The document discusses key processes involved in gene expression and protein synthesis, including DNA replication, transcription, and translation. It provides details on: 1) DNA replication through semiconservative replication where each new DNA double helix contains one original and one new strand synthesized in the 5' to 3' direction. 2) Transcription of DNA into mRNA which is then translated into proteins with the help of tRNA and the ribosome. 3) Translation of mRNA into polypeptide chains using the genetic code where codons in mRNA are recognized by anticodons in tRNA to add amino acids in the correct sequence. Translation terminates when a stop codon is reached.

1. Genes and Gene Expression Macromolecules and Genetic Information

4. o 3 prime 5 prime

24. P adenine P cytosine guanine P P thymine guanine P P 5’ Okazaki Fragments P adenine P cytosine thymine 3’ P thymine P guanine adenine 3’ P thymine P guanine guanine 3’ 5’ P P thymine P guanine guanine 3’ 5’ P

25. Tools for Manipulating DNA, Restriction Enzymes and Hybridization

28. a

34. Elongation of RNA Transcript

39. The Genetic Code The codon AUG specifies the amino acid Methionine which always begins a protein molecule. There is no amino acid associated with the codons UAA, UAG, and UGA. These codons always end a protein molecule. Note: there are 6 codons which specify Leucine and Serine, only a single codon for Methionine and Tryptophan. All the other amino acids have at least 2 codons which specify them. First Letter Middle Letter = U Middle Letter = C Middle Letter = A Middle Letter = G Last Letter U UUU - Phenylalanine UCU - Serine UAU - Tyrosine UGU - Cysteine U U UUC - Phenylalanine UCC - Serine UAC - Tyrosine UGC - Cysteine C U UUA - Leucine UCA - Serine UAA - STOP UGA - STOP A U UUG - Leucine UCG - Serine UAG - STOP UGG - Tryptophan G C CUU - Leucine CCU - Proline CAU - Histidine CGU - Argenine U C CUC - Leucine CCC - Proline CAC - Histidine CGC - Argenine C C CUA - Leucine CCA - Proline CAA - Glutamine CGA - Argenine A C CUG - Leucine CCG - Proline CAG - Glutamine CGG - Argenine G A AUU - Isoleucine ACU - Threonine AAU - Asparagine AGU - Serine U A AUC - Isoleucine ACC - Threonine AAC - Asparagine AGC - Serine C A AUA - Isoleucine ACA - Threonine AAA - Lysine AGA - Argenine A A AUG - Methionine - START ACG - Threonine AAG - Lysine AGG - Argenine G G GUU - Valine GCU - Alanine GAU - Aspartate GGU - Glycine U G GUC - Valine GCC - Alanine GAC - Aspartate GGC - Glycine C G GUA - Valine GCA - Alanine GAA - Glutamine GGA - Glycine A G GUG - Valine GCG - Alanine GAG - Glutamine GGG - Glycine G

45. tRNA