The document discusses the skeletal system, including bone structure and types, bone growth and metabolism, and the 206 bones that make up the human skeleton. It describes how bones provide structure, support, and protection. Compact and spongy bone are discussed. The roles of red and yellow bone marrow are summarized. Joints, ligaments, tendons, and muscles are also outlined. Assessment of the musculoskeletal system includes health history, physical exam of posture, gait, range of motion, and diagnostic tests such as x-rays. Common injuries like fractures, sprains, and strains are defined.
This module is designed to equip trainees with appropriate knowledge, Attitude and skills required to undertake nursing assessment, diagnosis, planning, implementation and evaluation of patient care with musculoskeletal system disorder.
The document discusses the musculoskeletal system, including the structure and functions of bones and joints. It focuses on arthritis, describing the different types and symptoms. Osteoarthritis is examined in more detail, covering diagnosis, pathophysiology, risk factors, and treatment options. Other topics include cruciate ligament rupture, bone formation, growth, fractures, healing, and the structure and function of muscles. Intramuscular injection sites are identified for dogs and horses.
Fracture regarding information and also useful in nursing in that types of fracture included and also include treatment regarding fracture , nursing care plan...commonly fracture is more so its very useful for study.....
- There are 3 types of muscles in the body: cardiac, smooth, and skeletal. Contractions can be isometric or isotonic.
- The musculoskeletal system includes bones, muscles, tendons, ligaments, and other structures. It allows movement and protects internal organs.
- Bones are made up of compact cortical bone and spongy cancellous bone. Bone cells include osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts. Joints connect bones and allow movement.
- Muscles contract to cause movement. Tendons connect muscles to bones while ligaments connect bones to bones. Fascia surrounds muscles and other structures. Bursae decrease friction in joints.
This document provides an overview of knee anatomy, common causes of knee pain, physical exam techniques for evaluating knee pain, and differential diagnoses for various knee conditions. It discusses topics like intrinsic vs extrinsic knee pain, intra-articular vs peri-articular pain, inflammatory vs structural knee injuries, and common causes of knee pain like osteoarthritis, meniscal tears, ACL injuries, septic arthritis, and Baker's cysts. Physical exam maneuvers for assessing different knee structures and conditions are outlined. The prevalence of knee pain in the general population is cited.
nursing intervention for patients with musculoskeletal system disorders by Mulugeta Emiru (MSc in Adult health Nursing): Mizan Tepi university. 2017/2018.
This document provides information about osteoarthritis, including its definition, statistics, demographics, anatomy, causes, risk factors, pathophysiology, diagnosis, treatment and management. Some key points:
- OA is a joint disease caused by breakdown of cartilage and underlying bone, leading to joint pain, swelling and decreased mobility. It most commonly affects weight-bearing joints like the knee and hip.
- It is estimated that 251 million people worldwide suffer from knee OA. It is the second greatest cause of disability globally.
- Risk factors include age, gender, genetics, obesity, trauma and occupation. Treatment focuses on pain management, slowing progression, and improving function through medications, injections, exercise and sometimes surgery
Total Knee Arthroplasty | Knee Replacement | South Windsor, Rocky Hill, Glast...James Mazzara
https://hartfordsportsorthopedics.com/
In this presentation, Dr. Mazzara discusses total knee arthroplasty. His presentation highlights:
The anatomy of the knee
Normal articular cartilage
Causes and symptoms of osteoarthritis
Diagnosis of osteoarthritis
Non-surgical treatment for osteoarthritis
Candidates for total knee arthroplasty
Surgical approach to knee replacement
Potential complications of knee arthroplasty
Computer-assisted total knee replacement
Post-operative protocol
To learn more about total knee arthroplasty, please visit: https://hartfordsportsorthopedics.com/computer-guided-total-knee-replacement-south-windsor-rocky-hill-glastonbury-ct/
This module is designed to equip trainees with appropriate knowledge, Attitude and skills required to undertake nursing assessment, diagnosis, planning, implementation and evaluation of patient care with musculoskeletal system disorder.
The document discusses the musculoskeletal system, including the structure and functions of bones and joints. It focuses on arthritis, describing the different types and symptoms. Osteoarthritis is examined in more detail, covering diagnosis, pathophysiology, risk factors, and treatment options. Other topics include cruciate ligament rupture, bone formation, growth, fractures, healing, and the structure and function of muscles. Intramuscular injection sites are identified for dogs and horses.
Fracture regarding information and also useful in nursing in that types of fracture included and also include treatment regarding fracture , nursing care plan...commonly fracture is more so its very useful for study.....
- There are 3 types of muscles in the body: cardiac, smooth, and skeletal. Contractions can be isometric or isotonic.
- The musculoskeletal system includes bones, muscles, tendons, ligaments, and other structures. It allows movement and protects internal organs.
- Bones are made up of compact cortical bone and spongy cancellous bone. Bone cells include osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts. Joints connect bones and allow movement.
- Muscles contract to cause movement. Tendons connect muscles to bones while ligaments connect bones to bones. Fascia surrounds muscles and other structures. Bursae decrease friction in joints.
This document provides an overview of knee anatomy, common causes of knee pain, physical exam techniques for evaluating knee pain, and differential diagnoses for various knee conditions. It discusses topics like intrinsic vs extrinsic knee pain, intra-articular vs peri-articular pain, inflammatory vs structural knee injuries, and common causes of knee pain like osteoarthritis, meniscal tears, ACL injuries, septic arthritis, and Baker's cysts. Physical exam maneuvers for assessing different knee structures and conditions are outlined. The prevalence of knee pain in the general population is cited.
nursing intervention for patients with musculoskeletal system disorders by Mulugeta Emiru (MSc in Adult health Nursing): Mizan Tepi university. 2017/2018.
This document provides information about osteoarthritis, including its definition, statistics, demographics, anatomy, causes, risk factors, pathophysiology, diagnosis, treatment and management. Some key points:
- OA is a joint disease caused by breakdown of cartilage and underlying bone, leading to joint pain, swelling and decreased mobility. It most commonly affects weight-bearing joints like the knee and hip.
- It is estimated that 251 million people worldwide suffer from knee OA. It is the second greatest cause of disability globally.
- Risk factors include age, gender, genetics, obesity, trauma and occupation. Treatment focuses on pain management, slowing progression, and improving function through medications, injections, exercise and sometimes surgery
Total Knee Arthroplasty | Knee Replacement | South Windsor, Rocky Hill, Glast...James Mazzara
https://hartfordsportsorthopedics.com/
In this presentation, Dr. Mazzara discusses total knee arthroplasty. His presentation highlights:
The anatomy of the knee
Normal articular cartilage
Causes and symptoms of osteoarthritis
Diagnosis of osteoarthritis
Non-surgical treatment for osteoarthritis
Candidates for total knee arthroplasty
Surgical approach to knee replacement
Potential complications of knee arthroplasty
Computer-assisted total knee replacement
Post-operative protocol
To learn more about total knee arthroplasty, please visit: https://hartfordsportsorthopedics.com/computer-guided-total-knee-replacement-south-windsor-rocky-hill-glastonbury-ct/
This document discusses delayed union and non-union of fractures. It defines delayed union as taking more than the usual time for a fracture to heal, and non-union as no signs of healing after 9 months. The stages of fracture healing and factors that can lead to non-union like smoking, diabetes and mechanical issues are described. Classification systems for aseptic and septic non-unions are presented. Treatment principles focus on controlling infection, stabilizing the fracture, and using bone grafts or other techniques like bone transport as needed. Recent advances in bone stimulants, stem cells and gene therapy are also mentioned.
The document provides information on the musculoskeletal system including bones, muscles, ligaments, tendons and cartilage. It discusses bone cells and growth, tendons, ligaments, joints, and types of joints. Diagnostic tests, nursing assessment, and management of injuries like fractures, dislocations, strains and sprains are covered. Casting, traction, and surgery are described as common treatments. Potential complications and their management are also summarized.
The document provides information on the musculoskeletal system including:
1. It describes the key components of the musculoskeletal system including bones, muscles, ligaments, tendons and cartilage.
2. It discusses bone cells and their functions in bone formation and resorption.
3. Common musculoskeletal injuries and disorders like strains, sprains, fractures and dislocations are described along with their signs, symptoms and management.
4. Diagnostic tests and nursing management of musculoskeletal conditions including casting, traction and surgery are summarized.
Musculoskeletal System Anatomy and AssessmentJofred Martinez
The skeletal system has four components: bones, cartilage, tendons, and ligaments. It provides support, protection, movement, mineral homeostasis, blood cell production, and triglyceride storage. There are three types of muscle tissue: skeletal, smooth, and cardiac. Skeletal muscle is responsible for locomotion and other movements while cardiac muscle contracts the heart and smooth muscle regulates organs and blood vessels. Joints allow movement and are classified as fibrous, cartilaginous, or synovial joints which can be immovable, slightly movable, or freely movable. A variety of diagnostic tests assess the musculoskeleton including arthrocentesis, arthroscopy, bone density tests, bone scans, gallium/thall
FRACTURES NOTES PREPAIRED BY NATUNGA RONALDNatungaRonald1
This document discusses fractures, including their causes, types, healing process, and management. It begins by defining a fracture and listing common causes. It then describes the different types of fractures based on appearance and location. The healing process is outlined in six stages: hematoma formation, granulation tissue formation, callus formation, ossification, consolidation, and remodeling. Factors that influence healing are also provided. Treatment involves assessment, emergency management, reduction and stabilization, and monitoring for complications. Methods of reduction include closed and open reduction, and devices like casting, internal fixation, and external fixation are used.
This document discusses fractures, including their causes, types, healing process, and management. It begins by defining a fracture and listing common causes. It then describes the different types of fractures based on appearance, location in the bone, and stability. Next, it explains the typical 6-stage healing process: hematoma formation, granulation tissue formation, callus formation, ossification, consolidation, and remodeling. Factors that influence healing are also outlined. Finally, it lists the typical signs and symptoms of a fracture and provides an overview of the goals and initial steps in fracture management and assessment.
This document provides an overview of osteoarthritis. It begins by defining osteoarthritis as a type of arthritis caused by the breakdown of cartilage between bones in a joint. It then discusses the common joints affected, occurrences based on age and population, and primary versus secondary causes related to aging, injury, genetics, and other conditions. The document outlines symptoms, the etiopathogenesis of cartilage breakdown, diagnosis methods, and treatment options including non-pharmacological therapies, topical analgesics, oral medications, injections, and surgery.
This document provides an overview of osteoarthritis. It begins by defining osteoarthritis as a type of arthritis caused by the breakdown of cartilage between bones in a joint. It then discusses the common joints affected, occurrences based on age and population, and primary versus secondary causes related to aging, injury, obesity, and other medical conditions. The document outlines symptoms, the etiopathogenesis of cartilage breakdown, diagnostic methods, and pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatment options including exercise, weight loss, topical analgesics, oral medications like NSAIDs, and in some cases surgery.
The document discusses osteoarthritis of the knee, including:
1. Risk factors for osteoarthritis like age, gender, genetics, obesity, and joint injuries.
2. Clinical features like pain, stiffness, swelling, crepitus, and deformity.
3. Diagnostic tools like x-rays, MRI, CT, and arthroscopy that can assess cartilage damage and bone changes.
4. Treatment approaches including medications, physical therapy, weight loss, bracing, injections, and surgeries like arthroscopy, osteotomies, knee replacements, and arthrodesis.
This document provides information about the anatomy and physiology event rules for the 2016 competition season. It begins with a disclaimer noting that the rules are still in draft form. The main topics covered in the event for 2016 will be the skeletal, muscular, and integumentary systems. The document then provides more detailed information about the skeletal and muscular systems, including bone and muscle anatomy, types of bones and muscles, and key structures and functions. It also lists some common disorders that may be included.
The document provides an overview of the musculoskeletal system, including its anatomy, physiology, assessment, diagnostic tests, and age-related changes. Key points include:
- The skeletal and muscular systems make up the musculoskeletal system, with bones, cartilage, tendons, ligaments, and joints.
- Assessment involves history, physical exam including gait, posture, range of motion, and related systems. Diagnostic tests include radiography, MRI, lab tests, and invasive procedures.
- Age-related changes consist of decreased bone density, increased prominence, kyphosis, cartilage degeneration, decreased range of motion, muscle atrophy, and slowed movement.
Osteoarthritis is a chronic degenerative disorder of synovial joints in which there is progressive softening and erosion/disintegration of the articular cartilage. In the presentation, I will deal in detail about the condition in every dimension with the most recent evidence.
This document provides an overview of anatomy and physiology with a focus on the skeletal and muscular systems. It discusses the basic anatomy and functions of the skeletal system including the 206 bones and their classification. It also describes the structure and function of muscles, including the sliding filament model of muscle contraction. The document outlines common disorders like fractures, osteoarthritis, and muscular dystrophies as well as how exercise benefits the skeletal and muscular systems.
This document provides an overview of osteoarthritis of the knee, including its definition, classification, epidemiology, anatomy, pathology, risk factors, diagnosis, grading, and management. Some key points are:
- Osteoarthritis is a degenerative joint condition characterized by cartilage breakdown and new bone growth. It commonly affects the knee joint.
- Risk factors include age, obesity, previous injury, activities like squatting that increase pressure on the knee.
- Diagnosis involves clinical exams, x-rays showing bone changes and loss of joint space, and ruling out other causes through tests.
- Treatment focuses on lifestyle changes like weight loss and exercise, medications, injections, and sometimes surgery like knee replacement
Osteoarthritis is a slowly progressive degenerative disease leading to gradual loss of articular cartilage. It affects not only cartilage but other joint tissues as well, including bone, ligaments, capsules, and synovial membrane. Risk factors include age, obesity, joint injury, genetics, and occupational factors. Symptoms include joint pain, stiffness, crepitus, and deformity. Diagnosis is based on clinical features and confirmed with x-rays showing bone spurs and joint space narrowing. Treatment involves lifestyle changes, medications for pain/inflammation, injections, and surgery for advanced cases.
The document discusses various early complications that can arise from fractures and injuries. It covers local complications like visceral injuries, vascular injuries, nerve injuries, compartment syndrome and infection. It also discusses general complications like shock, fat embolism and pulmonary embolism. For each complication, it provides details on symptoms, risk factors, diagnostic steps and emergency treatment approaches.
This document provides an overview of osteoarthritis of the knee. It defines osteoarthritis as a non-inflammatory degenerative joint condition. It describes the pathology and changes that occur in the articular cartilage, bone, synovial membrane, capsule, ligaments and muscles. Risk factors, clinical presentation, diagnostic tests including x-rays and MRI, and grading scales are outlined. Both non-surgical and surgical treatment options are discussed including exercises, braces, medications, injections, osteotomies and knee replacements.
This document provides an overview of musculoskeletal disorders, focusing on arthritis. It defines arthritis as inflammation of one or more joints. The three most common types of arthritis are osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, and gouty arthritis. Osteoarthritis is a non-inflammatory degenerative joint condition characterized by cartilage breakdown and new bone growth. Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic autoimmune disorder causing symmetrical polyarthritis. Gouty arthritis results from uric acid crystal deposition in joints and tissues. The document discusses the causes, symptoms, investigations, and management of these three arthritis types.
Musculoskeletal trauma is common, accounting for 70-80% of multi-trauma patients. Lower extremity injuries pose greater risks like significant blood loss or life-threatening pelvic or femur fractures. Proper immobilization and splinting is important to prevent further soft tissue damage from bone fragments or decreased blood flow. Orthopedic injuries are generally not immediately life-threatening, so other life-threatening issues should be addressed first before treating musculoskeletal trauma.
This document describes fractures, including their classification, healing process, treatment methods, and potential complications. Fractures are breaks in bone continuity that can be open or closed. Treatment involves reduction, immobilization with casts or devices, and monitoring for complications like infection, compartment syndrome, blood clots, and fat embolism syndrome. Fracture healing is a multi-stage process of hematoma formation, new tissue growth, callus formation, bone consolidation and remodeling over several weeks or months.
This document provides an overview of prana and pranayama from classical yoga texts. It defines prana as the vital life force that sustains all of creation. Pranayama practices were developed by yogis to access the pranic field for balancing the body and controlling the mind to attain higher states of consciousness. The three stages of pranayama - inhalation, retention and exhalation - are used in different permutations and directions to produce various pranayama techniques. Pranayama aims to clear blockages in the nadis (energy channels) and awaken the chakras to utilize our full energy, mind and consciousness potential.
This document discusses delayed union and non-union of fractures. It defines delayed union as taking more than the usual time for a fracture to heal, and non-union as no signs of healing after 9 months. The stages of fracture healing and factors that can lead to non-union like smoking, diabetes and mechanical issues are described. Classification systems for aseptic and septic non-unions are presented. Treatment principles focus on controlling infection, stabilizing the fracture, and using bone grafts or other techniques like bone transport as needed. Recent advances in bone stimulants, stem cells and gene therapy are also mentioned.
The document provides information on the musculoskeletal system including bones, muscles, ligaments, tendons and cartilage. It discusses bone cells and growth, tendons, ligaments, joints, and types of joints. Diagnostic tests, nursing assessment, and management of injuries like fractures, dislocations, strains and sprains are covered. Casting, traction, and surgery are described as common treatments. Potential complications and their management are also summarized.
The document provides information on the musculoskeletal system including:
1. It describes the key components of the musculoskeletal system including bones, muscles, ligaments, tendons and cartilage.
2. It discusses bone cells and their functions in bone formation and resorption.
3. Common musculoskeletal injuries and disorders like strains, sprains, fractures and dislocations are described along with their signs, symptoms and management.
4. Diagnostic tests and nursing management of musculoskeletal conditions including casting, traction and surgery are summarized.
Musculoskeletal System Anatomy and AssessmentJofred Martinez
The skeletal system has four components: bones, cartilage, tendons, and ligaments. It provides support, protection, movement, mineral homeostasis, blood cell production, and triglyceride storage. There are three types of muscle tissue: skeletal, smooth, and cardiac. Skeletal muscle is responsible for locomotion and other movements while cardiac muscle contracts the heart and smooth muscle regulates organs and blood vessels. Joints allow movement and are classified as fibrous, cartilaginous, or synovial joints which can be immovable, slightly movable, or freely movable. A variety of diagnostic tests assess the musculoskeleton including arthrocentesis, arthroscopy, bone density tests, bone scans, gallium/thall
FRACTURES NOTES PREPAIRED BY NATUNGA RONALDNatungaRonald1
This document discusses fractures, including their causes, types, healing process, and management. It begins by defining a fracture and listing common causes. It then describes the different types of fractures based on appearance and location. The healing process is outlined in six stages: hematoma formation, granulation tissue formation, callus formation, ossification, consolidation, and remodeling. Factors that influence healing are also provided. Treatment involves assessment, emergency management, reduction and stabilization, and monitoring for complications. Methods of reduction include closed and open reduction, and devices like casting, internal fixation, and external fixation are used.
This document discusses fractures, including their causes, types, healing process, and management. It begins by defining a fracture and listing common causes. It then describes the different types of fractures based on appearance, location in the bone, and stability. Next, it explains the typical 6-stage healing process: hematoma formation, granulation tissue formation, callus formation, ossification, consolidation, and remodeling. Factors that influence healing are also outlined. Finally, it lists the typical signs and symptoms of a fracture and provides an overview of the goals and initial steps in fracture management and assessment.
This document provides an overview of osteoarthritis. It begins by defining osteoarthritis as a type of arthritis caused by the breakdown of cartilage between bones in a joint. It then discusses the common joints affected, occurrences based on age and population, and primary versus secondary causes related to aging, injury, genetics, and other conditions. The document outlines symptoms, the etiopathogenesis of cartilage breakdown, diagnosis methods, and treatment options including non-pharmacological therapies, topical analgesics, oral medications, injections, and surgery.
This document provides an overview of osteoarthritis. It begins by defining osteoarthritis as a type of arthritis caused by the breakdown of cartilage between bones in a joint. It then discusses the common joints affected, occurrences based on age and population, and primary versus secondary causes related to aging, injury, obesity, and other medical conditions. The document outlines symptoms, the etiopathogenesis of cartilage breakdown, diagnostic methods, and pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatment options including exercise, weight loss, topical analgesics, oral medications like NSAIDs, and in some cases surgery.
The document discusses osteoarthritis of the knee, including:
1. Risk factors for osteoarthritis like age, gender, genetics, obesity, and joint injuries.
2. Clinical features like pain, stiffness, swelling, crepitus, and deformity.
3. Diagnostic tools like x-rays, MRI, CT, and arthroscopy that can assess cartilage damage and bone changes.
4. Treatment approaches including medications, physical therapy, weight loss, bracing, injections, and surgeries like arthroscopy, osteotomies, knee replacements, and arthrodesis.
This document provides information about the anatomy and physiology event rules for the 2016 competition season. It begins with a disclaimer noting that the rules are still in draft form. The main topics covered in the event for 2016 will be the skeletal, muscular, and integumentary systems. The document then provides more detailed information about the skeletal and muscular systems, including bone and muscle anatomy, types of bones and muscles, and key structures and functions. It also lists some common disorders that may be included.
The document provides an overview of the musculoskeletal system, including its anatomy, physiology, assessment, diagnostic tests, and age-related changes. Key points include:
- The skeletal and muscular systems make up the musculoskeletal system, with bones, cartilage, tendons, ligaments, and joints.
- Assessment involves history, physical exam including gait, posture, range of motion, and related systems. Diagnostic tests include radiography, MRI, lab tests, and invasive procedures.
- Age-related changes consist of decreased bone density, increased prominence, kyphosis, cartilage degeneration, decreased range of motion, muscle atrophy, and slowed movement.
Osteoarthritis is a chronic degenerative disorder of synovial joints in which there is progressive softening and erosion/disintegration of the articular cartilage. In the presentation, I will deal in detail about the condition in every dimension with the most recent evidence.
This document provides an overview of anatomy and physiology with a focus on the skeletal and muscular systems. It discusses the basic anatomy and functions of the skeletal system including the 206 bones and their classification. It also describes the structure and function of muscles, including the sliding filament model of muscle contraction. The document outlines common disorders like fractures, osteoarthritis, and muscular dystrophies as well as how exercise benefits the skeletal and muscular systems.
This document provides an overview of osteoarthritis of the knee, including its definition, classification, epidemiology, anatomy, pathology, risk factors, diagnosis, grading, and management. Some key points are:
- Osteoarthritis is a degenerative joint condition characterized by cartilage breakdown and new bone growth. It commonly affects the knee joint.
- Risk factors include age, obesity, previous injury, activities like squatting that increase pressure on the knee.
- Diagnosis involves clinical exams, x-rays showing bone changes and loss of joint space, and ruling out other causes through tests.
- Treatment focuses on lifestyle changes like weight loss and exercise, medications, injections, and sometimes surgery like knee replacement
Osteoarthritis is a slowly progressive degenerative disease leading to gradual loss of articular cartilage. It affects not only cartilage but other joint tissues as well, including bone, ligaments, capsules, and synovial membrane. Risk factors include age, obesity, joint injury, genetics, and occupational factors. Symptoms include joint pain, stiffness, crepitus, and deformity. Diagnosis is based on clinical features and confirmed with x-rays showing bone spurs and joint space narrowing. Treatment involves lifestyle changes, medications for pain/inflammation, injections, and surgery for advanced cases.
The document discusses various early complications that can arise from fractures and injuries. It covers local complications like visceral injuries, vascular injuries, nerve injuries, compartment syndrome and infection. It also discusses general complications like shock, fat embolism and pulmonary embolism. For each complication, it provides details on symptoms, risk factors, diagnostic steps and emergency treatment approaches.
This document provides an overview of osteoarthritis of the knee. It defines osteoarthritis as a non-inflammatory degenerative joint condition. It describes the pathology and changes that occur in the articular cartilage, bone, synovial membrane, capsule, ligaments and muscles. Risk factors, clinical presentation, diagnostic tests including x-rays and MRI, and grading scales are outlined. Both non-surgical and surgical treatment options are discussed including exercises, braces, medications, injections, osteotomies and knee replacements.
This document provides an overview of musculoskeletal disorders, focusing on arthritis. It defines arthritis as inflammation of one or more joints. The three most common types of arthritis are osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, and gouty arthritis. Osteoarthritis is a non-inflammatory degenerative joint condition characterized by cartilage breakdown and new bone growth. Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic autoimmune disorder causing symmetrical polyarthritis. Gouty arthritis results from uric acid crystal deposition in joints and tissues. The document discusses the causes, symptoms, investigations, and management of these three arthritis types.
Musculoskeletal trauma is common, accounting for 70-80% of multi-trauma patients. Lower extremity injuries pose greater risks like significant blood loss or life-threatening pelvic or femur fractures. Proper immobilization and splinting is important to prevent further soft tissue damage from bone fragments or decreased blood flow. Orthopedic injuries are generally not immediately life-threatening, so other life-threatening issues should be addressed first before treating musculoskeletal trauma.
This document describes fractures, including their classification, healing process, treatment methods, and potential complications. Fractures are breaks in bone continuity that can be open or closed. Treatment involves reduction, immobilization with casts or devices, and monitoring for complications like infection, compartment syndrome, blood clots, and fat embolism syndrome. Fracture healing is a multi-stage process of hematoma formation, new tissue growth, callus formation, bone consolidation and remodeling over several weeks or months.
This document provides an overview of prana and pranayama from classical yoga texts. It defines prana as the vital life force that sustains all of creation. Pranayama practices were developed by yogis to access the pranic field for balancing the body and controlling the mind to attain higher states of consciousness. The three stages of pranayama - inhalation, retention and exhalation - are used in different permutations and directions to produce various pranayama techniques. Pranayama aims to clear blockages in the nadis (energy channels) and awaken the chakras to utilize our full energy, mind and consciousness potential.
The document discusses core muscles and core stability. It defines the core as the center of the body that functions to stabilize the trunk during movement. The core includes muscles of the hips, torso, and shoulders. A strong, stable core is important for preventing injuries and improving performance by allowing the efficient transfer of force throughout the body. Rather than exercises like crunches that involve large ranges of motion, functional exercises are recommended to enhance core stability, including planks, Russian twists, and alternating heel touches. Proper form and technique are important when building core stability.
The document discusses the concept and components of physical fitness. Physical fitness is defined as the ability to perform tasks efficiently without undue fatigue and with extra reserve. The main components of physical fitness are cardiovascular endurance, body composition, flexibility, muscular endurance, and muscular strength. Additional components include speed, agility, balance, coordination, reaction time, and power. Each component is defined and examples are provided to illustrate how they relate to physical activities and sports.
This document defines and provides examples of the 12 components of fitness: agility, balance, cardio-vascular endurance, co-ordination, flexibility, muscular endurance, power, reaction time, speed, strength, static balance, and dynamic balance. It categorizes them as either health-related components (cardio-vascular endurance, muscular endurance, strength, flexibility, body type) or sport-related components (agility, speed, reaction time, balance, co-ordination, power) and provides definitions and examples for each component. The document concludes with homework assignments applying the components to specific sports.
This document discusses muscular strength and endurance. It defines muscular strength as the amount of force one can exert and muscular endurance as the number of times one can lift a weight without fatigue. It notes benefits like improved body composition, bone density, injury prevention, quality of life, and enhanced self-image. Additionally, it distinguishes between static and dynamic exercises as well as concentric and eccentric muscle contractions.
This document discusses two types of muscle contractions: isometric and isotonic exercises. Isometric exercises involve muscle contractions without shortening or movement of the muscle, while isotonic exercises involve muscle contractions and movement. Some examples of isometric exercises provided are quadriceps and hamstring sets, shoulder internal rotation, neck exercises, hip abduction, and planks. Isotonic exercises allow for continuous movement of muscles and joints using equipment like weights or resistance bands. Benefits of both types of exercises include improved strength, posture, circulation and bone density.
Karma Yoga refers to the path of union with God through selfless action. It involves detaching oneself from the fruits of actions and offering them to God, which helps purify the heart and sublimate the ego. According to the Bhagavad Gita, Karma Yoga is the selfless devotion of inner and outer activities as a sacrifice to God. The law of karma states that every action produces a reaction and leaves an impression, and through Karma Yoga one can free themselves from these impressions and attain moksha.
The document discusses the basic concepts of yoga, including different definitions of yoga from spiritual, social, and scientific perspectives. It covers the origins and traditions of yoga throughout history. Key topics include the benefits of yoga for physical, mental, and spiritual health. Misconceptions about yoga are addressed. Vedic literature and the four paths of yoga - Raja, Jnana, Karma, and Bhakti - are also summarized.
The document provides information on various vitamins including their definitions, classifications, sources, characteristics, functions, and mechanisms of action. It discusses both water soluble vitamins (B vitamins and Vitamin C) and fat soluble vitamins (Vitamins A, D, E, K). Key groups discussed include the B complex vitamins, Vitamins C, A, D, E, and K.
This document describes a physical fitness test that assesses several components of fitness. The test measures body composition through weight, height, BMI and waist circumference tests. It evaluates flexibility with the sit and reach and zipper tests. Cardiovascular endurance is assessed using the step test. Muscle strength is tested through 90-degree pushups, curl-ups and other exercises. Speed, power and agility are measured in events like the 40-meter sprint, basketball pass, standing long jump, and hexagon agility test. The document provides materials, procedures and scoring for each component of the physical fitness assessment.
The document discusses the history and development of chocolate over centuries. It details how cocoa beans were first used by Mesoamerican cultures before being introduced to Europe where it became popular in powder and liquid forms. The document also notes that modern chocolate production emerged in the 19th century with innovations that helped mass produce chocolate bars and other candies.
This document discusses the importance of breathing and respiration from both a scientific and yogic perspective. It covers:
1) The role of the respiratory system in exchanging gases between the atmosphere, blood, and cells. Respiration occurs at the cellular and organism levels.
2) Yogic concepts of prana as the universal life force and different levels of pranic manifestation from minerals to humans. Pranayama involves controlling prana through breath control techniques.
3) Details of respiratory anatomy and the mechanics of breathing. It also discusses how pranayama techniques can balance the breath and expand awareness.
Posture is maintained through a balance of muscle contractions regulated by reflexes. The key reflex is the stretch reflex, where muscle spindles detect changes in muscle length and signal the spinal cord to contract or relax muscles. There are two types of postural reflexes - static and statokinetic. Static reflexes maintain posture against gravity, while statokinetic reflexes allow for voluntary movement. Multiple areas of the central nervous system integrate these reflexes, including the spinal cord, brainstem, cerebellum and cerebral cortex. Vision and vestibular signals also provide important inputs. Together this network allows humans to maintain an upright stance through low levels of continuous muscle contraction adjusted by reflexes.
This document discusses blood pressure measurement and hypotension/hypertension. It provides details on:
- The importance of accurately measuring blood pressure to assess conditions like hypotension and hypertension.
- The causes and symptoms of hypotension, including postural hypotension. Postural hypotension is a drop in blood pressure when moving from lying to standing.
- The causes and types of hypertension, including primary/essential hypertension which has no identifiable cause, and malignant hypertension which is a medical emergency.
The lymphatic system transports lymph fluid and assists the immune system. It is composed of lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, the spleen, thymus, and lymphatic cells. Lymph fluid is collected from tissues by lymphatic capillaries and transported through a series of vessels, nodes, and ducts where it is filtered for pathogens. The system's immune cells help fight infection and disease. As the body ages, the thymus and immune response decline, making elderly people more susceptible to illness.
Measure both sides and
compare for symmetry.
C-Muscle tone:
- Flaccid: No resistance to passive movement
- Normal tone: Gentle resistance throughout range
- Spastic: Increased resistance in only part of range
- Rigid: Resistance throughout range
D- Muscle strength:
- Manual muscle testing (grades 0-5)
- Functional testing (e.g. ability to rise from chair)
E- Tenderness on palpation
F- Presence of trigger points
G- Skin changes over muscle (atrophy, hypertrophy)
2-BONE ASSESSMENT
A- Palpate for bony landmarks
B
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
Philippine Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) CurriculumMJDuyan
(𝐓𝐋𝐄 𝟏𝟎𝟎) (𝐋𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧 𝟏)-𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐬
𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐮𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐄𝐏𝐏 𝐂𝐮𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐮𝐦 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐏𝐡𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐩𝐩𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐬:
- Understand the goals and objectives of the Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) curriculum, recognizing its importance in fostering practical life skills and values among students. Students will also be able to identify the key components and subjects covered, such as agriculture, home economics, industrial arts, and information and communication technology.
𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐍𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐒𝐜𝐨𝐩𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐧 𝐄𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐮𝐫:
-Define entrepreneurship, distinguishing it from general business activities by emphasizing its focus on innovation, risk-taking, and value creation. Students will describe the characteristics and traits of successful entrepreneurs, including their roles and responsibilities, and discuss the broader economic and social impacts of entrepreneurial activities on both local and global scales.
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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Find out more about ISO training and certification services
Training: ISO/IEC 27001 Information Security Management System - EN | PECB
ISO/IEC 42001 Artificial Intelligence Management System - EN | PECB
General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) - Training Courses - EN | PECB
Webinars: https://pecb.com/webinars
Article: https://pecb.com/article
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For more information about PECB:
Website: https://pecb.com/
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Slideshare: http://www.slideshare.net/PECBCERTIFICATION
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptx
5-191010195405.pdf
1.
2. Skeletal System
Bone types
Bone structure
Bone function
Bone growth and metabolism affected by calcium and
phosphorous, calcitonin, vitamin D, parathyroid,
growth hormone, glucocorticoids, estrogens and
androgens, thyroxine, and insulin.
3. Bones
Human skeleton has 206 bones
Provide structure and support for soft tissue
Protect vital organs
6. Bones
Compact bone
Smooth and dense
Forms shaft of long bones and outside layer of other
bones
Spongy bone
Contains spaces
Spongy sections contain bone marrow
7. Bone Marrow
Red bone marrow
Found in flat bones of sternum, ribs, and ileum
Produces blood cells and hemoglobin
Yellow bone marrow
Found in shaft of long bones
Contains fat and connective tissue
10. Synovial Joints
Found at all limb articulations
Surface covered with cartilage
Joint cavity covered with tough fibrous capsule
Cavity lined with synovial membrane and filled with
synovial fluid
11. Ligaments
Bands of connective tissue that connect bone to bone
Either limit or enhance movement
Provide joint stability
Enhance joint strength
12. Tendons
Fibrous connective tissue bands that connect bone to
muscles
Enable bones to move when muscles contract
13. Muscles
Skeletal (voluntary)
Allows voluntary movement
Smooth (involuntary)
Muscle movement controlled by internal mechanism
e.g., muscles in bladder wall and GI system
Cardiac (involuntary)
Found in heart
14. Skeletal Muscle
600 skeletal muscles
Made up of thick bundles of parallel fibers
Each muscle fiber made up of smaller structure
myofibrils
Myofibrils are strands of repeating units called
sarcomeres
15. Skeletal Muscle
Skeletal muscle contracts with the release of
acetylcholine
The more fibers that contract, the stronger the muscle
contraction
16. Changes in Older Adult
Musculoskeletal changes can be due to:
Aging process
Decreased activity
Lifestyle factors
17. Changes in Older Adult
Loss of bone mass in older women
Joint and disk cartilage dehydrates causing loss of
flexibility contributes to degenerative joint disease
(osteoarthritis); joints stiffen, lose range of motion
18. Changes in Older Adult
Cause stooped posture, changing center of gravity
Elderly at greater risk for falls
Endocrine changes cause skeletal muscle atrophy
Muscle tone decreases
19. Assessment
Health history
Chief complaint
Onset of problem
Effect on ADLs (Activity of Daily Living)
Precipitating events, e.g., trauma
20. Assessment
Examine complaints of pain for location, duration,
radiation character (sharp/ dull), aggravating, or
alleviating factors
Inquire about fever, fatigue, weight changes, rash, or
swelling
21. Physical Examination
Posture
Gait
Ability to walk with or without assistive devices
Ability to feed, toilet, and dress self
Muscle mass and symmetry
22.
23.
24.
25. Physical Examination
Inspect and palpate bone, joints for visible deformities,
tenderness or pain, swelling, warmth, and ROM
Assess and compare corresponding joints
Palpate joints knees and shoulder for crepitus
26. Physical Examination
Never attempt to move a joint past normal ROM or
past point where patient experiences pain
Bulge sign and ballottement sign used to assess for
fluid in the knee joint
Thomas test performed when hip flexion contracture
suspected
33. Musculoskeletal - Radiographic
Standard radiography, tomography and
xeroradiography, myelography, arthrography and CT
Other diagnostic tests: bone and muscle biopsy
34. Arthroscopy
Fiberoptic tube is inserted into a joint for direct
visualization.
Client must be able to flex the knee; exercises are
prescribed for ROM.
Evaluate the neurovascular status of the affected limb
frequently.
Analgesics are prescribed.
Monitor for complications.
35.
36. Bone Scan
Nuclear medicine procedure in which amount of
radioactive isotope taken up by bones is evaluated
Abnormal bone scans show hot spots due to
malignancies or infection
Cold spot uptakes show areas of bone that are
ischemic
37. Arthroscopy
Flexible fiberoptic endoscope used to view joint
structures and tissues
Used to identify:
Torn tendon and ligaments
Injured meniscus
Inflammatory joint changes
Damaged cartilage
38.
39. Musculoskeletal Trauma
Tissue is subjected to more force than it can absorb
Severity depends on:
Amount of force
Location of impact
Trauma is a very difficult or unpleasant experience that
causes someone to have mental or emotional problems
usually for a long time.
medical: a serious injury to a person's body.
40. Musculoskeletal Trauma
Mild to severe
Soft tissue
Fractures
Affect function of muscle, tendons, and ligaments
Complete amputation
41. Preventing Trauma
Teach importance of using safety equipment
Seat belts
Bicycle helmets
Football pads
Proper footwear
Protective eyewear
Hard hats
42. Soft Tissue Trauma
Contusion
Bleeding into soft tissue
Significant bleeding can cause a hematoma
Swelling and discoloration (bruise)
Contusion: a region of injured tissue or skin in which
blood capillaries have been ruptured; a bruise.
43. Soft Tissue Trauma -
Sprain
Ligament injury (Excessive stretching of a ligament)
Twisting motion
Overstretching or tear
◦ Grade I—mild bleeding and inflammation
◦ Grade II—severe stretching and some tearing and
inflammation and hematoma
◦ Grade III—complete tearing of ligament
◦ Grade IV—bony attachment of ligament broken away
◦ (hematoma is a solid swelling of clotted blood within the
tissues.)
44. Sprains
Treatment of sprains:
first-degree: rest, ice for 24 to 48 hr,
compression bandage, and elevation
second-degree: immobilization, partial weight
bearing as tear heals
third-degree: immobilization for 4 to 6 weeks,
possible surgery
A sprain, also known as a torn ligament, is damage to
one or more ligaments in a joint, often caused by trauma
or the joint being taken beyond its functional range of
motion. ... Sprains can occur in any joint but are most
common in the ankle and wrist.
45. Soft Tissue Trauma - Strain
Microscopic tear in the muscle
May cause bleeding
“Pulled muscle”
Inappropriate lifting or sudden acceleration-
deceleration
A muscle strain, or pulled muscle, occurs when
your muscle is overstretched or torn. This usually
occurs as a result of fatigue, overuse, or improper use of
a muscle. ... These strains can cause pain and may limit
movement within the affected muscle group.
46. Soft Tissue Trauma
To decrease swelling and pain, and encourage rest
Ice for first 48 hours
Splint to support extremities and limit movement
Compression dressing
Elevation to increase venous return and decrease swelling
NSAIDs
Compression implies the deliberate application of pressure in
order to produce a desired clinical effect. It is usually achieved
by the use of elasticated stockings or an
appropriate bandage, and is most commonly used to control
oedema and reduce swelling in the treatment of venous
disorders of the leg.
49. Fractures
Break in the continuity of bone
Direct blow
Crushing force (compression)
Sudden twisting motions (torsion)
Severe muscle contraction
Disease (pathologic fracture)
50. Fractures
Classification of Fractures
Closed or simple
Open or compound
Complete or incomplete
Stable or unstable
Direction of the fracture line
Oblique
Spiral
Lengthwise plane (greenstick)
51. Stages of Bone Healing
Hematoma formation within 48 to 72 hr after
injury
Hematoma to granulation tissue
Callus formation
Osteoblastic proliferation
Bone remodeling
Bone healing completed within about 6 weeks; up
to 6 months in the older person
52. Fractures – Emergency Care
Immobilize before moving client
Joint above and below
Check pulse, color, movement, sensation before
splinting
Sterile dressing for open wounds
55. Acute Compartment Syndrome
Serious condition in which increased pressure
within one or more compartments causes
massive compromise of circulation to the area
Prevention of pressure buildup of blood or fluid
accumulation
Pathophysiologic changes sometimes referred to
as ischemia-edema cycle
56. Emergency Care - Acute Compartment
Syndrome
Within 4 to 6 hr after the onset of acute
compartment syndrome, neuromuscular damage
is irreversible; the limb can become useless
within 24 to 48 hr.
Monitor compartment pressures.
(Continued)
57. Emergency Care (Continued)
Fasciotomy may be performed to relieve pressure.
Pack and dress the wound after fasciotomy.
58. Possible Results of Acute Compartment
Syndrome
Infection
Motor weakness
Volkmann’s contractures: (a deformity of the hand,
fingers, and wrist caused by a lack of blood flow (ischemia) to
the muscles of the forearm)
59. Other Complications of Fractures
Shock
Fat embolism syndrome: serious complication
resulting from a fracture; fat globules are
released from yellow bone marrow into
bloodstream
Venous thromboembolism
(Continued)
60. Other Complications of Fractures
(Continued)
Infection
Ischemic necrosis
Fracture blisters, delayed union, nonunion, and
malunion
61. Musculoskeletal
Complications (continued)
Muscle Atrophy, loss of muscle strength range
of motion, pressure ulcers, and other problems
associated with immobility
Embolism/Pneumonia/ARDS (Acute respiratory
distress syndrome (ARDS) is a life-threatening lung
condition that prevents enough oxygen from
getting to the lungs and into the blood.
TREATMENT – hydration, albumin, corticosteroids
Constipation/Anorexia
UTI
DVT (Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) occurs when a
blood clot (thrombus) forms in one or more of the deep
veins in your body, usually in your legs.
62. Musculoskeletal Assessment - Fracture
Change in bone alignment
Alteration in length of extremity
Change in shape of bone
Pain upon movement
Decreased ROM
Crepitation
Ecchymotic skin
(Continued)
Ecchymosis is the medical term for the
common bruise. Most bruises form when blood
vessels near the surface of the skin are
damaged, usually by impact from an injury.
The force of the impact causes your blood
vessels to burst open and leak blood.
63. Musculoskeletal Assessment – Fracture
(Continued)
Subcutaneous emphysema with bubbles under
the skin
Swelling at the fracture site
64. Special Assessment Considerations
For fractures of the shoulder and upper arm,
assess client in sitting or standing position.
Support the affected arm to promote comfort.
For distal areas of the arm, assess client in a
supine position.
For fracture of lower extremities and pelvis, client
is in supine position.
66. Osteoporosis
A disease in which loss of bone exceeds rate of
bone formation; usually increase in older women,
white race, nulliparity.
Clinical Manifestations – bone pain, decrease
movement.
Treatment – Calcium, Vit. D, estrogen
replacement, Calcitonin, fluoride, estrogen with
progestin, SERM (Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulator)
with anti-estrogens, exercise.
Pathologic fracture-safety.
67. Classification of Osteoporosis
Generalized osteoporosis occurs most commonly
in postmenopausal women and men in their 60s
and 70s.
Secondary osteoporosis results from an
associated medical condition such as
hyperparathyroidism, long-term drug therapy,
long-term immobility.
Regional osteoporosis occurs when a limb is
immobilized.
68. Health Promotion/Illness Prevention -
Osteoporosis
Ensure adequate calcium intake.
Avoid sedentary life style (a type of lifestyle with a
lack of physical exercise) .
Continue program of weight-bearing exercises.
73. Osteoporosis
Hormone replacement therapy
Parathyroid hormone
Calcium and vitamin D
Bisphosphonates
Selective estrogen receptor modulators
Calcitonin
Other agents used with varying results
74. Diet Therapy - Osteoporosis
Protein
Magnesium
Vitamin K
Trace minerals
Calcium and vitamin D
Avoid alcohol and caffeine
75. Fall Prevention - Osteoporosis
Hazard-free environment
High-risk assessment through programs such as
Falling Star protocol
Hip protectors that prevent hip fracture in case of
a fall
77. Osteomalacia
Softening of the bone tissue characterized by
inadequate mineralization of osteoid
Vitamin D deficiency, lack of sunlight exposure
Similar, but not the same as osteoporosis
Major treatment: vitamin D from exposure to sun
and certain foods
78. Paget’s Disease of the Bone
Metabolic disorder of bone remodeling, or
turnover; increased resorption (the process by
which osteoclasts break down bone and release the
minerals, resulting in a transfer of calcium from bone fluid
to the blood) of loss results in bone deposits
that are weak, enlarged, and disorganized
Nonsurgical management: calcitonin,
selected bisphosphonates, mithramycin
Surgical management: tibial osteotomy or
partial or total joint replacement
79. Paget’s Disease
An imbalance of increase osteoblast and
osteoclast cells; thickening and hypertrophy.
Bone pain most common symptom; bony
enlargement and deformities usually bilateral,
kyphosis, long bone.
Analgesics, meds bisphosphonates and
calcitonin, NSAID, assistance devices, and
hot/cold treatment.
80. Osteomyelitis
A condition caused by the invasion by one or
more pathogenic microorganisms that
stimulates the inflammatory response in bone
tissue
Exogenous, endogenous, hematogenous,
contiguous
81. Osteomyelitis
Infection of bone; causative agent – Staph/Strept
Typical signs and symptoms : Acute osteomyelitis include:
Fever that may be abrupt
Irritability or lethargy in young children
Pain in the area of the infection
Swelling, warmth and redness over the area of the
infection
Chronic osteomyelitis include:
Warmth, swelling and redness over the area of the
infection
Pain or tenderness in the affected area
Chronic fatigue
Drainage from an open wound near the area of the
infection
Fever, sometimes
Treatment – IV antibiotic; long term for 4-6 months
82. Surgical Management
Osteomyelitis
Sequestrectomy (Surgical removal of a sequestrum), a
detached piece of necrotic bone that often migrates to a
wound, abscess, etc.
Bone grafts
Bone segment transfers
Muscle flaps
Amputation
83. Bone Tumors
Benign Bone Tumors
Malignant Bone Tumors
Metastatic Bone Disease
A tumor is an abnormal growth of cells that serves no purpose. A benign tumor
is not a malignant tumor, which is cancer. It does not invade nearby tissue
or spread to other parts of the body the way cancer can. In most cases, the
outlook with benign tumors is very good. But benign tumors can be serious if
they press on vital structures such as blood vessels or nerves. Therefore,
sometimes they require treatment and other times they do not.
Multiple myeloma is the most common primary malignant bone tumor but
is often considered a marrow cell tumor within the bone rather than a bone
tumor because it is of hematopoietic derivation . It occurs mostly in older adults.
Multiple myeloma is a cancer of plasma cells that produce monoclonal
immunoglobulin and invade and destroy adjacent bone tissue. Common
manifestations include bone pain, renal insufficiency, hypercalcemia, anemia,
and recurrent infections.
84. Osteosarcoma is the 2nd most common primary bone tumor and is highly
malignant. It is most common among people aged 10 to 25, although it can
occur at any age. Osteosarcoma produces malignant osteoid (immature bone)
from tumor bone cells. Osteosarcoma usually develops around the knee (distal
femur more often than proximal tibia) or in other long bones, particularly the
metaphyseal-diaphyseal area, and may metastasize, usually to lung or other
bone. Pain and swelling are the usual symptoms.
Bone metastasis occurs when cancer cells spread from their original site to a
bone. Nearly all types of cancer can spread (metastasize) to the bones. But
some types of cancer are particularly likely to spread to bone, including breast
cancer and prostate cancer. Bone metastasis can occur in any bone but more
commonly occurs in the spine, pelvis and thigh. Bone metastasis may be the
first sign that you have cancer, or bone metastasis may occur years after
cancer treatment. Bone metastasis can cause pain and broken bones. With
rare exceptions, cancer that has spread to the bones can't be cured.
Treatments can help reduce pain and other symptoms of bone metastases.
86. Interventions
Non-drug pain relief measures
Drug therapy: analgesics, NSAIDs
Surgical therapy: curettage (simple excision
of the tumor tissue), joint replacement, or
arthrodesis*
*Arthrodesis is the fusion of vertebrae over a joint space that occurs
through a natural process or as a result of surgical procedure. In
surgery, arthrodesis, or fusion between two vertebrae, can be
achieved by placing bone graft and/or bone graft substitute to bridge
the vertebrae so that new bone grows into the spaces. (Mid-foot, Flat
foot deformity , joints, hip, knee, feet etc.)
87. Malignant Bone Tumors
Primary tumors, those tumors that originate in the
bone
Osteosarcoma
Ewing’s sarcoma (bones/ soft tissues)
Chondrosarcoma (cancer composed of cells derived from
transformed cells that produce cartilage)
Fibrosarcoma Fibrosarcoma (fibroblastic sarcoma) is a
malignant connective (soft) tissue tumor which originates
from fibroblasts. The tumor may present different degrees of
differentiation : low grade (differentiated), intermediate
malignancy and high malignancy (anaplastic).
Metastatic bone disease
88. Osteosarcoma
Cancer of the bone – metastasis to the lung is
common. Most in long bones.
Clinical manifestations – dull pain, swelling,
intermittent but increases per time; night
pain common.
Treatment – radiation, chemotherapy,
hormonal therapy, surgical excision with
prosthetics, assistance devices, palliative
measures.
89. Treatment Cancer of Bone
Interventions include:
Treatment aimed at reducing the size or
removing the tumor
Drug therapy; chemotherapy
Radiation therapy
Surgical management
Promotion of physical mobility with ROM
exercises
90. Cancer of Bone
Anticipatory Grieving
Interventions include:
Active listening
Encouraging client and family to verbalize feelings
Making appropriate referrals
Helping client and others to cope with the loss and
grieving
Promoting the physician-client relationship
91. Cancer of Bone
Disturbed Body Image
Interventions include:
Recognize and accept the client’s view of body
image alteration.
Establish and maintain a trusting nurse-client
relationship.
Emphasize the client’s strengths and remaining
capabilities.
Establish realistic mutual goals.
92. Potential for Fractures
Bone Cancer
Interventions
Nonsurgical management: radiation therapy and
strengthening exercises.
Surgical management: replace as much of the
defective bone as possible, avoid a second
procedure, and return client to a functioning state
with a minimum of hospitalization and
immobilization.
93. Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
Common condition; the median nerve in the wrist
becomes compressed, causing pain and
numbness
Common repetitive strain injury via occupational
or sports motions
Nonsurgical management: drug therapy and
immobilization
Possible surgical management
94. Scoliosis
Abnormal spinal curvature of various degrees
or severity involving shortening of muscles
and ligaments.
Milwaukee brace (a back brace used in the
treatment of spinal curvatures) , internal fixative
devices.
95. Scoliosis
Changes in muscles and ligaments on the
concave side of the spinal column
Congenital, neuromuscular, or idiopathic in
type
Assessment: complete history, pain
assessment, observation of posture
Interventions: exercise, weight reduction,
bracing, casting, surgery
96.
97. Treatment for lumbar lordosis is dependent on the severity
of the spine abnormality as well as the occurrence of
additional symptoms. Treatment is aimed at halting the
progression of abnormal curvature and preventing the
onset of further deformity.
98. Some of the treatment options for lumbar lordosis are as
under:
•Physical therapy is beneficial for many patients. Physical therapy along with
some types of postural exercises may be needed to correct the abnormalities
associated with the spine curvature. Physical therapy also helps in
strengthening the main muscles.
•If lumbar lordosis arises due to poor or improper posture, then simple
exercises are all that are needed.
•Patients who suffer from pain may be given anti-inflammatory drugs for
alleviation of pain and reduction of swelling and inflammation.
•Obese people are recommended to lose weight
•Yoga and meditation can help enhance the strength, awareness about the
body, the range of motion,and flexibility.
•Teens and young children may need to wear braces to correct the spine
curvature anomaly.
•Severe instances of lumbar lordosis may need different types of surgical
procedures such as artificial disc replacement, spinal instrumentation, or
kyphoplasty to rectify the condition.
99. A majority of patients do not suffer from any major
health complications even if lumbar lordosis is left
untreated.
However, as the spine plays a vital role in much of human
flexibility and movements, it is essential to manage the
health of the spine.
Untreated cases can also increase the susceptibility
to developing additional problems of the spine, legs, hip
girdle, and internal glands.