This chapter discusses the history and foundations of journalism, including how news is created by gathering, producing, and distributing information. It also examines different types of journalism like alternative, public, and citizen journalism. The chapter notes how journalism has changed in the digital world with non-traditional sources, online user habits, personalization and contextualization. It concludes by discussing the business of journalism and current career prospects in the field.

1. 5th edition
John V Pavlik & Shawn McIntosh
Chapter 8:
Journalism: From Information to Participation

2. WHAT IS NEWS?
 “Man bites dog”
 News often predictable
 Focus on the negative
 Pseudo-events
 Soft news day
 Agenda-setting

3. THE HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF JOURNALISM
 News values and the
Associated Press
 Pulitzer & Hearst: The
circulation wars,
sensationalism and
standards
 The rise of electronic
journalism

4. FOUNDATIONS OF JOURNALISM
 The Hutchins Commission
and A Free and
Responsible Press
 Separation of editorial and
business operations
 Fairness and balance in
news coverage
 Framing the news
 Expert sources

5. FROM EVENT TO PUBLIC EYE: HOW NEWS IS
CREATED
 Gathering the
news
 Producing the
news
 Distributing
the news

6. TYPES OF JOURNALISM
 Alternative journalism
 Public journalism
 Citizen journalism

7. JOURNALISM IN THE DIGITAL WORLD
 Nontraditional
sources
 Online user habits
 Personalization
 Contextualization
 Convergence

8. THE BUSINESS OF JOURNALISM
 Salaries
 Diversity in the newsroom

9. CAREERS IN JOURNALISM
 Employment outlook for journalists
generally not good, largely a reflection
of the economy and related cutbacks
 Exciting times for journalists
 Journalism as part of double-major