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Lecture 5 tourism in latin america
- 1. Latin America (North & South America) TDM 458 Ara Pachmayer
- 3. Amazon River Basin Cruise
- 6. Introduction Region has 21 countries Colonized by Spain & Portugal (Iberian Countries) Large, diverse populations 490 million people 75% of the people live in cities Several megacities (10 million people+) Indigenous, African, European and Asian presence and small numbers of other groups as well
- 7. Geopolitical Framework Past and Present Late 1400 - 1500’s Iberian Conquest and Territorial Division 1494 Treaty of Tordesillas divided newly discovered lands outside Europe between Spain and Portugal
- 9. Geopolitical Framework Past and Present Indigenous Populations Multiple complex civilizations before Europeans (Incas, Mayans, Aztecs, others) Population estimates 1500: 20 - 47 million; by 1650: 5 million Causes: disease, warfare, forced labor, famine Indigenous Survival Today Largest populations of Indigenous people today: Mexico, Guatemala, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia Indians trying to secure recognized territory in their countries where they have political and resource control
- 10. Geopolitical Framework Past and Present Revolution and Independence Elites born in the Americas led revolutions, resulting in the creation of new countries Trend Toward Democracy Long independence, but political stability is a problem Democratic elections since the 1980’s Most countries are free-market economies
- 11. Economic and Social Development Latin America in the Global Economy Dependency theory Expansion of European capitalism created Latin American condition of underdevelopment Creates prosperous cores and dependent, poor peripheries Increased economic integration within Latin America and dominance of U.S. market Neoliberalism Policies (market approach) Stress privatization, export production, and few restrictions on imports Negative is that it can/has increased gap between wealthy and poor
- 12. Latin America in the Global Economy Dollarization Process in which a country adopts (in whole or in part) the U.S. dollar as its official currency Full dollarization – U.S. dollar becomes only currency Until 2000, Panama was the only fully dollarized Latin American country Ecuador and El Salvador also became fully dollarized in the last decade Limited dollarization more common strategy U.S. dollars circulate with country’s national currency - Mexico Tends to reduce inflation, eliminate fears of currency devaluation, and reduce costs of trade Economic and Social Development
- 13. Tourism in Latin America Relatively recent entry into tourism (except Mexico); Lots of growth growth between 1995 (14.3 Million) and 2011 (30 million) Key Source Markets: regional, North America and Europe (Dependence Theory – region is still dependent on colonizers for tourist arrivals) Originally, mostly backpacker/adventure, low budget tourism (1960s-1980’s) following the Mayan Trail from Mexico to Honduras; or Inca Trail through Peru
- 14. Regional Organizations Organizations to foster internal markets and reduce trade barriers Latin American Free Trade Association (LAFTA) Central American Common Market (CACM) Andean Group NAFTA Mercosur http://en.mercopress.com/2011/04/27/mercosur- supports-tourism-industry-with-improved-data-and- investment-promotion
- 15. Types of Tourism Eco- Natural Resource Tourism Rainforests, wildlife viewing, eco-lodges, mountain tourism, Plantation tourism, wineries, ranches, diving Cultural Tourism Indian cultures, village stays, Amazon cruises Historical Tourism Mayan and Aztec ruins (Central America), Inca in South America Spanish Colonial Sights – major colonial cities Language schools – Central America and Ecuador Beach and Resort tourism, surfing tourism Adventure Tourism: Trekking, skiing, rafting, ice climbing, etc. Cruise Tourism
- 16. South America Tourism Growth Relatively recent entry into tourism; 45% growth between 1995 and 2006 Average of 4.4% per year 2000-2010 South America arrivals grew by 9% in 2011 Brazil fast growing source market for tourism All hit pretty hard by Economic Crisis of 2008 … Recovering, some better than others Uruguay 22% growth Peru 13% growth
- 17. Central American Tourism Growth Most significant growth in recent times Central America recorded 16.7% growth (1995-2006)…slowed recently (2000-10 an average of 6.6% a year) Central America arrivals grew by 5% in 2011 Panama 11% All other countries in the region reported positive growth
- 21. Mexico One of the world’s major holiday destinations, especially for Americans and Canadians Problems of crime, drugs, violence, pollution and anti-American sentiment US State Department Travel Warning Leading resorts are Cancun, Puerto Vallarta and Acapulco
- 24. Brazil Large size, 2,500 miles from north to south Largest country in South America Vast Amazon Tropical Rain forest Expanding international tourism from charter flights (Role of National airline) Beach holidays are expanding at Salvador de Bahia, Recife and Natal Rio de Janeiro’s attractions include Corcodova Mountain, Ipanema and Copacabana beaches
- 26. Peru Expanding adventure / eco-tourism Dramatic mountain jungles, and Inca communities, such as Machu Picchu Country experienced largest increase in tourist arrivals between 2000 and 2008 of 18% Large growth in recent years as result of publicity of Machu Pichu 7NW Surf Volunteertourism - http://www.wavesfordevelopment.org/surf- voluntourism/
- 29. High mountains and alpine scenery Well preserved colonial cities Chilean wines (wine country is big!) Key gateway to South America through Santiago (major center of commerce) Easter Island Chile
- 31. Problems, Issues and Barriers to Tourism Development
- 32. Economic Issues Link to the dollar, dependence on US market for many destinations So if the US economy falters, the region becomes vulnerable Huge economic leakages (Dependency Theory) Multi-nationals – companies owned by non-locals so money goes out Lesser developed economies It is difficult for most countries in Latin America to amass the capital needed to improve their tourism infrastructure, so they need foreign investment
- 33. Safety and Security Issues Insurgencies and Drug Traffickers Guerrilla groups have controlled large portions Colombia through violence and intimidation FARC (Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia); Colombia had highest murder rate in the world Drug cartels: powerful and wealthy organized crime syndicates Currently having a negative affect on tourism in Mexico Violent, street crime in some major cities Anti-American sentiments at some destinations, especially Latin America Political influence of the US is seen as meddling by some which has resulted in strong anti-American sentiments in some countries
- 34. Relatively large land area and low population density has minimized environmental degradation Latin America has the opportunity to avoid mistakes that other regions have made as they are relatively new to the mass tourism market. They can learn from others! Brazil and Costa Rica have conservation movements However . . . Coral Reef Destruction in Central America Waste dumping by cruise lines Environmental Issues
- 35. Environmental Issues Destruction of Tropical Rainforests - #1 problem Deforestation is the most common environmental problem in Latin America Affected regions: Atlantic coastal forests of Brazil and Pacific forests of Central America Causes: agriculture, settlement, and ranching Grassification: conversion of tropical forest to pasture for grazing and agricultural production Concerns: loss of biological diversity Tropical rainforests: 6% of Earth’s landmass but 50% of species The rainforest is also a tremendous tourism resources for the region
- 36. Other Issues Looting of Mayan and Inca treasures Conflicts between governments and Indigenous Populations Garifuna Honduras http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tzAik- 3tmLI&feature=channel_page