The document summarizes key Supreme Court cases that have shaped 4th Amendment search and seizure protections over time. It discusses how the Warren Court in the 1960s expanded protections for individual rights, how later courts became more conservative in recognizing police needs, and important cases addressing searches incident to arrest, vehicle searches, plain view doctrine, and warrant exceptions. The 4th Amendment and exclusionary rule are central to controlling police investigatory powers in light of individual privacy and due process rights.
This document provides an overview of policing in the United States, including:
- The main missions of police are enforcing laws, apprehending offenders, preventing crime, preserving the peace, and providing services to the public.
- Policing in the US includes federal agencies like the FBI, state police agencies, and many local police departments. There is a wide range in the sizes of these departments.
- Police administration involves managing personnel, resources, and activities to control and direct police operations through concepts like chains of command, spans of control, and distinguishing between line and staff functions.
The document discusses methods of collecting crime data in the United States, including the Uniform Crime Reporting (UCR) program run by the FBI and the National Crime Victimization Survey. It describes how the UCR program collects monthly crime counts from law enforcement agencies and is transitioning to the enhanced National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS) which records more detailed data on individual criminal incidents. The document also summarizes historical crime trends in the US and provides an overview of the different types of violent and property crimes tracked by the UCR/NIBRS program.
This document provides an overview of the American court system, including both federal and state courts. It discusses the structure and jurisdiction of trial courts, appellate courts, and the U.S. Supreme Court. It also covers important criminal justice processes that occur in courts like bail, grand juries, preliminary hearings, arraignment, pleas and plea bargaining.
This document discusses prisons and jails in the United States criminal justice system. It notes that prisons are state or federal facilities that incarcerate adults sentenced to confinement, while jails are local facilities that hold individuals pending trial or sentencing or for shorter sentences. The document also discusses the large racial disparities in US prison populations, with incarceration rates for African American males being much higher than for Caucasian males. It outlines different security levels in prisons from minimum to maximum security and classification systems used to determine custody levels. The growth of prison and jail populations is also summarized due to "get tough" sentencing policies like three strikes laws.
This document provides an overview of different approaches to sentencing in the criminal justice system, including retribution, incapacitation, deterrence, rehabilitation, and restorative justice. It also discusses types of sentencing such as indeterminate sentencing, structured sentencing, and mandatory minimums. Alternative sentencing options and the role of victims in the sentencing process are also covered briefly.
This document discusses several key issues related to policing, including police culture, personality, corruption, integrity, stress, disease risks, terrorism, intelligence, information sharing, and civil liability suits. It notes that informal socialization plays a bigger role than formal training in shaping police culture and that conservative personalities may be drawn to police work. Corruption can range from accepting small gifts to larger abuses of authority. Maintaining integrity is challenging due to reluctance to report or acknowledge corruption. Stress reduction techniques include exercise, meditation, and humor. Risks include disease exposure and terrorism-related duties that increase police responsibilities. Intelligence collection and sharing across agencies helps address terrorism and crime. Common civil suits center on allegations of misconduct like assault.
This document provides an overview of criminal justice in the United States. It discusses the history of crime and the criminal justice system from the 1850s to present day. Key events include the civil war, prohibition, the civil rights movement, the war on drugs, and increased terrorism investigations after 9/11. The criminal justice system aims to balance individual rights with public safety. It outlines the components of the system including law enforcement, courts, and corrections. The stages of processing a criminal case from investigation to sentencing and reentry are also summarized.
This document discusses the key participants in a criminal courtroom trial known as the courtroom work group. It describes the roles of the judge, prosecuting attorney, defense attorney, bailiff, court reporter, clerk of court, expert witnesses, lay witnesses, jurors, and victims. The judge oversees the trial and weighs objections from both sides. The prosecuting attorney represents the state in arguing for conviction, while the defense attorney argues for acquittal of the defendant. Other participants like the bailiff and court reporter ensure order and create an official record of the trial proceedings.
This document provides an overview of policing in the United States, including:
- The main missions of police are enforcing laws, apprehending offenders, preventing crime, preserving the peace, and providing services to the public.
- Policing in the US includes federal agencies like the FBI, state police agencies, and many local police departments. There is a wide range in the sizes of these departments.
- Police administration involves managing personnel, resources, and activities to control and direct police operations through concepts like chains of command, spans of control, and distinguishing between line and staff functions.
The document discusses methods of collecting crime data in the United States, including the Uniform Crime Reporting (UCR) program run by the FBI and the National Crime Victimization Survey. It describes how the UCR program collects monthly crime counts from law enforcement agencies and is transitioning to the enhanced National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS) which records more detailed data on individual criminal incidents. The document also summarizes historical crime trends in the US and provides an overview of the different types of violent and property crimes tracked by the UCR/NIBRS program.
This document provides an overview of the American court system, including both federal and state courts. It discusses the structure and jurisdiction of trial courts, appellate courts, and the U.S. Supreme Court. It also covers important criminal justice processes that occur in courts like bail, grand juries, preliminary hearings, arraignment, pleas and plea bargaining.
This document discusses prisons and jails in the United States criminal justice system. It notes that prisons are state or federal facilities that incarcerate adults sentenced to confinement, while jails are local facilities that hold individuals pending trial or sentencing or for shorter sentences. The document also discusses the large racial disparities in US prison populations, with incarceration rates for African American males being much higher than for Caucasian males. It outlines different security levels in prisons from minimum to maximum security and classification systems used to determine custody levels. The growth of prison and jail populations is also summarized due to "get tough" sentencing policies like three strikes laws.
This document provides an overview of different approaches to sentencing in the criminal justice system, including retribution, incapacitation, deterrence, rehabilitation, and restorative justice. It also discusses types of sentencing such as indeterminate sentencing, structured sentencing, and mandatory minimums. Alternative sentencing options and the role of victims in the sentencing process are also covered briefly.
This document discusses several key issues related to policing, including police culture, personality, corruption, integrity, stress, disease risks, terrorism, intelligence, information sharing, and civil liability suits. It notes that informal socialization plays a bigger role than formal training in shaping police culture and that conservative personalities may be drawn to police work. Corruption can range from accepting small gifts to larger abuses of authority. Maintaining integrity is challenging due to reluctance to report or acknowledge corruption. Stress reduction techniques include exercise, meditation, and humor. Risks include disease exposure and terrorism-related duties that increase police responsibilities. Intelligence collection and sharing across agencies helps address terrorism and crime. Common civil suits center on allegations of misconduct like assault.
This document provides an overview of criminal justice in the United States. It discusses the history of crime and the criminal justice system from the 1850s to present day. Key events include the civil war, prohibition, the civil rights movement, the war on drugs, and increased terrorism investigations after 9/11. The criminal justice system aims to balance individual rights with public safety. It outlines the components of the system including law enforcement, courts, and corrections. The stages of processing a criminal case from investigation to sentencing and reentry are also summarized.
This document discusses the key participants in a criminal courtroom trial known as the courtroom work group. It describes the roles of the judge, prosecuting attorney, defense attorney, bailiff, court reporter, clerk of court, expert witnesses, lay witnesses, jurors, and victims. The judge oversees the trial and weighs objections from both sides. The prosecuting attorney represents the state in arguing for conviction, while the defense attorney argues for acquittal of the defendant. Other participants like the bailiff and court reporter ensure order and create an official record of the trial proceedings.
This document discusses probation, parole, and community corrections. It provides definitions and explanations of key terms like probation, parole, conditions of probation and parole, as well as the advantages and disadvantages of probation and parole. It also describes the roles and challenges of probation and parole officers, examples of intermediate sanctions, and recent changes and critiques of reentry policies in the US criminal justice system.
The document discusses the nature and types of criminal law. It defines key concepts like statutory law, common law, criminal offenses, and elements of crimes. Criminal law is comprised of substantive and procedural law. Substantive law defines crimes and punishments while procedural law details enforcement methods. For a crime to occur there must be concurrence of a criminal act (actus reus) and criminal intent (mens rea). Defenses to crimes can argue that one or both of these elements are not present. The document provides an overview of the basic components and purposes of criminal law.
This document summarizes the roles and procedures involved in the American criminal trial system. It describes the main professional actors in the courtroom work group, including judges, prosecutors, defense attorneys, bailiffs, clerks, and others. It explains their duties and selection processes. It also outlines the stages of a criminal trial from jury selection to presentation of evidence and the roles of witnesses, victims, defendants, and jurors. Key concepts covered include rules of evidence, direct vs. circumstantial evidence, and the adversarial trial structure.
Prisons can be considered "total institutions" that develop their own social structures and values. In prisons, there is an informal inmate social world that exists alongside the formal rules imposed by staff. Over time, inmates may become "prisonized" and accept the criminal social norms. Prison subcultures form in response to the deprivations of prison life. Sexual assault in prison is often about asserting power rather than sexual desire. Female inmates face additional hardships of being separated from their children and have different pathways into the criminal justice system. Prisons struggle with ensuring humane conditions and protecting inmates' rights while maintaining security.
Schmalleger Chapter 1 What is criminal justice – chapter 1gregory riley
The document provides an introduction to criminal justice, covering its history and key components in the United States. It discusses the criminal justice system as consisting of police, courts, and corrections working toward both crime control and protecting individual rights. The document also outlines important legal concepts like due process, evidence-based practices, and how multiculturalism relates to criminal justice. It describes shifts after 9/11 toward increased security and the ongoing debate around balancing public safety versus individual freedoms.
The document summarizes various topics related to crimes against persons, including types of murder (first degree, second degree, third degree, felony murder), the subculture of violence thesis, victim-offender relationships, weapon use, the role of alcohol and drugs, typologies of serial killers and female serial killers, mass murder, definitions and perspectives on rape (feminist, psychopathological, integrated theory), and evolutionary/biological perspectives. The chapter examines criminological theories for different crimes against persons.
The document discusses the history and evolution of the juvenile justice system. It describes how juveniles were traditionally treated the same as adults under the law. The modern juvenile justice system began in 1899 with the establishment of the first juvenile court in Illinois, which applied a rehabilitation model rather than punishment. The juvenile court system was based on the principles of treating children as redeemable and focusing on their best interests rather than guilt or innocence. The system has since undergone several changes and reforms through legislation.
This document provides an overview of the criminal justice systems of 6 model nations: England, France, Germany, China, Japan, and Saudi Arabia. It discusses their legal traditions, government structures, crime issues, crime rates, crime policies, police forces, corrections systems, constitutions/laws, and judicial systems. Specifically regarding juveniles, it describes France's historical system of paternal power over children and the establishment of juvenile courts and proceedings in 1945 aimed at addressing juvenile crime separately from adult crime.
Prisons can be considered "total institutions" that develop their own social structures and values. Inmates form prison subcultures to cope with deprivation. Two social structures exist - the official rules and the more powerful inmate social world. Over time, inmates may become "prisonized" and accept criminal values. Female prisons form "pseudofamilies" to replace lost relationships. Issues facing prisons today include aging inmates, inmates with mental illnesses, and preventing terrorism in corrections facilities.
The document discusses head trauma and traumatic brain injury. It begins with the anatomy of the skull and brain, describing the layers of protection for the brain. It then discusses various types of head injuries including scalp injuries, skull fractures, and different types of brain injuries such as concussions, contusions, subdural hematomas, and epidural hematomas. For each type of brain injury, it outlines the mechanisms of injury, signs, and symptoms. The document concludes with a case study example of EMTs responding to a motorcycle collision, where the patient has signs of a head bleed and unresponsiveness, indicating a possible traumatic brain injury.
The document discusses pediatric emergency care and considerations for treating children in the prehospital setting. It covers dealing with caregivers, assessing different pediatric age groups, anatomical and physiological differences in children, and special considerations for the airway and breathing in pediatric patients. Key points include listening to caregivers, explaining procedures to children, maintaining spinal alignment in children by padding behind their shoulders, and recognizing that infants' airways are smaller and more easily obstructed than adults.
The document discusses safety procedures and protocols for responding to emergencies and motor vehicle collisions as an emergency medical responder. It covers the six phases of an emergency call including preparation, dispatch, arrival on scene, patient care, transport, and post-call procedures. For motor vehicle collisions, it outlines steps to make the scene safe such as traffic control, vehicle stabilization, gaining access to patients, and providing emergency care until additional responders arrive. Personal safety is the top priority at emergency scenes.
This document summarizes several sociological theories of crime, including social structure theories, social process theories, and conflict theories. It then focuses on social structure theories like social disorganization theory, strain theory, and culture conflict theory. Social structure theories examine the impact of institutional arrangements and social processes on socialization and behavior. Strain theory proposes that pressure to achieve socially approved goals but lack of access to legitimate means can result in crime. Culture conflict theory suggests crime stems from clashes in values over proper behavior.
The document discusses criminal victimization and different approaches to studying victims. It describes two main sources of U.S. crime statistics - the National Crime Victimization Survey and Uniform Crime Reporting program. Victimization is influenced by lifestyle and routine activities as well as demographic factors. Victims experience various psychological, physical, and economic impacts of crime. Early victimology theories examined victim precipitation and blamed victims for their own victimization, but recent approaches focus more on environmental and situational factors.
This document summarizes the evolution of policing from its early beginnings to modern community policing approaches. It describes the development of policing in Britain and its influence on early policing in the US. It then outlines the professional era of policing in the US and its problems. It discusses the emergence of community policing in response to these issues and how it has developed and spread. It concludes by examining new tools, the role of policing in homeland security, and executive sessions on policing.
The document provides an overview of trauma and the trauma system. It discusses the kinetics of trauma, including how kinetic energy is determined by mass and velocity. It also covers different mechanisms of injury such as vehicle collisions, falls, and other incidents. Specific injury patterns are described for different types of impacts like frontal, rear, and lateral collisions. The document emphasizes that the mechanism of injury provides suspicion of potential injuries but that the patient must be assessed for actual injuries. It also stresses the importance of using appropriate safety measures like seatbelts and helmets.
The document discusses burns and their management in a prehospital setting. It covers the assessment of burns, including determining the depth and severity of burns. Deep partial-thickness and full-thickness burns require specialized care and transport to a burn center. The document outlines how burns can affect various body systems and cause shock. Prehospital providers must establish airway patency, provide oxygenation, and treat for shock in burn patients. A full assessment of the patient includes determining the cause and extent of burns.
The document discusses emergency care for external bleeding and soft tissue injuries. It provides guidelines for assessing and controlling external bleeding, including always initially using direct pressure and then tourniquet if needed. It emphasizes controlling significant bleeding immediately during the primary assessment and monitoring for signs of shock. Bleeding from the head, ears or mouth could indicate serious injury and requires special treatment.
This document discusses the assessment and care of patients experiencing seizures or syncope. It begins with an overview of seizures, describing them as sudden alterations in brain function caused by electrical discharges. Various types of seizures are defined, including generalized tonic-clonic, simple partial, and complex partial seizures. Assessment and care priorities for seizing patients focus on airway protection, ventilation if needed, and rapid transport if seizures continue or other problems are found. Syncope is defined as a temporary loss of responsiveness and is also discussed.
This document provides an overview of how to gather and assess vital signs, including pulse, respiration, skin, pupils, and blood pressure. It describes the normal ranges for adults and how to monitor each vital sign by counting rates, evaluating rhythms and qualities, and identifying abnormal findings that may require further attention. Vital signs are important for identifying a patient's condition and monitoring changes over time during emergency medical care.
The document discusses the history and evolution of the juvenile justice system. It describes how juveniles were traditionally treated the same as adults under the law. The modern juvenile justice system began in 1899 with the establishment of the first juvenile court in Illinois, which applied a rehabilitation model rather than punishment. The juvenile court system was based on the principles of treating children as redeemable and focusing on their best interests rather than guilt or innocence. The system has since undergone several changes and reforms through legislation.
This document provides an overview of the American court system, including both federal and state courts. It discusses the structure and jurisdiction of trial courts, appellate courts, and the U.S. Supreme Court. It also covers important criminal justice processes that occur in courts like bail, grand juries, preliminary hearings, arraignment, pleas, and plea bargaining.
This document discusses probation, parole, and community corrections. It provides definitions and explanations of key terms like probation, parole, conditions of probation and parole, as well as the advantages and disadvantages of probation and parole. It also describes the roles and challenges of probation and parole officers, examples of intermediate sanctions, and recent changes and critiques of reentry policies in the US criminal justice system.
The document discusses the nature and types of criminal law. It defines key concepts like statutory law, common law, criminal offenses, and elements of crimes. Criminal law is comprised of substantive and procedural law. Substantive law defines crimes and punishments while procedural law details enforcement methods. For a crime to occur there must be concurrence of a criminal act (actus reus) and criminal intent (mens rea). Defenses to crimes can argue that one or both of these elements are not present. The document provides an overview of the basic components and purposes of criminal law.
This document summarizes the roles and procedures involved in the American criminal trial system. It describes the main professional actors in the courtroom work group, including judges, prosecutors, defense attorneys, bailiffs, clerks, and others. It explains their duties and selection processes. It also outlines the stages of a criminal trial from jury selection to presentation of evidence and the roles of witnesses, victims, defendants, and jurors. Key concepts covered include rules of evidence, direct vs. circumstantial evidence, and the adversarial trial structure.
Prisons can be considered "total institutions" that develop their own social structures and values. In prisons, there is an informal inmate social world that exists alongside the formal rules imposed by staff. Over time, inmates may become "prisonized" and accept the criminal social norms. Prison subcultures form in response to the deprivations of prison life. Sexual assault in prison is often about asserting power rather than sexual desire. Female inmates face additional hardships of being separated from their children and have different pathways into the criminal justice system. Prisons struggle with ensuring humane conditions and protecting inmates' rights while maintaining security.
Schmalleger Chapter 1 What is criminal justice – chapter 1gregory riley
The document provides an introduction to criminal justice, covering its history and key components in the United States. It discusses the criminal justice system as consisting of police, courts, and corrections working toward both crime control and protecting individual rights. The document also outlines important legal concepts like due process, evidence-based practices, and how multiculturalism relates to criminal justice. It describes shifts after 9/11 toward increased security and the ongoing debate around balancing public safety versus individual freedoms.
The document summarizes various topics related to crimes against persons, including types of murder (first degree, second degree, third degree, felony murder), the subculture of violence thesis, victim-offender relationships, weapon use, the role of alcohol and drugs, typologies of serial killers and female serial killers, mass murder, definitions and perspectives on rape (feminist, psychopathological, integrated theory), and evolutionary/biological perspectives. The chapter examines criminological theories for different crimes against persons.
The document discusses the history and evolution of the juvenile justice system. It describes how juveniles were traditionally treated the same as adults under the law. The modern juvenile justice system began in 1899 with the establishment of the first juvenile court in Illinois, which applied a rehabilitation model rather than punishment. The juvenile court system was based on the principles of treating children as redeemable and focusing on their best interests rather than guilt or innocence. The system has since undergone several changes and reforms through legislation.
This document provides an overview of the criminal justice systems of 6 model nations: England, France, Germany, China, Japan, and Saudi Arabia. It discusses their legal traditions, government structures, crime issues, crime rates, crime policies, police forces, corrections systems, constitutions/laws, and judicial systems. Specifically regarding juveniles, it describes France's historical system of paternal power over children and the establishment of juvenile courts and proceedings in 1945 aimed at addressing juvenile crime separately from adult crime.
Prisons can be considered "total institutions" that develop their own social structures and values. Inmates form prison subcultures to cope with deprivation. Two social structures exist - the official rules and the more powerful inmate social world. Over time, inmates may become "prisonized" and accept criminal values. Female prisons form "pseudofamilies" to replace lost relationships. Issues facing prisons today include aging inmates, inmates with mental illnesses, and preventing terrorism in corrections facilities.
The document discusses head trauma and traumatic brain injury. It begins with the anatomy of the skull and brain, describing the layers of protection for the brain. It then discusses various types of head injuries including scalp injuries, skull fractures, and different types of brain injuries such as concussions, contusions, subdural hematomas, and epidural hematomas. For each type of brain injury, it outlines the mechanisms of injury, signs, and symptoms. The document concludes with a case study example of EMTs responding to a motorcycle collision, where the patient has signs of a head bleed and unresponsiveness, indicating a possible traumatic brain injury.
The document discusses pediatric emergency care and considerations for treating children in the prehospital setting. It covers dealing with caregivers, assessing different pediatric age groups, anatomical and physiological differences in children, and special considerations for the airway and breathing in pediatric patients. Key points include listening to caregivers, explaining procedures to children, maintaining spinal alignment in children by padding behind their shoulders, and recognizing that infants' airways are smaller and more easily obstructed than adults.
The document discusses safety procedures and protocols for responding to emergencies and motor vehicle collisions as an emergency medical responder. It covers the six phases of an emergency call including preparation, dispatch, arrival on scene, patient care, transport, and post-call procedures. For motor vehicle collisions, it outlines steps to make the scene safe such as traffic control, vehicle stabilization, gaining access to patients, and providing emergency care until additional responders arrive. Personal safety is the top priority at emergency scenes.
This document summarizes several sociological theories of crime, including social structure theories, social process theories, and conflict theories. It then focuses on social structure theories like social disorganization theory, strain theory, and culture conflict theory. Social structure theories examine the impact of institutional arrangements and social processes on socialization and behavior. Strain theory proposes that pressure to achieve socially approved goals but lack of access to legitimate means can result in crime. Culture conflict theory suggests crime stems from clashes in values over proper behavior.
The document discusses criminal victimization and different approaches to studying victims. It describes two main sources of U.S. crime statistics - the National Crime Victimization Survey and Uniform Crime Reporting program. Victimization is influenced by lifestyle and routine activities as well as demographic factors. Victims experience various psychological, physical, and economic impacts of crime. Early victimology theories examined victim precipitation and blamed victims for their own victimization, but recent approaches focus more on environmental and situational factors.
This document summarizes the evolution of policing from its early beginnings to modern community policing approaches. It describes the development of policing in Britain and its influence on early policing in the US. It then outlines the professional era of policing in the US and its problems. It discusses the emergence of community policing in response to these issues and how it has developed and spread. It concludes by examining new tools, the role of policing in homeland security, and executive sessions on policing.
The document provides an overview of trauma and the trauma system. It discusses the kinetics of trauma, including how kinetic energy is determined by mass and velocity. It also covers different mechanisms of injury such as vehicle collisions, falls, and other incidents. Specific injury patterns are described for different types of impacts like frontal, rear, and lateral collisions. The document emphasizes that the mechanism of injury provides suspicion of potential injuries but that the patient must be assessed for actual injuries. It also stresses the importance of using appropriate safety measures like seatbelts and helmets.
The document discusses burns and their management in a prehospital setting. It covers the assessment of burns, including determining the depth and severity of burns. Deep partial-thickness and full-thickness burns require specialized care and transport to a burn center. The document outlines how burns can affect various body systems and cause shock. Prehospital providers must establish airway patency, provide oxygenation, and treat for shock in burn patients. A full assessment of the patient includes determining the cause and extent of burns.
The document discusses emergency care for external bleeding and soft tissue injuries. It provides guidelines for assessing and controlling external bleeding, including always initially using direct pressure and then tourniquet if needed. It emphasizes controlling significant bleeding immediately during the primary assessment and monitoring for signs of shock. Bleeding from the head, ears or mouth could indicate serious injury and requires special treatment.
This document discusses the assessment and care of patients experiencing seizures or syncope. It begins with an overview of seizures, describing them as sudden alterations in brain function caused by electrical discharges. Various types of seizures are defined, including generalized tonic-clonic, simple partial, and complex partial seizures. Assessment and care priorities for seizing patients focus on airway protection, ventilation if needed, and rapid transport if seizures continue or other problems are found. Syncope is defined as a temporary loss of responsiveness and is also discussed.
This document provides an overview of how to gather and assess vital signs, including pulse, respiration, skin, pupils, and blood pressure. It describes the normal ranges for adults and how to monitor each vital sign by counting rates, evaluating rhythms and qualities, and identifying abnormal findings that may require further attention. Vital signs are important for identifying a patient's condition and monitoring changes over time during emergency medical care.
The document discusses the history and evolution of the juvenile justice system. It describes how juveniles were traditionally treated the same as adults under the law. The modern juvenile justice system began in 1899 with the establishment of the first juvenile court in Illinois, which applied a rehabilitation model rather than punishment. The juvenile court system was based on the principles of treating children as redeemable and focusing on their best interests rather than guilt or innocence. The system has since undergone several changes and reforms through legislation.
This document provides an overview of the American court system, including both federal and state courts. It discusses the structure and jurisdiction of trial courts, appellate courts, and the U.S. Supreme Court. It also covers important criminal justice processes that occur in courts like bail, grand juries, preliminary hearings, arraignment, pleas, and plea bargaining.
This document discusses prisons and jails in the United States criminal justice system. It notes that prisons are state or federal facilities that incarcerate adults sentenced to confinement, while jails are local facilities that hold individuals pending trial or sentencing or for shorter sentences. The document also discusses the large racial disparities in US prison populations, with incarceration rates for African American males being much higher than for Caucasian males. It outlines different security levels in prisons from minimum to maximum security and classification systems used to determine custody levels. The growth of prison and jail populations is also summarized due to "get tough" sentencing policies like three strikes laws.
This document provides an overview of different approaches to sentencing in the criminal justice system, including retribution, incapacitation, deterrence, rehabilitation, and restorative justice. It also discusses types of sentencing such as indeterminate sentencing, structured sentencing, and mandatory minimums. Alternative sentencing options and the role of victims in the sentencing process are also covered briefly.
This document provides an overview of Chapter 5 from the textbook "Introduction to Administration of Justice" which covers legal aspects of policing. The chapter objectives are described, including describing legal restraints on police action and instances of police abuse of power. The document then discusses landmark Supreme Court cases related to search and seizure law, arrests, and other 4th Amendment issues. Specific cases and rules are outlined relating to topics like stop and frisk, plain view doctrine, exigent circumstances, search warrants, and other areas of search and seizure law.
This document discusses probation, parole, and community corrections. It provides definitions and explanations of key terms like probation, parole, conditions of probation and parole, the federal probation system, and intermediate sanctions. It also outlines criticisms of probation and parole, challenges facing probation and parole officers, and recent changes to reentry policies aimed at reducing recidivism.
The chapter discusses the history and evolution of the juvenile justice system in the United States. It covers the origins of separate treatment of juvenile offenders beginning in the 18th century and key milestones like the establishment of the first juvenile court in 1899. The chapter also examines landmark Supreme Court cases that established due process rights for juveniles and the current three-phase process of intake, adjudication, and disposition for dealing with juvenile offenders.
The document is an introductory chapter from a criminology textbook. It discusses key concepts in criminology, including different perspectives on defining crime and the legalistic perspective used in the textbook. It also describes what criminologists study, including the causes of crime and criminal behavior, and their role in advancing knowledge about criminology through research. Criminology is defined as the interdisciplinary scientific study of crime, criminals, and criminal behavior. Theoretical criminology focuses on developing and testing theories to explain criminal behavior.
Inconsistency Robustness and the Law: A Random WalkRon Dolin
These are slides from a presentation for the conference on Inconsistency Robustness at Stanford University, July 29-31st. I did an overview of Inconsistency Robustness and the Law.
The document summarizes key aspects of the 5th Amendment regarding due process and obtaining information legally. It discusses the right against self-incrimination, due process of law including procedural and substantive due process, standards for voluntariness of confessions, police conduct during interrogations, characteristics of accused individuals, and landmark Supreme Court rulings like Miranda v. Arizona that require informing individuals of their rights before custodial interrogations.
The document discusses rules of evidence and police procedure under the US Constitution. It outlines the exclusionary rule which prohibits evidence obtained in violation of the 4th and 5th Amendments. There are exceptions to the warrant requirement for searches such as those incident to arrest, plain view, consent, vehicles, and pat downs. Interrogations must not use coercion and confessions must be given voluntarily under Miranda rights. Oversight of police comes from courts, prosecutors, internal affairs, and investigative commissions.
The Warren Court examined every aspect of the criminal justice system between 1961-1969, using the 14th Amendment to apply constitutional protections to state courts. This "nationalized" Bill of Rights protections. Key cases addressed the right to legal counsel, searches, confessions, and treatment of juvenile criminals. The Court began revolutionizing criminal justice with Mapp v. Ohio, applying the 14th Amendment to state judicial systems and evaluating unreasonable search and seizure. Later cases like Terry v. Ohio, Miranda v. Arizona, and Brown v. Board of Education further established civil rights and liberties protections.
ASSIGNMENT #14 The case now proceeds to trial. On th.docxShiraPrater50
This document summarizes a criminal case going to trial. The prosecution presents two witnesses and medical records. The defense calls an expert on eyewitness identification and four eyewitnesses who say the defendant is not the shooter. The defense also calls DNA and fingerprint experts. The jury must decide between five charges against the defendant: attempted murder, assault, weapon possession charges. The judge instructs the jury to consider higher charges before lower ones.
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
Reimagining Your Library Space: How to Increase the Vibes in Your Library No ...Diana Rendina
Librarians are leading the way in creating future-ready citizens – now we need to update our spaces to match. In this session, attendees will get inspiration for transforming their library spaces. You’ll learn how to survey students and patrons, create a focus group, and use design thinking to brainstorm ideas for your space. We’ll discuss budget friendly ways to change your space as well as how to find funding. No matter where you’re at, you’ll find ideas for reimagining your space in this session.
Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit InnovationTechSoup
In this webinar, participants learned how to utilize Generative AI to streamline operations and elevate member engagement. Amazon Web Service experts provided a customer specific use cases and dived into low/no-code tools that are quick and easy to deploy through Amazon Web Service (AWS.)