Chapter 9 blog notes
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1) The physical geography of South America includes the Andes Mountains, Guiana Highlands, plains like the Llanos, and major rivers like the Orinoco. It has diverse wildlife and climate varies with elevation and rainfall. 2) Colombia has a history of indigenous civilizations conquered by Spain. It struggled for independence and still faces conflict and violence today between guerrilla groups and the government. 3) Venezuela and the Guianas also have a colonial past under Spain. Venezuela relies heavily on its oil industry while the Guianas have diverse populations and economies based on agriculture.
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Chapter 9 blog notes
This section provides an overview of the physical geography, climate, resources, and history of countries in Caribbean South America. It describes the major physical features of the region, including the Andes Mountains, Guiana Highlands, Orinoco River basin, and Llanos plains. It summarizes the colonial history and independence movements in countries like Colombia, Venezuela, and the Guianas. It also outlines the current economies, cultures, conflicts and challenges facing countries in the region.
South america
South America is the 4th largest continent, located mostly in the tropics, with coastlines along the Atlantic, Pacific, and Caribbean Seas. It contains three main physical regions - the Andes Mountains, plains, and the lowlands and plateaus of Brazil. The continent was dominated by indigenous civilizations like the Inca prior to European colonization starting in the 15th century. Today, most countries in South America have left-leaning governments, Spanish and Portuguese are the dominant languages, and the economies rely heavily on natural resource extraction and agriculture.
South america
South America has a diverse landscape, climate, and population. It has a land area of 6.9 million square miles and is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean and Pacific Ocean. The continent contains countries that were formerly colonies of European powers like Portugal, Spain, Britain, France, and the Netherlands. The Andes Mountains run along the western coastline and the Amazon River basin covers a large area. South America has a population of over 373 million people that is becoming increasingly urbanized. The continent produces many agricultural commodities and has significant mineral resources that have supported industrialization. The languages of South America reflect its colonial past but some indigenous languages are still spoken as well.
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The document provides an overview of South America, including its geography, countries, history, culture, and economics. It discusses how historical figures and events have shaped the region. Key physical features are described, such as the Andes Mountains and Amazon River. For each country, the document outlines its location, capital, landscape, climate, population, language, religion, government, and economy. It also provides context on how the exchange between the Eastern and Western hemispheres beginning in the 15th century impacted South America.
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The document provides information on the physical geography, history, culture, and economies of various countries and regions in Caribbean and Atlantic South America. The main physical features of the region include the Orinoco River, Guiana Highlands, Andes Mountains, and Llanos grasslands. The region was originally inhabited by indigenous groups like the Chibcha before colonization by European powers beginning in the 1500s. Today the countries have diverse cultures and economies, with Colombia known for coffee exports and Venezuela known for oil exports.
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Greece's mountainous terrain and location along the sea shaped early Greek civilization. Farmers in mountainous areas grew crops and raised livestock, while coastal communities became fishermen, sailors, and traders who exchanged goods. The Minoans, based on the island of Crete, built large palaces and cities between 3000-1550 BC and became skilled seafaring traders, exchanging goods around the Mediterranean. They developed a writing system. The Mycenaeans then invaded Crete around 1450 BC and controlled the region until 1100 BC, adopting Minoan customs. Ancient stories like the Iliad and Odyssey told of the Mycenaeans and their involvement in the Trojan War.
Central africa
Central Africa has diverse physical geography including borders with the Atlantic Ocean and Western Rift Valley, mountains, and major rivers like the Congo River and Zambezi River. The region has a variety of climates from tropical rainforests to savannas. Central Africa struggles with political instability, poverty, and ethnic conflicts since independence despite having natural resources like minerals, oil, and forests. Major issues include unstable governments, regional conflicts, health challenges like malaria and HIV/AIDS, and sustainable development of resources while protecting the environment.
Section 5
The document summarizes key battles and events of the American Civil War from 1862 to 1865. It describes several major Union defeats in 1862 followed by a Union victory at Gettysburg in 1863 that marked a turning point. It also discusses Grant's capture of Vicksburg on July 4, 1863, Sherman's March to the Sea in 1864, and Lee's surrender to Grant at Appomattox Court House in April 1865, which ended the war. The war resulted in over 600,000 casualties and reunited the nation while abolishing slavery.
Chapter 19 section 1
This document summarizes political reforms and the Progressive Era in the United States from the 1870s to early 1900s. It describes the corruption of the Gilded Age and efforts at political reform like the Pendleton Act which created the civil service system. It also discusses trustbusting and regulations like the Interstate Commerce Act. The rise of the Progressive movement is outlined as well as their backing of reforms like the initiative, referendum, recall and constitutional amendments for income tax and direct election of senators. Muckraking journalists also played an important role in exposing issues and corruption.
Chapter 21
World War I began in 1914 after the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand by Serbian nationalists increased tensions between allies over imperialism, nationalism, and militarism. Over 20 countries were eventually involved in the war, dividing into the Allied powers of France, Britain, Russia, and later the United States, versus the Central powers of Germany, Austria-Hungary and the Ottoman Empire. After initial quick offensives failed, fighting settled into brutal trench warfare with new technologies increasing casualties. The United States entered the war in 1917 after German submarine attacks and the Zimmermann Telegram outraged American public opinion.
Chapter 21 Section 1
World War I began in 1914 after the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand by Serbian nationalists increased tensions between allies over imperialism, nationalism, and militarism. Over 20 countries were eventually involved in the war, with the Allies including Britain, France, and Russia fighting against the Central Powers of Germany and Austria-Hungary. After initial quick fighting, the war settled into brutal trench warfare with new technologies increasing casualties. The U.S. initially remained neutral but was drawn into the war in 1917 by German attacks on merchant ships and the Zimmermann Telegram proposing a German-Mexican alliance against America.
Chapter 24 blog notes
Southern Africa has diverse geography, ranging from coastal plains to inland plateaus and deserts. It has a long history with early Khoisan hunter-gatherers and later Bantu migrations. European colonization in the 15th-16th centuries introduced slavery and apartheid policies divided along racial lines. While apartheid ended in the late 20th century, its impacts on inequality persist. The region now faces issues of poverty, disease, and environmental challenges while also pursuing economic development. Countries vary significantly in their resources, economies, cultures and stability.
Blog notes
The document provides an overview of the geography, early civilizations, and empires that arose in Mesopotamia and the Fertile Crescent region between 6000 BC and 500 BC. It describes how the Tigris and Euphrates rivers created fertile land for agriculture. Sumerian city-states like Ur and Babylon emerged around 3500 BC, with priests taking on political and religious leadership roles. Kingship and empires followed, including the Akkadian, Babylonian, Assyrian, and Persian empires, which controlled neighboring lands and instituted governance systems to administer their multi-ethnic territories.
Chapter 11 blog notes
The document provides an overview of the physical geography, history, culture, and current state of Pacific South American countries. It describes the Andes Mountains that run through the region and influence climate and vegetation zones. It discusses early indigenous cultures that developed advanced civilizations and infrastructure. The Spanish conquered the powerful Inca Empire in the 1500s and ruled the region harshly until the early 1800s, when Chile, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia gained independence. Today the countries have diverse economies and governments that integrate Spanish and indigenous influences and continue developing.
Chapter 6 blog notes
Ancient China was geographically isolated by mountains and deserts, which limited outside influences. Civilization developed along two major river systems, the Chang Jiang and Huang He rivers, where the fertile soil supported farming. Three major philosophies emerged during a period of conflict and disorder: Legalism advocated for a powerful government and strict laws to maintain order, Confucianism focused on social hierarchies, filial piety, and setting a good example, and Daoism believed in living harmoniously according to natural rhythms and avoiding involvement in government.
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Similar to Chapter 9 blog notes
Chapter 8
Central America and the Caribbean are physically diverse regions connected by similar histories of European colonization. Central America consists of 7 countries situated on an isthmus between North and South America, featuring volcanic mountains and rainforests. The Caribbean is comprised of hundreds of islands, divided into the Greater Antilles, Lesser Antilles, and Bahamas. These areas have warm climates suitable for agriculture, though limited resources have constrained development. Culturally, the regions show influences from indigenous, European, and African peoples and languages. Economies today rely on tourism, agriculture, and foreign investment and trade.
Blog notes
This document provides an overview of the geography, history, culture, and economies of Central America and the Caribbean islands. It describes Central America as a narrow isthmus connecting North and South America that contains 7 countries, while the Caribbean islands are comprised of hundreds of islands divided into three main groups. The region has a tropical climate and was colonized by Europeans starting in the 1500s. Today the countries have similar histories but diverse economies, with many relying on agriculture, tourism, and foreign investment.
Blog notes
This document provides an overview of the geography, history, culture, and economies of Central America and the Caribbean islands. It describes Central America as a narrow isthmus connecting North and South America that contains 7 countries, while the Caribbean islands are comprised of hundreds of islands divided into three main groups. The region has a tropical climate and was colonized by Europeans starting in the 1500s. Today, the countries have similar histories but diverse economies, with many relying on agriculture, tourism, and foreign investment.
Blog notes
This document provides an overview of the geography, history, culture, and economies of Central America and the Caribbean islands. It describes Central America as a narrow isthmus connecting North and South America that contains 7 countries, while the Caribbean islands are comprised of hundreds of islands divided into three main groups. The region has a tropical climate and was colonized by Europeans starting in the 1500s. Today, the countries have similar histories but diverse economies, with many relying on agriculture, tourism, and foreign investment.
Chapter 22 Sections 1-3
East Africa is a land of high plains and plateaus with long, deep rift valleys running through it. The Great Rift Valley stretches from the Red Sea through Ethiopia and Tanzania. East Africa has many large volcanic mountains like Mount Kilimanjaro and plains home to national parks. The region features lakes like Lake Victoria and the Nile River. Climate varies from desert in the north to tropical in the south. East Africa has a diverse population and was influenced by European colonization in the 19th century. Many countries struggle with issues like poverty, conflict, and reliance on agriculture.
Chapter 11 blog notes
Pacific South America stretches along the Pacific Ocean from the equator to the Arctic Circle. It contains several countries with high Andes Mountains that experience frequent earthquakes and volcanic eruptions. Climate and vegetation vary widely by elevation, from tropical rainforests to cold deserts. Early cultures like the Incas built extensive empires before the arrival of Spanish conquistadors. Today, the region contains diverse countries with varying levels of development, democratic governments, and economies based on natural resources like minerals, oil, and agriculture.
Geography
The document provides an overview of the physical geography, climate, natural resources, history, people, culture, and economies of Brazil, Argentina, Uruguay, and Paraguay. It notes that the region contains two major river systems, the Amazon and Parana Rivers, and features plains, plateaus, and the Andes Mountains. Tropical climates dominate the north while cooler climates are found in the south and highlands. The countries share a history of Portuguese and Spanish colonization and the importation of African slaves. Though economies and cultures vary between the countries, European influences remain strong.
Chapter Four
The document summarizes the development of the American colonies between 1700-1750. It describes the distinct characteristics of three main regions: New England relied on subsistence farming, fishing, and trade; the Middle Colonies had fertile land and grew cash crops while also developing cities; and the Southern Colonies used plantation agriculture and slavery, with the population of enslaved Africans growing significantly. It also discusses the diverse settlers of the backcountry region along the Appalachian Mountains.
Chapter 11 blog notes
The document provides an overview of the physical geography, history, culture, and current state of Pacific South American countries. It describes the Andes Mountains that run through the region and influence climate and vegetation zones. It discusses early indigenous cultures that developed advanced civilizations and infrastructure. The Spanish conquered the powerful Inca Empire in the 1500s and ruled the region harshly until the early 1800s when independence movements led countries to gain sovereignty. While Spanish and indigenous influences remain culturally, the countries face development challenges such as poverty, political instability, and reliance on international trade and natural resource extraction for their economies.
Early colonies u.s. history project
The Southern colonies had an ideal climate for agriculture due to its long growing seasons and fertile soil from tidal minerals. The main cash crops grown were cotton, tobacco, sugar, and rice, with cotton being the most profitable. Plantations concentrated on exporting these and other crops using the many waterways for transportation. Plantations functioned like self-sufficient villages with fields, housing, and other facilities. They relied heavily on enslaved African laborers to work the fields. In contrast, the Northern colonies had poorer soil and shorter growing seasons, so focused more on industries like shipbuilding, fishing, and trading through their harbor locations.
Haiti
Haiti is located on the island of Hispaniola in the Caribbean Sea, sharing the island with the Dominican Republic. It has a tropical climate with rainfall varying by region. The terrain is very mountainous, covering around 75% of the country. Haiti gained independence in 1804, becoming the first black-led republic in the world. It has a population of around 10 million, with Creole and French as the official languages. Agriculture, specifically subsistence farming, dominates the economy though deforestation and erosion pose major challenges.
Early colonies u.s. history project
The early colonies concentrated on different economic activities depending on their location and climate. The southern colonies focused on agriculture and the plantation system, growing cash crops like tobacco, cotton, and rice using slave labor. The climate allowed for long growing seasons. The northern colonies had poorer soil and shorter growing seasons, so they relied more on industries like shipbuilding, fishing, and lumber using water power from rivers and harbors. They also engaged in trans-Atlantic trade, which sometimes included the triangular trade of goods between North America, Africa, and the Caribbean. The early colonies were initially located along the eastern coast, with the Appalachian Mountains forming a barrier to western expansion.
Chapter 21 blog notes
1) West Africa has a variety of climates and landforms including plains, highlands, and plateaus. The Niger River provides an important transportation route and supports agriculture.
2) The region has a long history including great kingdoms like Ghana and Mali, but was devastated by the slave trade. It was later colonized by European powers and most countries gained independence in the 1950s-60s.
3) Today, West African countries face challenges of poverty, population growth, and political instability despite having natural resources. Nigeria has the largest economy while countries like Mali, Burkina Faso, and Chad struggle with poverty, drought, and lack of farmland.
Blog notes
Central Africa has diverse physical geography including the Congo Basin, Western Rift Valley, and several large lakes and rivers. It has a variety of climates and vegetation types ranging from tropical rainforests to savannas. The region has a long history and was colonized in the late 1800s, dividing ethnic groups and impacting development. Today Central African countries struggle with poverty, ethnic conflicts, unstable governments, and health issues like malaria and HIV/AIDS, despite having natural resources. Improving resource management, health, and economic development remains challenging.
South america
1. Brazil differs from other South American countries in its large size and population, as well as its diverse geography and economy. It has developed agricultural, industrial, and service sectors.
2. The northern tropics include the Guianas, Venezuela, and Colombia. They have varied climates and economies based on agriculture, fishing, mining, and oil production.
3. The Andean countries stretch along the western coast and include Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, and Chile. They have high mountainous terrain and economies tied to agriculture, with some oil production as well. Poverty is widespread.
Chapter 13
This document provides an overview of the countries of South America, divided into three sections. The first section describes the Northern Tropic countries of Guyana, Venezuela, and Colombia, including details on their populations, economies, and agricultural systems. The second section covers the Andean countries of Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, and Chile, focusing on how their physical environments have shaped settlement and industries. The third section profiles the Southern Grassland countries of Paraguay, Uruguay, and Argentina, noting their climate, cities, histories of military rule, and transitions to democracy.
Ch 10
This document provides an overview of Latin America's geography. It discusses the region's area and population distribution. It also describes the diverse physical geography, including different climate zones, elevation levels and land use patterns. Various countries and subregions are highlighted, including their economies, cultures and histories. Natural resources, agriculture, trade relationships and geopolitical issues are also summarized.
The Origin of Agriculture
The document provides an overview of the historical development of world agriculture from the Neolithic period through modern scientific agriculture. It discusses key periods and locations where agriculture originated, including the Fertile Crescent, Africa, Asia, and the Americas. Major domesticated plants from these early periods included wheat, rice, corn, and potatoes. The document also outlines the social and economic impacts of the transition to agriculture, including increased population, urbanization, trade, and social stratification.
The Colonies Develop
The document summarizes the development of the three colonial regions in America - New England, the Middle Colonies, and the Southern Colonies. It describes how each region's economy, society, and system of labor developed based on its natural resources and environment. In New England, small family farms, fishing, lumber, and trade were important. The Middle Colonies had fertile soil and grew grain as a cash crop. The Southern Colonies relied on large plantations that grew cash crops like tobacco and rice, and eventually came to depend heavily on slave labor as the plantation economy expanded.
West Africa
The document summarizes key information about West Africa, including its four climatic regions from north to south (Sahara desert, Sahel grasslands, savanna, and coastal forest), major rivers like the Niger, key natural resources (gold, iron, diamonds, oil), the history of slavery and European colonization, challenges of new nations (borders, education, conflicts), and details on countries in the Sahel (Mauritania, Mali, Niger, Chad, Burkina Faso) and coast (Nigeria, Senegal, Gambia, Liberia, Sierra Leone).
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More from summersmn
Chapter 5
The document provides an overview of the geography, early civilizations, and development of religions in ancient India. It describes the physical features of India, including the Himalayan and Hindu Kush mountains and major rivers. It discusses the Indus Valley civilization and the later Vedic civilization brought by Aryan migrations. The document also outlines the emergence of Hinduism and Buddhism, the rise and spread of these religions under empires like the Maurya and Gupta, and their continuing legacy today.
Chapter 23
The document provides details about life in the United States during the Great Depression from 1929 to 1933. It describes how the stock market crash led to widespread unemployment that reached 25% as many industries declined. President Hoover initially responded through voluntary programs but the economic situation continued to deteriorate. When Franklin Roosevelt became president in 1933, he worked with Congress to pass New Deal programs that focused on relief, recovery, and reform. The New Deal provided jobs through programs like the CCC and WPA and sought to reform the financial system through agencies and acts. However, the Depression had severe impacts and the New Deal faced obstacles from the Supreme Court and other critics.
Blog notes
This document provides an overview of ancient Greek geography, society, and government. It can be summarized as follows:
1) The geography of Greece, including its mountainous landscape and lack of natural resources, made unity and trade difficult but also fostered the development of seafaring and city-states.
2) Greek society was organized around the city-state and centered on religion, mythology, and honoring the gods through festivals and the Olympics. Early literature like the Iliad, Odyssey, and Aesop's Fables were also important cultural influences.
3) Athens developed one of the earliest forms of democracy through reforms that increased citizen participation and distributed power, moving from monarchy to limited democracy
Chapter 7
The document summarizes key aspects of ancient Greek geography, society, and government. It describes how Greece's mountainous landscape divided the region into small areas and made unity difficult. It discusses the rise of independent city-states and different forms of government, including monarchies, aristocracies, oligarchies, and tyrannies. It focuses on reforms in Athens that established a limited direct democracy, where male citizens voted directly on laws.
Chapter 21 blog notes
World War I began in 1914 after the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand and escalated due to rising nationalism, imperialism, and a system of alliances that drew more countries into the war. The U.S. initially remained neutral but entered the war in 1917 on the side of the Allies after German submarine attacks and the Zimmermann Telegram. With the addition of American troops and resources, the Allies were able to turn the tide of war and force Germany to sign an armistice in 1918. The resulting Treaty of Versailles imposed harsh terms on Germany in an attempt to prevent future aggression but ultimately helped pave the way for WWII.
The beginnings of rome
The document provides an overview of the origins and early history of ancient Rome. It discusses:
1) The founding of Rome in 753 BC by the twins Romulus and Remus according to legend, with Romulus killing Remus and tracing the city boundaries around Palatine Hill.
2) How the Etruscans conquered Rome in the 600s BC but the Romans overthrew the Etruscan kings to regain self-rule, marking the beginnings of the Roman Republic.
3) How Rome was established on seven hills along the Tiber River for its strategic location and fertile farmland, and grew from a city to a large empire over centuries of expansion.
American history chapter 20
The United States expanded its overseas interests between 1853-1915. In 1853, Commodore Perry opened trade with Japan through force. The U.S. later purchased Alaska from Russia in 1867. By the late 1800s, expansionists argued the U.S. needed new frontiers overseas for economic growth and to spread American values. This contributed to the U.S. annexation of Hawaii in 1898 and acquisition of territories like Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines after defeating Spain in the Spanish-American War. The U.S. then built the Panama Canal between 1904-1914 to further economic and military interests in Latin America and Asia.
The beginnings of rome
The document summarizes the origins and early history of ancient Rome. It describes how Rome was founded by Romulus around 753 BC and established on Palatine Hill. Over subsequent centuries, Rome grew from a city to a large empire through expansion across the Italian peninsula and defeating Carthage in the Punic Wars. The early Roman Republic established a tripartite government consisting of legislative, judicial, and executive branches to govern the growing city-state.
Chapter 19 blog notes
The document summarizes the key events and reforms of the Progressive Era in the United States from the late 19th to early 20th centuries. It describes the rise of political corruption and the influence of big business that spurred calls for reform. Key reforms included civil service laws, antitrust acts, women's suffrage, conservation efforts, consumer protections, and the 18th Amendment establishing Prohibition. Progressive presidents like Theodore Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson supported many of these reforms through new laws and constitutional amendments. Women played an increasing role in reform movements and campaigns for women's rights during this period.
Chapter 6 blog notes
Ancient China was shaped by its geography. The Yellow and Yangtze Rivers supported agriculture and civilization, while surrounding deserts and mountains isolated China. Three influential philosophies emerged during a period of conflict: Legalism emphasized strong government and law; Confucianism focused on social harmony through respect and proper conduct; Daoism viewed nature and individual harmony as most important. The Qin and Han dynasties unified China under centralized rule, expanding the empire while adopting elements of Chinese culture. The Silk Road opened trade routes that spread goods, ideas, and religions like Buddhism across Asia and into Europe. Chinese innovations in agriculture, paper, and silk had lasting global impacts.
Blog notes
The document discusses the expansion of industrialization in the United States during the late 1800s. Key developments included the discovery of natural resources which fueled industry, the use of tariffs to protect American industry, and technological innovations like steel production. Industries like oil, railroads, electricity, communications, and automobiles grew rapidly. Large corporations and monopolies formed, led by entrepreneurs and financed by bankers, though working conditions were often poor. Unions struggled to gain influence among the growing urban workforce.
Blog notes
The document provides an overview of ancient Egypt and the Kush civilization. It describes the geography of Egypt along the Nile River which provided fertile land for agriculture. Egyptian society was organized around pharaoh rule and religion, with jobs including farmers, craftspeople, traders, and priests. Major accomplishments were early forms of writing, math, and science. The Old Kingdom saw the rise of pyramid building under pharaohs like Kufu. The New Kingdom was a period of Egyptian power under rulers like Hatshepsut, Akhenaten, and Ramses II. To the south, the kingdom of Kush also rose in power at times controlling Egypt.
Blog notes chapter 1
Early humans lived as hunter-gatherers but began settling into permanent villages around 10,000 years ago as agriculture developed. Farming allowed for food surpluses which supported larger populations and more complex societies with specialized workers. One such early complex village was Catal Huyuk in Turkey, which had over 8,000 residents and evidence of agriculture, animal domestication, trade, and occupational specialization. The development of permanent settlements and agriculture marked a major transition from nomadic hunter-gatherer lifestyles.
Chapter 17 for blog
Mining and railroads transformed the American West in the late 19th century. Gold and silver strikes attracted miners who established boomtowns near mining sites. The completion of the transcontinental railroad in 1869 connected the West to markets and facilitated further settlement. Farming on the plains was difficult due to scarce water and unpredictable weather, and many homesteaders could not last the required 5 years to own their land. Native Americans struggled as settlers and loss of buffalo encroached on their traditional lands and way of life.
Chapter 17 for blog
Mining and railroads transformed the American West in the late 1800s. Gold and silver strikes attracted miners who established boomtowns near mining sites. The completion of the transcontinental railroad in 1869 connected the West to markets and further accelerated settlement. Native Americans struggled as settlers encroached on their lands, breaking treaties. Battles like the Little Bighorn and Wounded Knee marked the decline of Native cultures. At the same time, cattle ranching became a major industry on the open range of the West.
Blog notes
The document summarizes Reconstruction and the New South after the Civil War. It describes the huge problems in the South after the war ended, including widespread ruin and refugees needing food, shelter, and work. It outlines Lincoln and Johnson's plans for Reconstruction and Congress' push for stricter plans. It discusses the Freedmen's Bureau, black codes, and the 13th, 14th and 15th Amendments. It also summarizes the rise and fall of Radical Reconstruction, the emergence of Jim Crow laws and segregation, and the transition to a "New South" economy.
Section 3
The Reconstruction era came to an end due to declining support for Radical Republican policies and several scandals under President Grant that hurt his reputation. Both Northerners and Southerners wanted the withdrawal of federal troops and amnesty for Confederates. Republicans began losing control of Southern states in 1869 and African American rights were reduced. The disputed 1876 presidential election was decided by a special commission that awarded the election to Republican Hayes, on the condition that he would remove federal troops from the South to end Reconstruction. After the troops withdrew, Southern states implemented Jim Crow laws and practices like poll taxes and literacy tests that suppressed African American voting and instituted segregation. The Supreme Court upheld segregation in Plessy v. Ferguson, establishing the "
Section 2
The document summarizes the political conflict over Reconstruction between President Andrew Johnson and Congress. Johnson proposed a lenient Reconstruction plan that did not protect the rights of freed slaves, while Congress passed laws like the Civil Rights Act of 1866 and the 14th Amendment to guarantee citizenship and equal protection for African Americans. Radical Republicans gained control of Congress and imposed stricter Reconstruction plans, dividing the South under military rule until new governments were formed that protected black rights. However, the Ku Klux Klan used violence and terror to resist Reconstruction, leading to ongoing political battles over civil rights.
Chapter 16 section 1
The document summarizes Reconstruction efforts after the Civil War. It discusses Lincoln's lenient reconstruction plan, opposition from Radical Republicans who wanted a stricter plan, the establishment of the Freedmen's Bureau to provide relief to freed slaves and refugees, and its roles in education, job placement, and dispute resolution. It also notes the assassination of Lincoln in 1865 and Andrew Johnson becoming the new President.
Chapter 15 sections 1 5
The document summarizes key events at the start of the Civil War, including President Lincoln calling for troops after the attack on Fort Sumter, additional states seceding from the Union, and the divided loyalties in border states like Kentucky and Maryland. It also outlines early military strategies between the North and South, including the South's defensive strategy and the North's goal of gaining control of the Mississippi River. The First Battle of Bull Run resulted in the first major defeat for the Union and showed both sides the challenges of the war.
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Chapter 9 blog notes
- 1. CHAPTER 9 Caribbean South America
- 3. Physical Features World’s highest waterfall, S.A. largest lake, & world’s largest rodent Rugged mts., highlands, & plains drained by huge river system Mountains & highlands Andes: 18,000 feet Forms a three-pronged cordillera (mt. system made up of parallel ranges) Active volcanoes & earthquakes Guiana Highlands Eroding for millions of years Steep sided plateaus capped by sandstone (called tepuis)
- 4. Plains, Rivers, & Wildlife Llanos Region of plains between the highlands & the Andes Mostly grassland w/ few trees Plains flood easily Orinoco River River flows for about 1,600 miles River & tributaries drain the plains & highlands Cauca & Magdalena Rivers drain the Andean region Wildlife Orinoco River Basin Capybara, piranhas, catfish, & crocodiles 100s of bird species, jaguars, ocelots, & monkeys
- 5. Climate & Vegetation Near equator = mostly warm temps year-round Temps do vary w/ elevation Llanos region has tropical savanna climate Wet & dry seasons Rain forests Humid tropical climate Rain throughout the year
- 6. Resources Rich agriculture Good soil & moderate climates Crops: rice, coffee, bananas, & sugarcane Valuable Resources Oil, iron ore, coal, & timber Coastal areas Fish & shrimp Rivers in area used to produce hydroelectric power
- 8. Columbia’s History The Chibcha Well developed civilizations Practiced pottery making, weaving, & metalworking Customs New rulers covered with gold dust & then taken to a lake to wash it off Gold & emerald objects were thrown into the lake when ruler was being washed off These customs inspired the legend of El Dorado
- 9. Spanish Conquest Spanish Conquest Spanish arrived in the 1500s Expanding the Spanish empire Conquered Chibcha & seized their treasure Founded other colonies along Caribbean coast By the 1600s they had set up large estates in Columbia Powerfullandlords forced South American Indians & enslaved Africans to work the land
- 10. Independence 1700 struggle for independence began Republic of Gran Colombia was created Included Colombia, Ecuador, Panama, & Venezuela 1830 Republic dissolved & New Granada (now Colombia) was created After independence people argued over amount of power central gov’t & Roman Catholic Church should have Rugged geography & little contact between people in Colombia lead to development of separate economies & identities Uniting groups was difficult Outbreaks of violence between the 1800s & 1900s killed thousands
- 11. Colombia Today Caribbean South America’s most populous country Most live in fertile valleys & basins among mt. ranges Moderate climate good for farming here Rivers help connect settlements between mts. & coast Cattle ranches are common in the Llanos Few people live in the tropical rain forests in the south
- 12. Cultural Life Geography has isolated regions from one another People know by the area they live African traditions influence songs & dances Soccer is enjoyed by many Colombians Tejo is also played Chibcha sport similar to a ring toss Roman Catholicism is main religion Conflict Big problem today Border conflicts w/ Venezuela has gone on for many years Different groups have waged war with each other & Colombian gov’t Groups control large areas of the country & force farmers off their land, damaging the economy
- 13. Economy Resources Coffee, bananas, corn, rice, cassava, sugarcane, & flowers Oil is leading export (found in eastern Colombia) Iron Ore, gold, emeralds, coal, & tin Many Colombians have low incomes even with rich resources Urban poverty & rapid population growth are challenges for Colombia
- 14. Civil War Major problem today Many different groups fighting each other & the gov’t Over past 40 years Guerrillas Militant group that uses irregular military force Have forced farmers off their land & caused thousands to flee the country Groups also grow illegal plants used to make cocaine Civil War have created uncertain future for Colombia New laws have made it harder for guerrillas & other militant groups to operate freely
- 15. SECTION 3 Venezuela & The Guianas
- 16. History & Culture of Venezuela Many small tribes of South American Indians prior to arrival of Spanish Became independent in 1800s, but Spanish rule shaped the history & culture of country Spanish Settlement & Colonial Rule Spanish explorers came looking for gold & pearls Forced South American Indians to dive for pearls & pan for gold Little gold, however Agriculture Indigo was grown; South American Indians forced to work the fields Many died & enslaved Africans were brought in Many escaped to remote areas & began governing
- 17. Independence & Self-Rule Simon Bolivar Led revolt against Spanish armies throughout the region Struggle for independence ended in 1830 1830s Caudillos (Dictators) & civil wars plagued Venezuela Oil was discovered during this time Money from oil was kept by the dictators or caudillos 1958 last dictator was forced from power
- 18. People & Culture Descended from native Indians, Europeans & Africans Majority are mixed Indian & European European descent live in large cities African descent live along the coast Most people are Spanish speaking Roman Catholics Indiansspeak 25 different languages & follow their own religious practices Culture Dancing, rodeo events, baseball, & soccer
- 19. Venezuela Today Most make a living farming and ranching Most wealthy Venezuelans & the gov’t have made money in oil industry Agriculture & Ranching Northern Venezuela Small family farms & large commercial farms Llaneros: cowboys; herd cattle
- 20. Economy Based on oil production Most people live in poverty Poor moved to cities to find work Settled in outskirts & lived in shacks w/ no running water, sewers, or electricity Wealth of country has attracted many immigrants Economy & people suffer when oil prices drop (like in the 1980s) Member of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) Lake Maracaibo in a source of rich oil Are trying to reduce dependence on oil income Guiana Highlands Rich minerals like iron ore & gold
- 21. Government 1st president elected in 1959 Economic turmoil & political protests are common 2002 PresidentHugo Chavez started distributing oil income equally among Venezuelans Millions went on strike to protest actions some for 2 months This strike damaged the economy & oil exports fell dramatically 2004 Venezuelans called for a referendum (recall vote)
- 22. The Guianas Guyana, Suriname, & French Guiana Dense tropical rain forests cover much of region
- 23. Guyana “Land of Waters” Agricultural land located on the flat, fertile plains along the coast Rice & sugar most important crops Population is diverse ½ are descended from those who migrated to Guyana from India Came to work sugar plantations Today Most farm small plots of land or run small businesses
- 24. Suriname Resources & economy similar to Guyana Diverse population SouthAsians, Africans, Chinese, Indonesians, & Creoles (mixed heritage)
- 25. French Guiana Territory of France Send reps. to gov’t in Paris People live mostly along coastal areas 2/3 of people are of African descent Europeans, Asians, & South American Indians as well Depend on imports for its food & energy