patterns over three designated regions for a
certain duration. In Oman rainfall patterns and temperatures are stimulated by the weather
changes and mostly by heavy industrialization in the recent past. Precipitation data and
temperature profiles are two dependent parameters that are analyzed to achieve the objectives
of the study. Regression analysis is performed to understand the trend in the rainfall pattern
with changes in temperature in the three designated regions of Oman using the data of 14
years. The study revealed significant outcomes indicating distinct relationship between rainfall
and temperature. Changing ambient temperatures in each region has shown to influence the
rainfall pattern differently in Muscat region contrasting the Maseira and Sur region of the
study area. The trend in rainfall pattern with one unit temperature variations are not uniform
across all the three study regions that show apparent variations due the differently
contributing factors such as topography, wind speed, direction, mountain ranges, relative
humidity, and proximity to sea etc. that would govern the precipitation rates
STUDY OF MACRO LEVEL PROPERTIES OF SCC USING SILICA FUME AND FLY ASH BY USING...IAEME Publication
One of the major environmental concerns is the disposal of the waste materials and
utilization of industrial by products. Many power plants and electro static precipitators will
produce millions of tons waste powder every year. Having considerable high degree of
fineness in comparison to cement this material may be utilized as a partial replacement to
cement. For this purpose an experiment is conducted to investigate the possibility of using fly
ash powder in the production of SCC with combined use SILICAFUME and how it affects the
fresh and mechanical properties of SCC. First SCC is made by replacing cement with SILICA
FUME in 10% and fly ash powder is blended to mix in percentage like 25% as a partial
replacement to cement. Here we use manufacture sand as fine aggregate. By taking fineness
modulus 2.5,2.7,2.9 .Test results shows that the SCC mix with combination of 10% SILICA
FUME and 25% fly ash powder with fineness modulus 2.7 satisfies filling ability and passing
ability and hardened properties are also in the limits prescribed by the EFNARC.
EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF SUB SOIL PROFILE USING GIS IAEME Publication
In this paper, GIS technology integrates common database operation such as query and statistical analysis benefits offered by maps. This ability distinguish GIS from other information system and makes it valuable to a wide range of public and private enterprises for explaining events, predicting outcome and planning strategies. The soils at various places of the particular area are collected at the closest distance. QGIS open source software is used for mapping. We have collected samples from four places. From each place 6 KG of soil is collected. The current latitude and longitude position from where the samples are taken are located using GPS and are noted down. The Test was Carried on the Shear strength of the Soil are found by the Direct Shear Test, Bearing capacity of the Soil are found by the CBR(California Bearing Ratio, Permeability of the Soil are found by the Falling Head Flow Method for the Different Location.
To mitigate emission of carbon dioxide and other green gases, it is necessary to develop alternative ways by which sustainable development can be improved. This paper discusses various combination of cement with hypo sludge and different size of aggregates. Hypo sludge has a very good content of Cao and thus it works as a partial replacement material in construction process. This study examines 5%, 10%, and 15% replacement of hypo sludge in place of cement in concrete for M20 and then tested for its compressive strength. The result shows that the strength of the concrete increases by adding hypo sludge up to 10%. However, further increase in hypo sludge decreases the compressive strength. Also, rate analysis has been done which concludes that the rate of the concrete decreases on replacing the cement with hypo sludge. The aim of this study is to make eco-friendly building material and to see how the concrete behaves on replacing the cement with the hypo sludge in various proportions. This study also examines the possibility of utilization of hypo sludge as a partial replacement material and it can be further used as cementitious material. It also helps with the disposal and pollution problems associated with paper industry waste
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and TechnologyCompar...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Properties of concrete incorporated with ggbseSAT Journals
Abstract
Throughout the world, the most widely used construction material is concrete. It is the second most consumed substance on the earth after water. As concrete being used for construction of most of the buildings, bridges etc., it has been labelled as the backbone to the infrastructure development of nation. It is commonly made by mixing Portland cement with sand, crushed rock and water. It is very clear that among the all components, aggregate and water is largely available material in India at very low cost. As cement is comparatively high cost it would be advisable to use other locally available industrial and agricultural waste material to replace the cement partially. Ground Granulated Blast-furnace Slag (GGBS) is a non-metallic and non-hazardous waste material of Iron Industry. Therefore the minimization of this waste material without a harmful effect on nature has a vital importance.The present work focused on the utilization of GGBS in concrete which can be suitably used under the Indian conditions. For this purpose, the various tests on properties of green and hardened concrete have been performed. The properties of green concrete have been analyzed by workability of concrete in terms of slump value whereas the properties of hardened concrete have been analyzed in terms of mechanical and physical properties of concrete. The mechanical properties of hardened concrete include the compressive strength, flexural strength and split tensile strength whereas physical properties includes the dry & moist density and water absorption of hardened concrete. On the basis of present work we found that GGBS in concrete improves workability, compressive strength, flexural strength, split tensile strength and decreases the density & water absorption characteristics of hardened concrete. As a result the cost of concrete decreases. Also GGBS leads to the significant reduction in the quantity of cement which enables the reduction in CO2 emission and reduction in energy consumption in production of cement.
Keywords: GGBS, cement, fine and coarse aggregate and concrete
STUDY OF BEHAVIOUR OF GEO-POLYMER CONCRETE WITH RESPECT TO ITS MECHANICAL PRO...IAEME Publication
The primary object of the work is to observe the mechanical properties of geopolymer
concrete with GGBS and FLYASH. Now-a-days the carbon oxide emission is a lot of within the
atmosphere, which leads to warming and atmospheric phenomenon. Hence, for the purpose of
reducing the emissions, the consequences of industrial waste are being used for geopolymer
concrete like GBBS and Flyash. Sodium hydroxide and Sodium Silicate (NAOH and Na2SiO3)
area unit used as basic activators. The molarity of Sodium hydroxide is 10M and 12M.The ratio
of basic activators are1:2.Having similar properties to cement concrete and attaining equal
strength, the geopolymer concrete reduces greenhouse emission. The proportions used are 100%
GGBS, 75% GGBS & 25% fly ash, 50% GGBS & 50% fly ash, 25% GGBS & 75% fly ash. The
ambient natural process at space temperature is completed for an amount of seven and twenty
eight days. The mechanical properties have been identified by compressive, flexural, split tensile
strength tests through which the results are compared for 10 M and 12 M.
EVALUATION OFTENSILE PROPERTIESOF EPOXY RESIN BASED COMPOSITES REINFORCED WIT...IAEME Publication
In recent times the concern for the environmental pollution and the prevention of nonrenewable
and non- biodegradable resources has promoted research in the field of green
technologies, eco friendly, non polluting materials which can maximize energy and resource
savings. In the present work Jute fibres reinforced with biaxial glass fibres in epoxy matrix,
alongside Banana fibres reinforced with biaxial glass fibres in epoxy matrix and Flax fibres
reinforced with biaxial glass fibres in epoxy matrix was prepared and mechanical properties were
evaluated and compared for two weight fractions, the samples were prepared by using the hand
lay-up process and applying pressure at room temperature. The samples were subjected to tensile
testing was performed on the samples to investigate the mechanical properties and to suggest a
material which could compete with synthetic materials and still be easily disposed. Results of
wear test showed that with increasing reinforcement concentration the wear rate decreases but
with increasing speed, sliding distance the wear increases, additional interesting observation was
that banana hybrid composite showed less wear than all the other composites.
COMPARATIVE LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT OF DIFFERENT MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE MANAGEME...IAEME Publication
The main objectives of this paper to review the cost of the different municipal solid waste
management and to assess the different options using a comparative life cycle appraisal in
selected wards of Bangalore. Life cycle appraisal methodology was used for optimum
municipal solid waste management strategies in selected wards of Bangalore city. Bangalore
is the largest city and business capital of Karnataka state. The population of the city as per the
2011 census is 8,443,675 with the total number of houses 2,101,831. The total of
approximately 62.84 tons per day of waste is generated in selected wards of Bangalore.
Environmental LCA is a system analysis tool is used to analyze and to evaluate different
options that can be implemented to enable the good community solid waste management in the
present study. Collected waste to the landfill and composting (Oc I) Optimized route for waste
to landfill (OcII) vermin composting (62%) and landfill (32%) (OcIII), Entire waste
Incineration (Oc IV), were taken into consideration. An effective Community Municipal Solid
waste management system is needed in these selected wards, since the generated CMSW is
transported to the dumped yard that has no liner, no biogas capture, etc. Based on the analysis
indicates that, the Option OcI and OcIII led to the most adverse environmental impact in the
human health and ecosystem quality damage category. Option OcII (Recycling, optimized
route and landfilling) is the best option in terms of lower environmental impacts on human
health, ecosystem quality and resources and financial requirements. The results also showed
that the most eco-friendly scenario to be implemented in the future would be the combination
of incineration and landfill (OcIV), further, Oc III option had the least helpful effect on the
resources damage category. Theoverall analysis of different options implied that the scenario
Sc-1 was the worst options, and followed by OcII and OcIII among the studied options.
In this construction world, Geopolymer concrete is a special concrete which doesn't
requires the Ordinary Portland Cement and also reduces the emission of carbon-dioxide. The
Geopolymer Concrete is made up of industrial by-products (which contains more Silica and
Alumina) and activated with the help of Alkaline solution (combination of sodium hydroxide &
sodium silicate or potassium hydroxide & potassium silicate). The high viscosity nature of
Geopolymer Concrete had the ability to fail due to lack of compaction. In improvising the
issue, Self Compacting Geopolymer Concrete has been introduced. The SCGC doesn't require
any additional compaction it will flow and compacted by its own weight. This concrete is made
up of industrial by-products like Fly ash, GGBFS and Silica Fume and activated with alkaline
solution. The earlier research was mostly on Fly ash based SCGC. In few research works Fly
ash was partially replaced with GGBS and Silica Fume. They evaluated the compressive
strength of concrete with varying molarties of NaOH; curing time and curing temperature. The
flexural behavior of the concrete also examined. The Fly ash based SCGC was got high
compressive strength in heat curing as well as low compressive strength in ambient curing.
The presence of GGBS improves the strength in ambient curing. For aiming the high strength
in ambient curing Fly ash will be completely replace and examine with different mineral
admixtures.
CRITICAL REVIEW ON STRUCTURAL LIGHT WEIGHT CONCRETE IAEME Publication
Concrete is widely used material across the world for construction of large structures. Due
to increase in industrialization and development of urban areas, high volume of resources is
required which are available naturally. This means high volume of resources is used worldwide
for production of concrete. To reduce the use of such resources and to decrease the negative
impact on environment, the uses of industrial waste and artificial aggregates as a replacement
of natural aggregates are increasingly used. Another focus required in material research is to
reduce the concrete weight density so that the effective dead load and seismic loads can be
lowered. The paper attempts to review the literature and present a state of art in making
lightweight concrete as reported till now for structural application
The Mechanical Properties of Concrete Incorporating Silica Fume as Partial Re...HARISH B A
Concrete is the most important engineering
material and the addition of some other materials may change
the properties of concrete. With increase in trend towards the
wider use of concrete for prestressed concrete and high rise
buildings there is a growing demand of concrete with higher
compressive strength. Mineral additions which are also
known as mineral admixtures have been used with cements
for many years. Silica fume particles are 100 times smaller
than the average cement particle. Its handling and disposal is
a point of concern because of the environment concerns. Silica
fume is usually categorized as a supplementary cementitious
material. These materials exhibit pozzolanic properties,
cementitious properties and a combination of both properties.
Due to these properties, it can affect the concrete behavior in
many ways. In the present work, an attempt has been made to
use silica fume as a supplementary material for cement and to
evaluate the limit of replacement of cement for M20 grade
concrete. The main aim of this work is to study the
mechanical properties of M20 grade control concrete and
silica fume concrete with different percentages (5, 10, 15 and
20%) of silica fume as a partial replacement of cement.
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF NANOIRON PARTICLES REINFORCED EPOXY/POLYESTER NANOCO...IAEME Publication
We report on synthesis of two highly dissolve nanoparticles viz. Fe2 O3 & f-Fe2 O3using chemical reduction method. Reaction effect was initiated to mix up solution 1 (i.e.Fecl3 6H2 o) into solution 2 (i.e. Fecl2 4H2 o) as one under the occurrence of ammonium to build up nanoiron (NI) particles. Mechanical properties as above mentioned nanoiron particles filled with polyester and epoxy nanocomposites were fabricated to assess the possibility of using this filler as a latest material. Functionalization agent as Methacryloxypropyl was used to prepare f-Fe2 O3 nanoparticles. f-Fe2 O3 nanocomposites of mechanical properties were improved with the help of functionalization when compared with nanocomposites of Fe2 O3 Nanoiron particles functionalization favours the composite fabrication with a curing temperature at low as compared to the as-synthesised nanoparticles filled polyester nanocomposites. Mechanical properties carried out are Hardness, Impact strength, Tensile strength, Flexural strength and Compression strength. Mechanical property values increased due to the homogeneous nanoparticle dispersion and chemical bonding between polyester matrix and nanoparticles. After incorporation nanoiron particles into the polyester resin matrix it becomes magnetically harder. Machines generated mechanical property values were compared and analysed with system generated software analysis of variance (ANOVA) values
STRENGTH CHARACTERIZATION OF GLASSCARON HYBRID REINFORCEMENTS - AN EXPERIMENT...IAEME Publication
This study aims to characterize and quantify the mechanical properties of hybrid
reinforcements which have been introduced in the research field of polymer composites as a
facelift. Hybrid reinforcement is the fusion of more than one type of material into one element.
A combination of glass and carbon in the ratio of 60:40 is used as Hybrid reinforcement in this
study. The carbon fiber is used as the inner core surrounded with glass fiber using epoxy
thermo set resin. This present work is mainly centered on the tensile and transverse shear
strength of glass-carbon Hybrid reinforcements. Hybridisation offers a profitable mode for
manufacturing a product with reduced cost, high specific modulus, strength, corrosion
resistance and in many cases excellent thermal stability. Based on the-way of fabrication,
different types of hybrid composites can be prepared. The current study presents the
experiments that has been carried out on 8 mm diameter hybrid rods using ASTM (American
Society for testing and Methods) standards. The results were compared with 10 mm Glass
Fibre Reinforced Polymer (GFRP) reinforcements and 10 mm Conventional (steel)
reinforcements. From the experimental observation, it has been found out that hybrid
reinforcement exhibits a tensile strength 1.5 to 2.0 times higher than GFRP and Conventional
reinforcements. Similarly, hybrid reinforcement performs slightly greater Transverse shear
strength than GFRP and Conventional reinforcements respectively.
ANALYSIS OF RAINFALL PATTERN AND TEMPERATURE VARIATIONS IN THREE REGIONS OF S...IAEME Publication
Rainfall and temperature are important parameters that determine the climatic condition
of a region andis a growing concern in the current situation. Growing industrialization and
increasing use of fossil fuels are putting pressure and effecting the regional and global
temperatures that are subsequently influencing the overall precipitation levels. GCC and Arab
countries are mostly dominated by dry climate and hot winds for most part of the year with
little or no rainfall in most regions. In Middle east, specifically GCC countries economy
depends on oil and gas production, processing, and exports, and these resources are used for
electricity generation across all the six countries. This practice invariably is releasing more of
greenhouse gases coupled with industrial emissions annually from industrialized zones.
Among the six GCC nations, Oman has the second largest land area next to Saudi Arabia and
has significant quantities of oil and gas resources and limited ground water resources.
Scarcity of ground water poses serious problems for farming and potable water that cannot be
supported by scanty or less rainfall annually. In absence of considerable data on rainfall
pattern and temperature deviations, this paper is focused to highlight the rainfall scenario over
temperature changes by studying the rainfall patterns over three designated regions for a
certain duration. In Oman rainfall patterns and temperatures are stimulated by the weather
changes and mostly by heavy industrialization in the recent past. Precipitation data and
temperature profiles are two dependent parameters that are analyzed to achieve the objectives
of the study. Regression analysis is performed to understand the trend in the rainfall pattern
with changes in temperature in the three designated regions of Oman using the data of 14
years. The study revealed significant outcomes indicating distinct relationship between rainfall
and temperature. Changing ambient temperatures in each region has shown to influence the
rainfall pattern differently in Muscat region contrasting the Maseira and Sur region of the
study area. The trend in rainfall pattern with one unit temperature variations are not uniform
across all the three study regions that show apparent variations due the differently
contributing factors such as topography, wind speed, direction, mountain ranges, relative
humidity, and proximity to sea etc. that would govern the precipitation rates
STUDY OF MACRO LEVEL PROPERTIES OF SCC USING SILICA FUME AND FLY ASH BY USING...IAEME Publication
One of the major environmental concerns is the disposal of the waste materials and
utilization of industrial by products. Many power plants and electro static precipitators will
produce millions of tons waste powder every year. Having considerable high degree of
fineness in comparison to cement this material may be utilized as a partial replacement to
cement. For this purpose an experiment is conducted to investigate the possibility of using fly
ash powder in the production of SCC with combined use SILICAFUME and how it affects the
fresh and mechanical properties of SCC. First SCC is made by replacing cement with SILICA
FUME in 10% and fly ash powder is blended to mix in percentage like 25% as a partial
replacement to cement. Here we use manufacture sand as fine aggregate. By taking fineness
modulus 2.5,2.7,2.9 .Test results shows that the SCC mix with combination of 10% SILICA
FUME and 25% fly ash powder with fineness modulus 2.7 satisfies filling ability and passing
ability and hardened properties are also in the limits prescribed by the EFNARC.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON FLEXURAL BEHAVIOURS OF ECC AND CONCRETE COMPOSITE REINF...IAEME Publication
Engineered cementations composite (ECC) is a class of high-performance cementations
composites with strain-hardening behaviour and excellent crack control. Substitution of concrete
with ECC can avoid the cracking and durability problems associated with brittleness of concrete.
Extensive inelastic deformation is achieved in ECC through Recron 3’s fibre. ECC can be used in
high rise buildings due to their appearance, high bearing capacity, ductility, Fast construction and
cost effective. The aim of the paper is to study the flexural behaviour of ECC and concrete
composite reinforced beams. Size of the beam is 1200mm x100mmx150mm. The percentage of
Recron 3’s fibre replaced is 0.5 %, 1.5%, 2.5% by weight of cement. Finally conventional beam is
compared with ECC beam and also compare ECC at top and bottom of composite beams
SEISMIC ISOLATION OF RC FRAMED STRUCTURE WITH AND WITHOUT INFILLSIAEME Publication
Earthquakes are the nature’s greatest hazard which cannot be exactly predicted by human
beings. Earthquake is a sudden movement of earth’s surface with the release of massive energy
in the form of seismic waves. There are so many methods to control the vibration of the
buildings like passive, active and hybrid control systems.[1] Base isolation is a passive control
system. In the present work, a (G+3) structure considering with and without infill’s subjected
to seismic force along with static gravity loads are analyzed using Response Spectrum Method
in ETABS-2015 package. From the study, the response of the structure obtained is time period,
base shear, story displacement and inter-story drifts and also the comparison is drawn for the
same parameters considering structure as bare and infill frames. The variation in percentage
of steel is also presented. It is found that the time period and story displacement increases
while base shear and story drifts gets reduces with the provision of effective base isolators.
RAIN WATER HARVESTING SYSTEM FOR DOMESTIC USE IN SBIT ENGINEERING COLLEGE, KH...IAEME Publication
India is a land of versatile whether where in consistency in rain is frequent. So as an option
of having a back up for water demands and needs, so there is a necessary system is needed
which provides much savings of water; would be help full in reducing wastage and recharging
ground water and use for domestic needs. Nowadays implementation of Rain water harvesting
system is only the remedy to challenge the future problems of water scarcity. So we are going
design an effective plan by collection, recharge ground water, and use it for domestic needs.
Present paper majorly focuses on roof top Rain Water Harvesting (RRWH) of the study area as
SBIT Engineering college campus, Khammam. The prime objective of is to fulfill the scarcity of
the water in campus and then need to use it domestic use like horticulture, washing floors, and
busses in campus.
MINING OPINIONS ABOUT TRAFFIC STATUS USING TWITTER MESSAGESIAEME Publication
In this paper, we have described system for mining opinions from traffic status tweets. The
opinions are categorized as positive (p) and negative (n). We collected a corpus of around
5000 traffic related tweets using twitter API. These tweets were then cleansed from unwanted
contents and processed. The processed tweets were converted into a bag of words and
manually labeled as “p” or “n” appropriately. This labeled dataset was then split into
training and test set in the ratio of 80:20. Various classifier algorithms were trained on this set
and validated. Based on the performance of the algorithms the top 7 among them were chosen
to form an ensemble model. This ensemble model was then used to classify the test set. We
obtained an F-measure of 87.15 which indicates that our system is quite competitive in mining
opinions about traffic status from tweets
COMPARISON OF LABVIEW WITH SAP2000 AND NONLIN FOR STRUCTURAL DYNAMICS PROBLEMSIAEME Publication
Structural dynamics is a module of structural analysis that encapsulates the behavior of
structures subjected to dynamic loadings. The problems of structural dynamics can be
categorized as SDOF, MDOF or Continuous systems. LabVIEW is simulating software
possessing extensive graphical representation and data acquisition capabilities. It is of
particular interest to the engineers working in the general area of structural health
monitoring. The graphical user interface and the capability to acquire & process real time
data makes it the ideal choice of programming language. In this study, an attempt has been
made to develop a dynamic system using a SDOF model in LabVIEW. The results were
compared with NONLIN program and SAP2000 software. Parametric study has been done
using Newmark β method and the results were plotted for accelerations, velocities and
displacements.
SEISMIC PROTECTION OF RC FRAMES USING FRICTION DAMPERSIAEME Publication
The increasing infrastructural growth incurs large investments and large section of society
being served by them, it is necessary to make them safer against earthquakes and let people
feel confident in their structures. The need for structural response control has gained pace in
application around the globe. This paper discusses the use and effectiveness of one such
device, friction dampers, for response control of structures. In this paper a non-linear time
history analysis has been carried out on a 3D model of a 12 story RCC MRF building using 3-
directional synthetic accelerogram. Two different cases of building models with and without
friction dampers have been analyzed using ETABS. The response of the structure to seismic
excitation in terms of absolute maximum displacement and story drift has been compared.
Time history response plots have also been compared for various responses viz. roof
displacement and acceleration, base shear and story shear forces, along with the various
energy components and damping behavior. The results of the time history analysis are in close
conformation with previous investigations and represent the effectiveness of dampers in
improving the structural response as well as damping demand on structural systems.
BUILDING MATERIALS ASSESSMENT FOR SUSTAINABLE CONSTRUCTION BASED ON FIGURE OF...IAEME Publication
Sustainability assessment and Engineering design in buildings call for effective decision
making in respect of material selection and construction methodology. A good sustainable
solution involves choosing most suitable material and construction techniques that produce
optimum results in terms of sustainability. Due to several choices available in material
selection for construction, there is a need for a tool which can assist the designer in making the
right choice of materials. Figure of Merit (FoM), as a tool is proposed here to meet this
requirement. FoM is a unique dimensionless parameter derived by integrating two critical
properties from Engineering and Economics. Engineering properties are Modulus of Elasticity
and Density of materials. Economic factors are unit cost of material and construction cost per
unit area. Concept of FoM was applied and study carried out on commonly used building
materials and graphs drawn in comparison with embodied energy, embodied carbon and
material density values. Outcome of the study indicated, “Lower the Figure of Merit; better is
the suitability of building materials in sustainable construction.” As an illustration, FoM
concept was also applied to one of the subsystems of a building namely formwork and found to
be in consistency with the findings. Hence, it is suggested that Figure of Merit can be used as a
quantitative tool for selection of materials
LABOUR MANAGEMENT IN CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT IN THE DEVELOPING COUNTRIESIAEME Publication
A number of assumptions will have been made in the tender on the likely make-up of the
labour force. Reconsideration of these is one of the key activities in the mobilization period.
DESIGN, CONSTRUCTION AND EVALUATION OF RAIN WATER HARVESTING SYSTEM FOR SBIT ...IAEME Publication
As the scarcity of water is rapidly increasing everyday particularly during the summer
season, the demand for water also substantially increases. Previously around thirty to forty years
back, the major part of the earth is unpaved and the amount of infrastructure built on the earth
were also very low, hence during the monsoon season the rainwater easily percolates into the
earth through the soil and the ground water level increases. But now the scenario is completely
different, most of the areas have been paved and the chance of percolation of water is completely
reduced. Hence to replenish the ground water table and also to re-utilize the rainwater for
domestic and agricultural purposes, the rainwater harvesting method is adopted. The rainwater
harvesting is simple collection or storing of water through scientific techniques where the rain
falls. The rainwater harvesting not only helps in meeting the daily water usage but also helps in
increasing the groundwater levels quality and quantity.
Here in our project, we are going to adopt the roof-top rainwater harvesting method and
implement it in college itself, without allowing the water to be wasted through the gutters. In this
project main focus is to design the collection procedure, store the rainwater from rooftop of the
main block building of Swarna Bharathi Institute of science & Technology, Khammam.
A REVIEW PAPER ON STRENGTH AND DURABILITY STUDIES ON CONCRETE FINE AGGREGATE ...IAEME Publication
Concrete is widely used building material in the construction of infrastructures such as
buildings, bridges, highways dams and many others. In present days environmental problems
have been considered as a serious situation in construction industry. This paper is a reviews
on usage of alternate materials in concrete which includes upcoming changes in concrete
materials that paves the way to utilise some of the alternative materials that can be utilised as
a composition to the ingredients of concrete .To find solutions regarding the disposal to
landfills of waste materials and provide new knowledge to the contractors and developers on
how to improve the construction industry methods and services by using recycled bottles.
M.IQBAL addressed the environmental and economical issues by the use of waste glass as
partial replacement of fine aggregates in concrete. The present paper gives a brief review on
properties of concrete produced by replacing fine aggregate with recycled glass. Hardened
concrete properties are studied
Study on the Effect of Ggbs & M Sand in Self Compacting oncretetheijes
Conventional concrete is the most widely used construction material throughout the world because of its versality, mouldability, durability, and resistance to fire and energy efficiency. However, its major disadvantages like poor tensile strength, limited ductility and little resistance to cracking resists its use as a structural material. Hence, in order to overcome these difficulties several new materials have been developed in the recent past.Admixtures are ingredients other than water, aggregates, hydraulic cement and fibers that are added to the concrete batch immediately before or during mixing. Mineral admixtures are usually added to concrete in larger amounts to enhance the workability of fresh concrete, to improve resistance of concrete to thermal cracking, alkali-aggregate expansion and sulphate attack and to enable a reduction in cement content. The objective of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of various mineral admixtures in producing SCC. In this study the scope of GGBS ( Ground granular blast furnace slag ) as a mineral admixture to some percentage replace cement in SCC were studied. The study showed that a maximum of 50% GGBS were able to be used as a mineral admixture without affecting the self-compactability
Laboratory Analysis of Fly Ash Mix Cement Concrete for Rigid Pavement.IJERA Editor
This experiment was conducted to investigate the engineering properties of fly ash cement concrete for rigid pavement construction. Results have shown that 30% of fly ash and 70% of cement has a superior performance. In addition, the use of fly ash would result in reduction of the cost of cement which is usually expensive in all construction materials. High strength of concrete can be made by this and the further integration of admixture or alternate adds to improve the properties of concrete. Test result of specimens indicates that the workability and strength chacteristcs are changed due to incorporation with fly ash. Slump test having an appropriate workable mix of a concrete, gave sufficient compressive strength and flexural strength. Test results of 28 days specimens have graphically interpolated for the different results and so that to calculate the optimum content of fly ash.
Effect of Relative Proportion of Pozzolana on Compressive Strength of Concret...CSCJournals
In this experimental and analytic research, the effect of curing regime on various combinations of silica fume and fly ash was investigated in terms of development of compressive strength. Over 24 mixes were prepared with the water-to-binder ratios of 0.45, 0.35 and 0.25 and with differing percentage of additives used as a combination of 2 or 3 binders. The specimens were subjected to five different curing regimes ranging from continuously water cured to continuously air cured. Results show that it is economical to use a combination of silica fume and fly ash rather than using only silica fume for attaining the same strength level. Poor curing condition adversely affect the strength characteristics of pozzolanic concrete than that of OPC concrete. For silica fume concrete, it is necessary to apply water curing for the initial 7 days to explore pozzolainc activity but it is imperative to cure the fly ash concrete for an extended period to utilize its full potential.
Replacement of Coarse Aggregate with Sintered Fly Ash Aggregates for Making L...ijsrd.com
The present research establishes a relationship of bulged diameter with densification and hydrostatic stress in forming of sintered fly ash. In present study A mix design has been done for M25 Grade of concrete by IS method. Ordinary Portland cement of 43 Grade is selected and sintered fly ash aggregates were prepared by mixing sintered fly ash with cement and water for making low cost concrete. Which is a waste material of coal firing Thermal power plants (TPPs) and its accumulation near power plant.The sintered fly ash is obtained from Gallant group of industries. This industry is located near Sector-23, GIDA Sahjanwa city in Gorakhpur district in Uttar Pradesh state. In this paper author investigate the Compressive Strength and Flexural strength test of the concrete at different ages i.e. 3 days, 7 days, 14 days, 28 days, 56 days and 90 days. Sintered Fly Ash Aggregates is replaced 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% and 50% in the place of Corse aggregate. These theses explain the various utilization of sintered fly ash and its ordinary Portland cement and properties in concretecauses severe pollution problems. Its utilization as a raw material for cube (Brick) making will be a very usefully solution in our economical and environmental aspects.
Submission Deadline: 30th September 2022
Acceptance Notification: Within Three Days’ time period
Online Publication: Within 24 Hrs. time Period
Expected Date of Dispatch of Printed Journal: 5th October 2022
MODELING AND ANALYSIS OF SURFACE ROUGHNESS AND WHITE LATER THICKNESS IN WIRE-...IAEME Publication
White layer thickness (WLT) formed and surface roughness in wire electric discharge turning (WEDT) of tungsten carbide composite has been made to model through response surface methodology (RSM). A Taguchi’s standard Design of experiments involving five input variables with three levels has been employed to establish a mathematical model between input parameters and responses. Percentage of cobalt content, spindle speed, Pulse on-time, wire feed and pulse off-time were changed during the experimental tests based on the Taguchi’s orthogonal array L27 (3^13). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed that the mathematical models obtained can adequately describe performance within the parameters of the factors considered. There was a good agreement between the experimental and predicted values in this study.
A STUDY ON THE REASONS FOR TRANSGENDER TO BECOME ENTREPRENEURSIAEME Publication
The study explores the reasons for a transgender to become entrepreneurs. In this study transgender entrepreneur was taken as independent variable and reasons to become as dependent variable. Data were collected through a structured questionnaire containing a five point Likert Scale. The study examined the data of 30 transgender entrepreneurs in Salem Municipal Corporation of Tamil Nadu State, India. Simple Random sampling technique was used. Garrett Ranking Technique (Percentile Position, Mean Scores) was used as the analysis for the present study to identify the top 13 stimulus factors for establishment of trans entrepreneurial venture. Economic advancement of a nation is governed upon the upshot of a resolute entrepreneurial doings. The conception of entrepreneurship has stretched and materialized to the socially deflated uncharted sections of transgender community. Presently transgenders have smashed their stereotypes and are making recent headlines of achievements in various fields of our Indian society. The trans-community is gradually being observed in a new light and has been trying to achieve prospective growth in entrepreneurship. The findings of the research revealed that the optimistic changes are taking place to change affirmative societal outlook of the transgender for entrepreneurial ventureship. It also laid emphasis on other transgenders to renovate their traditional living. The paper also highlights that legislators, supervisory body should endorse an impartial canons and reforms in Tamil Nadu Transgender Welfare Board Association.
BROAD UNEXPOSED SKILLS OF TRANSGENDER ENTREPRENEURSIAEME Publication
Since ages gender difference is always a debatable theme whether caused by nature, evolution or environment. The birth of a transgender is dreadful not only for the child but also for their parents. The pain of living in the wrong physique and treated as second class victimized citizen is outrageous and fully harboured with vicious baseless negative scruples. For so long, social exclusion had perpetuated inequality and deprivation experiencing ingrained malign stigma and besieged victims of crime or violence across their life spans. They are pushed into the murky way of life with a source of eternal disgust, bereft sexual potency and perennial fear. Although they are highly visible but very little is known about them. The common public needs to comprehend the ravaged arrogance on these insensitive souls and assist in integrating them into the mainstream by offering equal opportunity, treat with humanity and respect their dignity. Entrepreneurship in the current age is endorsing the gender fairness movement. Unstable careers and economic inadequacy had inclined one of the gender variant people called Transgender to become entrepreneurs. These tiny budding entrepreneurs resulted in economic transition by means of employment, free from the clutches of stereotype jobs, raised standard of living and handful of financial empowerment. Besides all these inhibitions, they were able to witness a platform for skill set development that ignited them to enter into entrepreneurial domain. This paper epitomizes skill sets involved in trans-entrepreneurs of Thoothukudi Municipal Corporation of Tamil Nadu State and is a groundbreaking determination to sightsee various skills incorporated and the impact on entrepreneurship.
DETERMINANTS AFFECTING THE USER'S INTENTION TO USE MOBILE BANKING APPLICATIONSIAEME Publication
The banking and financial services industries are experiencing increased technology penetration. Among them, the banking industry has made technological advancements to better serve the general populace. The economy focused on transforming the banking sector's system into a cashless, paperless, and faceless one. The researcher wants to evaluate the user's intention for utilising a mobile banking application. The study also examines the variables affecting the user's behaviour intention when selecting specific applications for financial transactions. The researcher employed a well-structured questionnaire and a descriptive study methodology to gather the respondents' primary data utilising the snowball sampling technique. The study includes variables like performance expectations, effort expectations, social impact, enabling circumstances, and perceived risk. Each of the aforementioned variables has a major impact on how users utilise mobile banking applications. The outcome will assist the service provider in comprehending the user's history with mobile banking applications.
ANALYSE THE USER PREDILECTION ON GPAY AND PHONEPE FOR DIGITAL TRANSACTIONSIAEME Publication
Technology upgradation in banking sector took the economy to view that payment mode towards online transactions using mobile applications. This system enabled connectivity between banks, Merchant and user in a convenient mode. there are various applications used for online transactions such as Google pay, Paytm, freecharge, mobikiwi, oxygen, phonepe and so on and it also includes mobile banking applications. The study aimed at evaluating the predilection of the user in adopting digital transaction. The study is descriptive in nature. The researcher used random sample techniques to collect the data. The findings reveal that mobile applications differ with the quality of service rendered by Gpay and Phonepe. The researcher suggest the Phonepe application should focus on implementing the application should be user friendly interface and Gpay on motivating the users to feel the importance of request for money and modes of payments in the application.
VOICE BASED ATM FOR VISUALLY IMPAIRED USING ARDUINOIAEME Publication
The prototype of a voice-based ATM for visually impaired using Arduino is to help people who are blind. This uses RFID cards which contain users fingerprint encrypted on it and interacts with the users through voice commands. ATM operates when sensor detects the presence of one person in the cabin. After scanning the RFID card, it will ask to select the mode like –normal or blind. User can select the respective mode through voice input, if blind mode is selected the balance check or cash withdraw can be done through voice input. Normal mode procedure is same as the existing ATM.
IMPACT OF EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE ON HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES AMONG...IAEME Publication
There is increasing acceptability of emotional intelligence as a major factor in personality assessment and effective human resource management. Emotional intelligence as the ability to build capacity, empathize, co-operate, motivate and develop others cannot be divorced from both effective performance and human resource management systems. The human person is crucial in defining organizational leadership and fortunes in terms of challenges and opportunities and walking across both multinational and bilateral relationships. The growing complexity of the business world requires a great deal of self-confidence, integrity, communication, conflict and diversity management to keep the global enterprise within the paths of productivity and sustainability. Using the exploratory research design and 255 participants the result of this original study indicates strong positive correlation between emotional intelligence and effective human resource management. The paper offers suggestions on further studies between emotional intelligence and human capital development and recommends for conflict management as an integral part of effective human resource management.
VISUALISING AGING PARENTS & THEIR CLOSE CARERS LIFE JOURNEY IN AGING ECONOMYIAEME Publication
Our life journey, in general, is closely defined by the way we understand the meaning of why we coexist and deal with its challenges. As we develop the "inspiration economy", we could say that nearly all of the challenges we have faced are opportunities that help us to discover the rest of our journey. In this note paper, we explore how being faced with the opportunity of being a close carer for an aging parent with dementia brought intangible discoveries that changed our insight of the meaning of the rest of our life journey.
A STUDY ON THE IMPACT OF ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE ON THE EFFECTIVENESS OF PERFO...IAEME Publication
The main objective of this study is to analyze the impact of aspects of Organizational Culture on the Effectiveness of the Performance Management System (PMS) in the Health Care Organization at Thanjavur. Organizational Culture and PMS play a crucial role in present-day organizations in achieving their objectives. PMS needs employees’ cooperation to achieve its intended objectives. Employees' cooperation depends upon the organization’s culture. The present study uses exploratory research to examine the relationship between the Organization's culture and the Effectiveness of the Performance Management System. The study uses a Structured Questionnaire to collect the primary data. For this study, Thirty-six non-clinical employees were selected from twelve randomly selected Health Care organizations at Thanjavur. Thirty-two fully completed questionnaires were received.
Living in 21st century in itself reminds all of us the necessity of police and its administration. As more and more we are entering into the modern society and culture, the more we require the services of the so called ‘Khaki Worthy’ men i.e., the police personnel. Whether we talk of Indian police or the other nation’s police, they all have the same recognition as they have in India. But as already mentioned, their services and requirements are different after the like 26th November, 2008 incidents, where they without saving their own lives has sacrificed themselves without any hitch and without caring about their respective family members and wards. In other words, they are like our heroes and mentors who can guide us from the darkness of fear, militancy, corruption and other dark sides of life and so on. Now the question arises, if Gandhi would have been alive today, what would have been his reaction/opinion to the police and its functioning? Would he have some thing different in his mind now what he had been in his mind before the partition or would he be going to start some Satyagraha in the form of some improvement in the functioning of the police administration? Really these questions or rather night mares can come to any one’s mind, when there is too much confusion is prevailing in our minds, when there is too much corruption in the society and when the polices working is also in the questioning because of one or the other case throughout the India. It is matter of great concern that we have to thing over our administration and our practical approach because the police personals are also like us, they are part and parcel of our society and among one of us, so why we all are pin pointing towards them.
A STUDY ON TALENT MANAGEMENT AND ITS IMPACT ON EMPLOYEE RETENTION IN SELECTED...IAEME Publication
The goal of this study was to see how talent management affected employee retention in the selected IT organizations in Chennai. The fundamental issue was the difficulty to attract, hire, and retain talented personnel who perform well and the gap between supply and demand of talent acquisition and retaining them within the firms. The study's main goals were to determine the impact of talent management on employee retention in IT companies in Chennai, investigate talent management strategies that IT companies could use to improve talent acquisition, performance management, career planning and formulate retention strategies that the IT firms could use. The respondents were given a structured close-ended questionnaire with the 5 Point Likert Scale as part of the study's quantitative research design. The target population consisted of 289 IT professionals. The questionnaires were distributed and collected by the researcher directly. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) was used to collect and analyse the questionnaire responses. Hypotheses that were formulated for the various areas of the study were tested using a variety of statistical tests. The key findings of the study suggested that talent management had an impact on employee retention. The studies also found that there is a clear link between the implementation of talent management and retention measures. Management should provide enough training and development for employees, clarify job responsibilities, provide adequate remuneration packages, and recognise employees for exceptional performance.
ATTRITION IN THE IT INDUSTRY DURING COVID-19 PANDEMIC: LINKING EMOTIONAL INTE...IAEME Publication
Globally, Millions of dollars were spent by the organizations for employing skilled Information Technology (IT) professionals. It is costly to replace unskilled employees with IT professionals possessing technical skills and competencies that aid in interconnecting the business processes. The organization’s employment tactics were forced to alter by globalization along with technological innovations as they consistently diminish to remain lean, outsource to concentrate on core competencies along with restructuring/reallocate personnel to gather efficiency. As other jobs, organizations or professions have become reasonably more appropriate in a shifting employment landscape, the above alterations trigger both involuntary as well as voluntary turnover. The employee view on jobs is also afflicted by the COVID-19 pandemic along with the employee-driven labour market. So, having effective strategies is necessary to tackle the withdrawal rate of employees. By associating Emotional Intelligence (EI) along with Talent Management (TM) in the IT industry, the rise in attrition rate was analyzed in this study. Only 303 respondents were collected out of 350 participants to whom questionnaires were distributed. From the employees of IT organizations located in Bangalore (India), the data were congregated. A simple random sampling methodology was employed to congregate data as of the respondents. Generating the hypothesis along with testing is eventuated. The effect of EI and TM along with regression analysis between TM and EI was analyzed. The outcomes indicated that employee and Organizational Performance (OP) were elevated by effective EI along with TM.
INFLUENCE OF TALENT MANAGEMENT PRACTICES ON ORGANIZATIONAL PERFORMANCE A STUD...IAEME Publication
By implementing talent management strategy, organizations would have the option to retain their skilled professionals while additionally working on their overall performance. It is the course of appropriately utilizing the ideal individuals, setting them up for future top positions, exploring and dealing with their performance, and holding them back from leaving the organization. It is employee performance that determines the success of every organization. The firm quickly obtains an upper hand over its rivals in the event that its employees having particular skills that cannot be duplicated by the competitors. Thus, firms are centred on creating successful talent management practices and processes to deal with the unique human resources. Firms are additionally endeavouring to keep their top/key staff since on the off chance that they leave; the whole store of information leaves the firm's hands. The study's objective was to determine the impact of talent management on organizational performance among the selected IT organizations in Chennai. The study recommends that talent management limitedly affects performance. On the off chance that this talent is appropriately management and implemented properly, organizations might benefit as much as possible from their maintained assets to support development and productivity, both monetarily and non-monetarily.
A STUDY OF VARIOUS TYPES OF LOANS OF SELECTED PUBLIC AND PRIVATE SECTOR BANKS...IAEME Publication
Banking regulations act of India, 1949 defines banking as “acceptance of deposits for the purpose of lending or investment from the public, repayment on demand or otherwise and withdrawable through cheques, drafts order or otherwise”, the major participants of the Indian financial system are commercial banks, the financial institution encompassing term lending institutions. Investments institutions, specialized financial institution and the state level development banks, non banking financial companies (NBFC) and other market intermediaries such has the stock brokers and money lenders are among the oldest of the certain variants of NBFC and the oldest market participants. The asset quality of banks is one of the most important indicators of their financial health. The Indian banking sector has been facing severe problems of increasing Non- Performing Assets (NPAs). The NPAs growth directly and indirectly affects the quality of assets and profitability of banks. It also shows the efficiency of banks credit risk management and the recovery effectiveness. NPA do not generate any income, whereas, the bank is required to make provisions for such as assets that why is a double edge weapon. This paper outlines the concept of quality of bank loans of different types like Housing, Agriculture and MSME loans in state Haryana of selected public and private sector banks. This study is highlighting problems associated with the role of commercial bank in financing Small and Medium Scale Enterprises (SME). The overall objective of the research was to assess the effect of the financing provisions existing for the setting up and operations of MSMEs in the country and to generate recommendations for more robust financing mechanisms for successful operation of the MSMEs, in turn understanding the impact of MSME loans on financial institutions due to NPA. There are many research conducted on the topic of Non- Performing Assets (NPA) Management, concerning particular bank, comparative study of public and private banks etc. In this paper the researcher is considering the aggregate data of selected public sector and private sector banks and attempts to compare the NPA of Housing, Agriculture and MSME loans in state Haryana of public and private sector banks. The tools used in the study are average and Anova test and variance. The findings reveal that NPA is common problem for both public and private sector banks and is associated with all types of loans either that is housing loans, agriculture loans and loans to SMES. NPAs of both public and private sector banks show the increasing trend. In 2010-11 GNPA of public and private sector were at same level it was 2% but after 2010-11 it increased in many fold and at present there is GNPA in some more than 15%. It shows the dark area of Indian banking sector.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF MECHANICAL AND TRIBOLOGICAL RELATION OF NYLON/BaSO4 POL...IAEME Publication
An experiment conducted in this study found that BaSO4 changed Nylon 6's mechanical properties. By changing the weight ratios, BaSO4 was used to make Nylon 6. This Researcher looked into how hard Nylon-6/BaSO4 composites are and how well they wear. Experiments were done based on Taguchi design L9. Nylon-6/BaSO4 composites can be tested for their hardness number using a Rockwell hardness testing apparatus. On Nylon/BaSO4, the wear behavior was measured by a wear monitor, pinon-disc friction by varying reinforcement, sliding speed, and sliding distance, and the microstructure of the crack surfaces was observed by SEM. This study provides significant contributions to ultimate strength by increasing BaSO4 content up to 16% in the composites, and sliding speed contributes 72.45% to the wear rate
ROLE OF SOCIAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN RURAL DEVELOPMENT OF INDIA - PROBLEMS AND ...IAEME Publication
The majority of the population in India lives in villages. The village is the back bone of the country. Village or rural industries play an important role in the national economy, particularly in the rural development. Developing the rural economy is one of the key indicators towards a country’s success. Whether it be the need to look after the welfare of the farmers or invest in rural infrastructure, Governments have to ensure that rural development isn’t compromised. The economic development of our country largely depends on the progress of rural areas and the standard of living of rural masses. Village or rural industries play an important role in the national economy, particularly in the rural development. Rural entrepreneurship is based on stimulating local entrepreneurial talent and the subsequent growth of indigenous enterprises. It recognizes opportunity in the rural areas and accelerates a unique blend of resources either inside or outside of agriculture. Rural entrepreneurship brings an economic value to the rural sector by creating new methods of production, new markets, new products and generate employment opportunities thereby ensuring continuous rural development. Social Entrepreneurship has the direct and primary objective of serving the society along with the earning profits. So, social entrepreneurship is different from the economic entrepreneurship as its basic objective is not to earn profits but for providing innovative solutions to meet the society needs which are not taken care by majority of the entrepreneurs as they are in the business for profit making as a sole objective. So, the Social Entrepreneurs have the huge growth potential particularly in the developing countries like India where we have huge societal disparities in terms of the financial positions of the population. Still 22 percent of the Indian population is below the poverty line and also there is disparity among the rural & urban population in terms of families living under BPL. 25.7 percent of the rural population & 13.7 percent of the urban population is under BPL which clearly shows the disparity of the poor people in the rural and urban areas. The need to develop social entrepreneurship in agriculture is dictated by a large number of social problems. Such problems include low living standards, unemployment, and social tension. The reasons that led to the emergence of the practice of social entrepreneurship are the above factors. The research problem lays upon disclosing the importance of role of social entrepreneurship in rural development of India. The paper the tendencies of social entrepreneurship in India, to present successful examples of such business for providing recommendations how to improve situation in rural areas in terms of social entrepreneurship development. Indian government has made some steps towards development of social enterprises, social entrepreneurship, and social in- novation, but a lot remains to be improved.
OPTIMAL RECONFIGURATION OF POWER DISTRIBUTION RADIAL NETWORK USING HYBRID MET...IAEME Publication
Distribution system is a critical link between the electric power distributor and the consumers. Most of the distribution networks commonly used by the electric utility is the radial distribution network. However in this type of network, it has technical issues such as enormous power losses which affect the quality of the supply. Nowadays, the introduction of Distributed Generation (DG) units in the system help improve and support the voltage profile of the network as well as the performance of the system components through power loss mitigation. In this study network reconfiguration was done using two meta-heuristic algorithms Particle Swarm Optimization and Gravitational Search Algorithm (PSO-GSA) to enhance power quality and voltage profile in the system when simultaneously applied with the DG units. Backward/Forward Sweep Method was used in the load flow analysis and simulated using the MATLAB program. Five cases were considered in the Reconfiguration based on the contribution of DG units. The proposed method was tested using IEEE 33 bus system. Based on the results, there was a voltage profile improvement in the system from 0.9038 p.u. to 0.9594 p.u.. The integration of DG in the network also reduced power losses from 210.98 kW to 69.3963 kW. Simulated results are drawn to show the performance of each case.
APPLICATION OF FRUGAL APPROACH FOR PRODUCTIVITY IMPROVEMENT - A CASE STUDY OF...IAEME Publication
Manufacturing industries have witnessed an outburst in productivity. For productivity improvement manufacturing industries are taking various initiatives by using lean tools and techniques. However, in different manufacturing industries, frugal approach is applied in product design and services as a tool for improvement. Frugal approach contributed to prove less is more and seems indirectly contributing to improve productivity. Hence, there is need to understand status of frugal approach application in manufacturing industries. All manufacturing industries are trying hard and putting continuous efforts for competitive existence. For productivity improvements, manufacturing industries are coming up with different effective and efficient solutions in manufacturing processes and operations. To overcome current challenges, manufacturing industries have started using frugal approach in product design and services. For this study, methodology adopted with both primary and secondary sources of data. For primary source interview and observation technique is used and for secondary source review has done based on available literatures in website, printed magazines, manual etc. An attempt has made for understanding application of frugal approach with the study of manufacturing industry project. Manufacturing industry selected for this project study is Mahindra and Mahindra Ltd. This paper will help researcher to find the connections between the two concepts productivity improvement and frugal approach. This paper will help to understand significance of frugal approach for productivity improvement in manufacturing industry. This will also help to understand current scenario of frugal approach in manufacturing industry. In manufacturing industries various process are involved to deliver the final product. In the process of converting input in to output through manufacturing process productivity plays very critical role. Hence this study will help to evolve status of frugal approach in productivity improvement programme. The notion of frugal can be viewed as an approach towards productivity improvement in manufacturing industries.
A MULTIPLE – CHANNEL QUEUING MODELS ON FUZZY ENVIRONMENTIAEME Publication
In this paper, we investigated a queuing model of fuzzy environment-based a multiple channel queuing model (M/M/C) ( /FCFS) and study its performance under realistic conditions. It applies a nonagonal fuzzy number to analyse the relevant performance of a multiple channel queuing model (M/M/C) ( /FCFS). Based on the sub interval average ranking method for nonagonal fuzzy number, we convert fuzzy number to crisp one. Numerical results reveal that the efficiency of this method. Intuitively, the fuzzy environment adapts well to a multiple channel queuing models (M/M/C) ( /FCFS) are very well.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Quality defects in TMT Bars, Possible causes and Potential Solutions.PrashantGoswami42
Maintaining high-quality standards in the production of TMT bars is crucial for ensuring structural integrity in construction. Addressing common defects through careful monitoring, standardized processes, and advanced technology can significantly improve the quality of TMT bars. Continuous training and adherence to quality control measures will also play a pivotal role in minimizing these defects.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Vaccine management system project report documentation..pdfKamal Acharya
The Division of Vaccine and Immunization is facing increasing difficulty monitoring vaccines and other commodities distribution once they have been distributed from the national stores. With the introduction of new vaccines, more challenges have been anticipated with this additions posing serious threat to the already over strained vaccine supply chain system in Kenya.
2. V. R. Anand, Dr. A. V. Pradeep Kumar and Aneesh V Bhat
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 329 editor@iaeme.com
global warming and its side effects. On the other hand, to balance the needs of the society and
development, industrialisation is inevitable. Due to this process the society will get the employment
and corresponding indirect benefits. But the other side of this will lead to the overuse or depletion of
the natural resources. Due to industrialisation the industrial wastes are also generated which may
create problems if they are not properly handled. These wastes may directly affect the health and will
create environmental pollution. This is also a serious issue which has to be solved within no time to
sustain in the globe.
In this regard the many researchers all over the globe are focusing on ways of utilizing the
industrial waste, as a source of raw material for another industry. One such attempt is also being in
process in the construction industry. The effect of this in the construction industry is by trying to
utilise the waste products as an ingredient of the cement or concrete, which will also reduce the
consumption of cement in construction, hence leading to less production of cement, reduction in
emission of CO2 to the environment there by reduction of ill effect on environment. In this paper one
of such waste product from steel industry i.e., Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBS) is
considered as a replacement material for the cement. During this tenure a detailed study has been
conducted about the properties of fresh and hardened concrete, prepared with GGBS as a replacement
to the cement.
2. AIM &OBJECTIVES OF THE PRESENT INVESTIGATION
2.1. Aim of the Present Investigation
To determine the beneficial effect on fresh and hardened state properties for concrete made up of high
volume of ground granulated blast furnace slag as a replacement to the cement.
2.2. Objective of Present Investigation
In this work following objectives are considered
To develop structural concrete of M40 grade with low cement content
To use of ground granulated blast furnace slag as a cement replacement with various percentages.
To investigate the effect of GGBS on the workability of concrete.
To determine the effect of GGBS on Compressive strength, splitting tensile strength and Modulus of
elasticity
3. EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAM
3.1. Materials
3.1.1. Cement
Ordinary Portland cement of 43 Grade conforming to IS: 8112-1989 is used in the study. The
properties are determined as per the specifications laid by relevant Bureau of Indian standards and the
test results are shown in Table 1
3. An Experimental Investigation on the Performance of High Volume Ground Granulated
Blast Furnace Slag Concrete
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 330 editor@iaeme.com
Table 1 Physical properties of Cement
Sl.
No.
Properties Values
Requirements as per IS
8112(1989)
1 Specific Gravity 3.12 About 3.10 to 3.15
2 Normal Consistency 31% About 28% to 35%
3 Initial Setting Time 75 min Shall not be less than 30 minutes
4 Final Setting Time 270 min
Shall not be greater than 600
minutes
5 Specific Surface area 324.3m2
/kg Minimum 225 m2
/kg
3.1.2. Ground Granulate Blast Furnace Slag (GGBS)
Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBS) is a by-product of Iron industry and a waste material
created when the molten slag melted from iron ore is quenched rapidly and then ground into a powder.
The material is tested for chemical and physical properties and the results are presented in Table 2 and
Table 3 respectively.
Table 2 Chemical Properties of GGBS
Sl. No. Properties Result
Requirement as per
BS:6699
1 Magnesia Content (%) 7.64 14.0 (Max)
2 Sulphide Sulphar (%) 0.45 2.00 (Max)
3 Sulphite content (%) 0.4 2.50 (Max)
4 Manganese content (%) 0.11 2.00 (Max)
5 Chloride content (%) 0.008 0.10 (Max)
6 Glass content (%) 90 67 (Min)
7 Loss on Ignition (%) 0.35 3.00 (Max)
8
Chemical Modulus
CaO + MgO +SiO2
(CaO + MgO)/SiO2
CaO / SiO2
76.16
1.34
1.10
66.66 (Min)
>1.0
<1.40
Table 3 Physical Properties of GGBS
Sl. No. Properties Values
1 Specific Gravity 2.90
2 Bulk Density, kg/m3
1245
3 Colour Whitish
4 Fineness (m2
/kg) 383
3.1.3. Fine Aggregates
Natural river sand is taken as fine aggregates which confirms to Zone II of IS 383:1970 (Reaffirmed
2002). The properties of the fine aggregates are checked before the mix proportioning and the same is
listed in Table 4.
Table 4 Properties of Fine Aggregates
Sl. No. Properties Values Standard value
1 Specific Gravity 2.53 Ranges from 2.5 to 3.0
2 Fineness Modulus 2.4 Ranges from 2.2 to 3.2
4. V. R. Anand, Dr. A. V. Pradeep Kumar and Aneesh V Bhat
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3.1.4. Coarse Aggregates
Crushed angular granite coarse aggregates of 20mm and 12.5mm down size confirming to IS
383:1970 (Reaffirmed 2002) are used for the preparation of concrete. A combined gradation is
prepared by mixing the 20mm down size aggregates with 12.5mm down size aggregates with a
proportion of 60:40. The properties of the coarse aggregates are also studied and the results are
tabulated in table 5.
Table 4 Properties of Coarse Aggregates
Sl. No. Properties Result
1 Specific Gravity 2.72
2 Fineness Modulus 6.2
3 Flakiness Index 15.5%
4 Elongation Index 12.65%
5 Impact Value 16.85%
6 Crushing Strength 14.38%
3.1.5. Water
Potable water is used for the preparation of concrete and curing of cube and cylindrical specimens
3.1.6. Hyper Plasticizer
High range water reducing and retarding plasticizer called hyper plasticizers are used for the
preparation of concrete. This type chemical admixture is used to produce flow able or pump able
concrete. The optimum dosage of hyper plasticizer is determined through Marsh Cone Test and is
0.8% to 1.2% by weight of the mass of cementations material that has been used in the present study.
The properties of the hyper plasticizers are tabulated in Table 5
Table 5 Properties of Hyper-Plasticizer
Parameters Results*
Appearance Dark Brown Liquid
Base Material Sulphonated Naphthalene Formaldehyde
Specific Gravity 1.24±0.02@30ºC
pH Min. 6
Solid Content (%) 44±5
Chloride Content (%) Max. 0.2
* Furnished by the supplier
3.2. Mix Proportion
A designed control mix of M40 grade is prepared as per the recommendations of IS 10262:2009 by
considering workability of 75 mm of slump and severe exposure conditions after number of trial mixes
by varying cement content. Sufficient care has been taken to minimise the cement content by adhering
to the provisions given in Table 5 of IS 456 -2000. The cement is replaced by GGBS with varying
percentages after reference mix is achieved. The reference mix details and the various percentages of
GGBS in concrete mix which is designated as BFS is tabulated in Table 6.
5. An Experimental Investigation on the Performance of High Volume Ground Granulated
Blast Furnace Slag Concrete
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Table 6 Mix proportion details for Control mix and GGBS concrete
Materials
CM
BFS1 BFS2 BFS3 BFS4 BFS5 BFS6 BFS7 BFS8 BFS9
Cement
(kg/m3
)
330 297 264 231 198 165 132 99 66 33
GGBS (kg/m3
) - 33 66 99 132 165 198 231 264 297
Fine Aggregate
(kg/m3
)
729
.41
729.41 729.41 729.41 729.41 729.41 729.41 729.41 729.41 729.41
Coarse Aggregate
[20mm]
(kg/m3
)
795
.61
795.61 795.61 795.61 795.61 795.61 795.61 795.61 795.61 795.61
Coarse Aggregate
[12.5mm]
(kg/m3
)
428
.41
428.41 428.41 428.41 428.41 428.41 428.41 428.41 428.41 428.41
Water
(kg/m3
)
132 132 132 132 132 132 132 132 132 132
Water-Binder Ratio 0.40
Optimum dosage of
Hyper-plasticizer, by
weight
1.2 % 1.1% 1.0% 0.95% 0.9% 0.85% 0.8%
Note:
CM – Controlled Mix
BFS1 – 10% GGBS replaced concrete
BFS2 – 20% GGBS replaced concrete
BFS3 – 30% GGBS replaced concrete
BFS4 – 40% GGBS replaced concrete
BFS5 – 50% GGBS replaced concrete
BFS6 – 60% GGBS replaced concrete
BFS7 – 70% GGBS replaced concrete
BFS8 – 80% GGBS replaced concrete
BFS9 – 90% GGBS replaced concrete
3.3. Specimen Preparation
The cube specimens of 150mm X 150mm X 150mm of 120 numbers are casted to determine concrete
compressive strength at 7, 14, 28 and 56 days curing period. Total 60 cylindrical specimens of 150mm
diameter and 300mm height are cast to determine split tensile strength and 30 number of specimens to
determine modulus of elasticity at 28 days curing period. All the specimens are water cured.
3.4. Testing of Concrete Specimens
3.4.1. Compressive Strength Test
The compressive strength test is conducted by using Compression Testing Machine as per IS 516:
1959 (Reaffirmed 2004).This test is carried out for both controlled concrete and the GGBS concretes
with different replacement levels for 7, 14, 28 and 56 days curing period. The test results are tabulated
in Table 7.
6. V. R. Anand, Dr. A. V. Pradeep Kumar and Aneesh V Bhat
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Figure 1 Compression Testing of cube specimens
3.4.2. Split Tensile Strength test
Split tensile strength test for the concrete specimen are conducted as per IS 5816:1999 (Reaffirmed
2004). The test is carried for both controlled concrete specimens and GGBS replaced concrete
specimens. The test results are tabulated in Table 8.
Figure 2 Split tensile Strength testing of cylindrical specimens
3.4.3. Test to determine Modulus of Elasticity
The modulus of elasticity (E), is determined on cylinder specimens in accordance with the guidelines
of IS 516:1959 (Reaffirmed 2004). In the present study, the secant modulus is calculated by taking the
slope of the chord from the origin to some arbitrary point on the stress–strain curve. The secant
modulus (Ec) calculated for 40% of the maximum stress. The secant modulus of controlled concrete
and containing GGBS with different replacement levels at 28 days is given in Fig. 7.
7. An Experimental Investigation on the Performance of High Volume Ground Granulated
Blast Furnace Slag Concrete
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 334 editor@iaeme.com
4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
4.1. Tests on Fresh Concrete – Workability (Slump cone Test)
Figure 3 Slump Test results
It is observed that as the GGBS percentage increases the workability also increases up to 50
percent replacement of cement and further it decreases as per the figure 3.The optimum dosage of the
hyper plasticizers is reduced as the percentage of the GGBS content increases. The reduction in the
workability may be due to the more fineness of GGBS and the surface area available for the fluidity is
more. There is no chance of absorption because of the very less value of Loss on Ignition of the GGBS
which is attributing the reduction of workability.
4.2. Compressive Strength Test
Table 7 Compressive Strength for different curing periods
Curing Period, Days
07 14 28 56
Type of concrete Compressive Stress, N/mm2
CM 47.20 54.30 57.40 58.20
BFS1 57.63 55.56 59.85 56.89
BFS2 60.00 57.78 60.74 65.48
BFS3 61.33 62.52 62.37 68.00
BFS4 64.15 65.78 73.48 76.15
BFS5 60.15 66.67 73.93 75.70
BFS6 52.00 60.15 70.37 72.74
BFS7 48.00 52.74 60.59 67.70
BFS8 33.04 45.36 49.19 55.25
BFS9 26.37 32.23 35.11 38.12
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
CM BFS1 BFS2 BFS3 BFS4 BFS5 BFS6 BFS7 BFS8 BFS9
Slump,mm
8. V. R. Anand, Dr. A. V. Pradeep Kumar and Aneesh V Bhat
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 335 editor@iaeme.com
Figure 4 Compressive Strength for different curing periods
As per the Table 7 and Figure 4, it is observed that 40 and 50% replacement of cement by GGBS
is the optimum content which can be adopted for the concrete constructions. The strength at 28 days
for the GGBS concrete is very much higher than the required strength. Hence it proves that at higher
replacement percentage of GGBS, concrete gains the required strength at 28 days of curing. This is
mainly because of the void filling theory and the pozzolanic reactions at the early stages of curing.
4.3. Split Tensile Strength Test
Figure 5 Split Tensile Strength at 28 days of curing
From Figure 5 it is observed that the split tensile strength of the 40% GGBS concrete is 19.57%
higher than the tensile strength of the controlled reference concrete. This may be due to proper
packing and void filling theory of the GGBS.
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
CM BFS1 BFS2BFS3 BFS4BFS5BFS6 BFS7BFS8 BFS9
CompressiveStress,N/mm2
7 Days
14 Days
28 Days
56 Days
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
CM BFS1 BFS2 BFS3 BFS4 BFS5 BFS6 BFS7 BFS8 BFS9
SplitTensileStress,N/mm2
9. An Experimental Investigation on the Performance of High Volume Ground Granulated
Blast Furnace Slag Concrete
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 336 editor@iaeme.com
4.4. Modulus of Elasticity Test
Figure 6 Modulus of Elasticity of concrete at 28 days of curing
From the table 10 and figure 6 it is observed that the replacement level of cement by GGBS
increases the modulus of elasticity increases.
5. CONCLUSION
Based on the present investigation, the following conclusion are drawn
The compressive strength test results indicate that, the GGBS can be used as a pozzolanic material and
can be beneficially used in high volumes for the structural concrete elements.
It is found that 40 and 50% of GGBS replacement of cement will yield better strength as compared to
controlled concrete.
The replacement of cement by GGBS for 80 to 90% shows the strength of 10 to 20% of cement content
in concrete of M30 to M40 grade.
From the split tensile strength results, it is found that 40% of GGBS replacement with cement will yield
better tensile strength as compared to controlled concrete.
As the percentage of GGBS increases in the concrete the modulus of elasticity of concrete also
increases.
Use of GGBS in concrete at higher volumes will be beneficial for the structural concrete and reduces
CO2 emission which in-turn reduces the environmental pollution &solves the problem of disposal of
hazardous industrial waste. This industrial waste becomes the resource material in construction
industry, as a result there is saving in energy and money which makes the construction green.
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39.98
40.54
42.64
44.48
45.33
46.08
47.1
49.56
49.86
50.26
CM BFS1 BFS2 BFS3 BFS4 BFS5 BFS6 BFS7 BFS8 BFS9
ModulusofElasticity,GPa
Type of concrete
10. V. R. Anand, Dr. A. V. Pradeep Kumar and Aneesh V Bhat
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 337 editor@iaeme.com
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