Ammeter is a low resistance galvanometer
It is used to measure the current in a circuit in amperes
Galvanometer can be converted into an ammeter by using a low resistance wire in parallel with the galvanometer
the resistance of the wire depends upon the range of the ammeter
As shunt resistance is small the combined resistance of the galvanometer & the shunt is very low hence the ammeter has much lower resistance than galvanometer
An ideal ammeter has zero resistance
It is the most common instrument used to measure voltage
It measure either AC or DC voltage
It is a measure of the voltage between two points of an electrical current
Power measurement is a valid technique to measure that how much the power is being transmitted through the entire system.
In this presentation you will estimate and understand the following objectives
Wattmeter as a device
Power measurement techniques
Classical based history
Construction of wattmeter
Working of Wattmeter
Power measurement of direct and indirect way
Power measurement in three phase applications
Applications of Wattmeter
Ammeter, voltmeter, wattmeter, power factor meterHome
What is Ammeter, its working principle and its three Ammeter method. What is Voltmeter, working principle and three Voltmeter Method. Watt meter and its working principle.
Ammeter is a low resistance galvanometer
It is used to measure the current in a circuit in amperes
Galvanometer can be converted into an ammeter by using a low resistance wire in parallel with the galvanometer
the resistance of the wire depends upon the range of the ammeter
As shunt resistance is small the combined resistance of the galvanometer & the shunt is very low hence the ammeter has much lower resistance than galvanometer
An ideal ammeter has zero resistance
It is the most common instrument used to measure voltage
It measure either AC or DC voltage
It is a measure of the voltage between two points of an electrical current
Power measurement is a valid technique to measure that how much the power is being transmitted through the entire system.
In this presentation you will estimate and understand the following objectives
Wattmeter as a device
Power measurement techniques
Classical based history
Construction of wattmeter
Working of Wattmeter
Power measurement of direct and indirect way
Power measurement in three phase applications
Applications of Wattmeter
Ammeter, voltmeter, wattmeter, power factor meterHome
What is Ammeter, its working principle and its three Ammeter method. What is Voltmeter, working principle and three Voltmeter Method. Watt meter and its working principle.
Ohm's Law V = I x R (Volts = Current x Resistance). The Ohm (Ω) is a unit of electrical resistance equal to that of a conductor in which a current of one ampere is produced by a potential of one volt across its terminals. 1)Measurement of Low resistance: 1) Ammeter Voltmeter method: This is very popular method for measurement of medium resistances since ...
The inverse quantity is electrical conductance, and is the ease with which an electric current passes. Electrical resistance shares some conceptual parallels with the notion of mechanical friction. The SI unit of electrical resistance is the ohm (Ω), while electrical conductance is measured in siemens (S).
The presentation describes resistance measurement through Voltmeter & Ammeter methods, DC bridges; Wheatstone bridge and Kelvin double bridge for low resistance.
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Ohm's Law V = I x R (Volts = Current x Resistance). The Ohm (Ω) is a unit of electrical resistance equal to that of a conductor in which a current of one ampere is produced by a potential of one volt across its terminals. 1)Measurement of Low resistance: 1) Ammeter Voltmeter method: This is very popular method for measurement of medium resistances since ...
The inverse quantity is electrical conductance, and is the ease with which an electric current passes. Electrical resistance shares some conceptual parallels with the notion of mechanical friction. The SI unit of electrical resistance is the ohm (Ω), while electrical conductance is measured in siemens (S).
The presentation describes resistance measurement through Voltmeter & Ammeter methods, DC bridges; Wheatstone bridge and Kelvin double bridge for low resistance.
Dc bridge types ,derivation and its applicationkaroline Enoch
The DC Bridge is used for measuring the unknown electrical resistance. This can be done by balancing the two legs of the bridge circuit. The value of one of the arm is known while the other of them is unknown
The slides presents Electronic AC Voltmeter, voltage follower rectifier voltmeter, precision rectifier voltmeter, precision rectifier amplifier voltmeter, voltage to current rectifier voltmeter, current measurement using voltmeter, voltage probe, current probe, temperature probe and RF probe
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Z. H. College of Engg. & Technology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh.
Missing materials will be uploaded shortly.
Please comment and feel free to ask anything related. Thanks!
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Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
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Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
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This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
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When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
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using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
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Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
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A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
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CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
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An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
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Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptx
Chapter5
1. Electrical and Electronic Measurement
Electronic Instruments
Parveen Malik
Assistant Professor
School of Electronics Engineering
KIIT University
parveen.malikfet@kiit.ac.in
October 30, 2019
Parveen Malik () E and EM October 30, 2019 1 / 21
2. Outline
1 Why we use Electronic Instruments?
2 Voltmeters
D.C.Voltmeter Circuits
A.C.Voltmeter Circuits
3 True RMS Voltmeter
4 Q-meter
5 Digital Voltmeter
Parveen Malik () E and EM October 30, 2019 2 / 21
4. Why we use electronic instruments ?
Limitations of electrical Voltmeters & Ammeter
The voltmeter constructed of moving coil instruments and multipliers
can not
Measure Low Voltages
Input impedance is low
These limitations are over come by use of electronic circuits that
have high input impedance.
have low output impedance.
can amplify low voltages to measurable level.
Parveen Malik () E and EM October 30, 2019 4 / 21
10. True RMS Voltmeter
The measuring circuits used in the electronic D.C. and A.C. voltmeter
are not suitable for specialized applications.
Most of them require input as pure sinusoids.
Thermocouple are used for such type of applications.
Thermocouple Principle - Junctions of dissimilar metals produces a
voltage when heated. Thermocouple voltage is proportional to the
rms value of input current.
Can measure rms levels of all voltages regardless of their distortion
level.
True rms voltmeter works on the thermocouple principle.
Thermocouple
Parveen Malik () E and EM October 30, 2019 10 / 21
11. True RMS Voltmeter
Thermocouple
A junction of two dissimilar metal produces an emf when heated.
Heating effect of current is directly proportional to the rms value of
the input current regardless of input waveform. Thus emf can be used
as a measure of rms value.
Materials - iron-constantan, copper-constantan, chromel-alumel and
platinum- platinum/rhodium.
Temp - 300◦C, Thermocouple Output - 12mV, Heating current 2mA
to 50 mA.
(a) (b)
Parveen Malik () E and EM October 30, 2019 11 / 21
12. True RMS voltmeter Thermocouple type
Thermocouple
Parveen Malik () E and EM October 30, 2019 12 / 21
13. True RMS Voltmeter- Working
Video Amplifier Stage- The input voltage (E1) with a non-sinusoidal
waveform is amplified to Av E1 by means of video amplifier (A1). A video
amplifier operates over a wide range of frequencies (audio to very high).
The current I1 passed through resistor R1 has the same waveform as E1
and consequently the heat generated in R1 is directly proportional to the
true rms level of input voltage.
Audio Amplifier Stage- A2 works as a non-inverting d.c. amplifier which
passes direct current I2 through resistor R2. R2 is the heater for
thermocouple T2 and thermocouple voltage e2 is directly proportional to
the heating effect of I2.
Final Stage - The feedback from the output produces a voltage at the
op-amp inverting input equal to that at non-inverting input. Voltage e1 is
applied to the non-inverting input of A2 and e2 feedback to the inverting
terminal. Output voltage E2 settles at the level that makes e2 exactly
equal to e1. IF T1 and T2 are similar, heating effect of I2 is same as that
of I1. This means that I2 equals the rms value of I1. Therefore D.C. output
voltage E2 is directly proportional to rms value of a.c. input voltage E1.
Parveen Malik () E and EM October 30, 2019 13 / 21
15. Q meter
Q meter is used to measure characteristics of coils and capacitors.
Principle - based on the series R,L,C resonant circuit.
Series Resonant Circuit
Parveen Malik () E and EM October 30, 2019 15 / 21
16. Q meter - Practical Circuit
Practical Q meter circuit
Parveen Malik () E and EM October 30, 2019 16 / 21
17. Q meter - errors
Observation 1
QTrue = ω0L
R
QMeasured = ω0L
R+Rsh
QTrue = QMeasured 1 + Rsh
R
Observation 2
QTrue = 1
ω0CR
QMeasured = 1
ω0(C+Cd )R
QTrue = QMeasured 1 + Cd
C
Parveen Malik () E and EM October 30, 2019 17 / 21
19. Digital Voltmeter
Measure the voltage directly giving numerical output
Versatile and accurate instruments
Superior resolution
Reduced size or compact
Less power consumption than analog voltmeter
Less costly and rugged construction
Parveen Malik () E and EM October 30, 2019 19 / 21
21. Digital Voltmeter
Working
Objective - Measurement of Input Voltage Vi .
When input voltage Vi is greater than ramp output voltage Vr , the
opamp output saturates to +Vsat or 1 as it is fed at the non-inverting
terminal of voltage comparator. At this moment, one input of AND gate is
1 and consequently, the clock pulses start passing through it. Once the
ramp voltage become greater than input voltage Vi at time, t1, the one
input of the AND gate becomes 0 and consequently, no clock pulses pass
through it.Thus, the decade counter counts the no. of clock pulses till Vi
is greater than Vr and the no. of pulses passed are directly proportional
the input voltage level.
Parveen Malik () E and EM October 30, 2019 21 / 21