Chapter one Dr.Rania Momtaz A. Azab
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This document provides an introduction to a lecture on bacteriology. It defines key terms like infection, pathogen, and virulence. It distinguishes between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells, noting that bacteria and blue-green algae are prokaryotes. The structures of bacterial cells are described, including the cell wall, plasma membrane, cytoplasm, and additional structures like flagella and pili. Common shapes of bacteria are also noted. The document discusses early microscopists like Antoni van Leeuwenhoek and ends with a short quiz on the material.
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This document provides an introduction to microbiology. It defines microbiology as the study of microorganisms too small to be seen with the naked eye. It discusses the importance of microbiology in nursing practice. Key contributors to the field are identified, including Leeuwenhoek, Redi, Pasteur, and Koch. Characteristics of different types of microorganisms like bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites are outlined. Methods of classifying and studying microbes are also summarized.
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Anti-Universe And Emergent Gravity and the Dark Universe
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Storagedeteriorationisanyformoflossinquantityandqualityofbio-materials.
Themajorcausesofdeteriorationinstorage
•Physical
•Biological
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•Chemical
Storageonlypreservesquality.Itneverimprovesquality.
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Microbial interaction
Microorganisms interacts with each other and can be physically associated with another organisms in a variety of ways.
One organism can be located on the surface of another organism as an ectobiont or located within another organism as endobiont.
Microbial interaction may be positive such as mutualism, proto-cooperation, commensalism or may be negative such as parasitism, predation or competition
Types of microbial interaction
Positive interaction: mutualism, proto-cooperation, commensalism
Negative interaction: Ammensalism (antagonism), parasitism, predation, competition
I. Mutualism:
It is defined as the relationship in which each organism in interaction gets benefits from association. It is an obligatory relationship in which mutualist and host are metabolically dependent on each other.
Mutualistic relationship is very specific where one member of association cannot be replaced by another species.
Mutualism require close physical contact between interacting organisms.
Relationship of mutualism allows organisms to exist in habitat that could not occupied by either species alone.
Mutualistic relationship between organisms allows them to act as a single organism.
Examples of mutualism:
i. Lichens:
Lichens are excellent example of mutualism.
They are the association of specific fungi and certain genus of algae. In lichen, fungal partner is called mycobiont and algal partner is called
II. Syntrophism:
It is an association in which the growth of one organism either depends on or improved by the substrate provided by another organism.
In syntrophism both organism in association gets benefits.
Compound A
Utilized by population 1
Compound B
Utilized by population 2
Compound C
utilized by both Population 1+2
Products
In this theoretical example of syntrophism, population 1 is able to utilize and metabolize compound A, forming compound B but cannot metabolize beyond compound B without co-operation of population 2. Population 2is unable to utilize compound A but it can metabolize compound B forming compound C. Then both population 1 and 2 are able to carry out metabolic reaction which leads to formation of end product that neither population could produce alone.
Examples of syntrophism:
i. Methanogenic ecosystem in sludge digester
Methane produced by methanogenic bacteria depends upon interspecies hydrogen transfer by other fermentative bacteria.
Anaerobic fermentative bacteria generate CO2 and H2 utilizing carbohydrates which is then utilized by methanogenic bacteria (Methanobacter) to produce methane.
ii. Lactobacillus arobinosus and Enterococcus faecalis:
In the minimal media, Lactobacillus arobinosus and Enterococcus faecalis are able to grow together but not alone.
The synergistic relationship between E. faecalis and L. arobinosus occurs in which E. faecalis require folic acid
Quality assurance B.pharm 6th semester BP606T UNIT 5
Warehousing
Good warehousing practices
Material management
The cost of acquiring information by natural selection
This is a short talk that I gave at the Banff International Research Station workshop on Modeling and Theory in Population Biology. The idea is to try to understand how the burden of natural selection relates to the amount of information that selection puts into the genome.
It's based on the first part of this research paper:
The cost of information acquisition by natural selection
Ryan Seamus McGee, Olivia Kosterlitz, Artem Kaznatcheev, Benjamin Kerr, Carl T. Bergstrom
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Chapter one Dr.Rania Momtaz A. Azab
- 3. WELCOME TO
- 6. – Distinguish between Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes. – Describe bacteria by their shapes and Structure also explain the function of its components. – Name some common Terms. – Explain the structural modifications (flagella) of the cell and their functional importance. By the end of the session you should be able to
- 7. What is Microbiology ? microorganism or microbe is an organism that is so small that it is microscopic (invisible to the naked eye) – several classes of living beings • Based on the organization of their cellular structures, all living cells can be divided into two groups: eukaryotic and prokaryotic Prokaryotes bacteria & blue green algae Eukaryotes Animals, plants, fungi, protozoans, and algae Living beings
- 8. Common Terms • INFECTION: the establishment of a microorganism within a host. • PATHOGEN: Any microorganism that has the capacity to • cause disease. • VIRULENCE: quantitative measure of the likelihood of • causing disease. • OPORTUNISTICS: • Principle pathogens regularly cause disease • Opportunistic pathogens require a defect in the immune defence
- 9. Antioni van Leeuwenhoek • Leeuwenhoek is called "the inventor of the microscope" • Created a “simple” microscope that could magnify to ab out 275x, and published drawings of mi croorganisms in 1683 • Could reach magnifications of over 200x with simple gr ound lenses 3Dr.T.V.Rao MD
- 12. Size of Bacteria • Unit of measuremen t in bacteriology is the micron (micrometre, µ m) • Bacteria of medical importance –0.2 – 1.5 µm in diameter –3 – 5 µm in length
- 15. Outer layer – two components: 1. Rigid cell wall 2. Cytoplasmic (Cell/ Plasma) membrane – present beneath cell wall Cytoplasm – cytoplasmic inclusions, ribosomes, mesosomes, g enetic material Additional structures –capsule, flagella, fimbriae (pili), spores Anatomy of A Bacterial Cell
- 16. who examined the first microorganisms? Who is bigger in size? (prokaryotes or Eukaryotes)? Where can we found bacteria ? What is the Function of cell wall ? Bacterial shapes are variable describe ? Bacterial Cell structure can be modified, how come?
- 18. click
- 19. Robert Koch Louis PasteurAntioni Van click
- 21. click
- 23. click
- 24. click
- 25. click
- 26. click
- 29. click
- 30. click
- 34. • The establishment of a microorganism within a host. • Any microorganism that has the capacity to cause disease. • Quantitative measure of the likelihood of causing diseas. • The pathogen that require a defect in the immune defence.
- 35. Click Here
- 36. Click here