This document discusses various methods that law enforcement uses to identify and arrest suspects. It covers topics such as eyewitness identifications, developing suspect profiles, conducting surveillance both covertly and openly, using undercover operations and sting operations, conducting raids with consideration for alternatives and legality, making legal arrests, use of reasonable force, and employing tactics like the PIT maneuver during pursuits. The overall focus is on outlining investigative techniques and considerations for identifying and apprehending criminal suspects.

1. Chapter 7

2. Identifying/arresting suspects
 Disregard Page 208:
-decide to investigate case base don solvability factors:
-witnesses
-suspects known
 All crimes are to be investigated!!!!
-cold cases

3. Identifying/arresting suspects
 Scene:
Show up ID:
-time is essential
-witness/victim to suspect
-spotlight in in face
US v. Ash, Jr (1973):
-no right to counsel at field ID
Miranda required before questioning

4. Identifying/arresting suepcts
 Developing a suspect:
-wits/vics/others
-physical evidence
-psychological profiling
-police files
-other files
-informants

5. Identifying/arresting suepcts
 Vics and Wits:
-page 211 Table 7.1
-eyewitness ID is fallible
 Mug shots:
-time consuming
-if in data base
-Integrated Law Enforcement Face Identification System (ILEFS)
-3-d system
-matches images from surveillance/photos

6. Identifying/arresting suspects
 Composite sketches:
-trained artist
-adequate info from witness
-generate leads

7. Identifying/arresting suspects
 MO
-series of crimes
-check your crime against others under investigation/solved
 Profiling:
f. psychological/criminal
-suspect mental, emotional, psychological, physical traits
h. victim
-based on victim
j. Geographical
-areas of crimes

8. Identifying/arresting suspects
 Racial profiling:
-not legitimate in policing
 Databases:
-AFIS
-NIBIN
-CODIS
-PDQ

9. Identifying/arresting suspects
 Photo array:
-how many photos?
-wits look at each
-initial/date on front
-sign/date back
-conditions when suspect seen

10. Identifying/arresting suspects
 Line ups:
-minimum of five
-similar looking/dressed
-perform acts
-speak same words
-suspects attorney present
Wits:
-take time
-look at all
-not need to make ID
-be sure
-where saw suspect

11. Identifying/arresting suspects
Schmerber v. CA (1966):
-suspects refuse to line up
-can be used in court against them
US v. Wade (1967):
-advise suspect of right to counsel
-prior to lineup

12. Identifying/arresting suspects
 Surveillance:
-covert/discrete
-observation
-people/places
What can be gained from surveillance?

13. Identifying/arresting suspects
 Surveillant:
-cover
-blend in
-what ways you think?
 Subject:
-whom/what being observed
-suspects/associates
-locations (types?)

14. Identifying/arresting suspects
 Types of surveillance:
3. Stationary:
-fixed, plant, stakeout
-suspect at/will come to location
-crime will be committed
-vehicles/buildings
-photographs
-scout area prior

15. Identifying/arresting suspects
 Moving: (tail)
-info on suspect
c. open/rough tail:
-subject knows under surveillance
e. Loose tail:
-undetected
-constant observation
h. Close/tight tail:
-know crime to be committed

16. Identifying/arresting suspects
 Surveillance:
-aerial
-video
-audio (wiretaps)
Knapp v US (1967)
Phone booth taps need warrants

17. Identifying/arresting suspects
 Undercover assignments:
-gain confidence
-infiltrate group
-assumed ID
-obtain information/evidence
-criminal activity

18. Identifying/arresting suspects
 Purposes:
-evidence
-leads
-reliability of wits/CI
-gain info before raid

19. Identifying/arresting suspects
 Cover:
c. Ruses:
-deception-ID/purpose
-short term
g. Deep:
-assume role
-complete immersion

20. Identifying/arresting suspects
 Deep:
-credible aliases
-carry weapon
-avoid draw of the street
-remember who you are (Donny Brasco)

21. Identifying/arresting suspects
 Precautions:
-no notes
-no ID
-HQ communications covert
-Don’t suggest/plan/initiate/participate in crimes

22. Identifying/arresting suspects
 Entrapment:
Sorrells v. US:
-conception/planning
-offense by officer
-procurement of commission
-by another
-who would not have perpetrated
-trickery/fraud/persuasion of the officer

23. Identifying/arresting suspects
 Sting operations:
-opportunity to commit created/exploited by police
-targeted likely offender
-UC officer/deception
-”gotcha” climax with arrest

24. Identifying/arresting suspects
 Raids:
-planned, organized
-operation
-element of surprise
6. Seize evidence
7. Make arrest
Considerations:
-alternatives?
-legality

25. Identifying/arresting suspects
 Legal arrests: 4th amendment
-arrest?
-misdemeanor in presence
-felonies w/PC
-warrant
 Outdoors arrest:
-no access residence/vehicle
-maintain control
-suspect request access to residence for items implied consent for
entry/plain view

26. Identifying/arresting suspects
 Civil liability:
b. PC!
c. Use of force
-reasonable force-amount reasonable person would use
-excessive force-more than reasonable force
Graham v. Connor (1989):
-severity of crime
-immediate threat?
-circumstances rapidly evolving
-flight?
-actively resisting arrest
-perspective of reasonable office on scene-not hindsight

27. Identifying/arresting suspects
 Use of force continuums:
-commands
-tasers
-physical
-chemical agents
-impact tools
-deadly force
Tennessee v. Garner (1985):
-immediate threat to PO/others

28. Identifying/arresting suspects
 21 foot rule?
-suspect w/knife
 Gun side away
-practice=habit
 PIT:
Scott v. Harris (2007): deadly force
-weighed intrusion against public interest
-suspect was culpable
-4th amendment pursuits not terminate due to public danger