1. The juvenile justice system was established in the late 19th century with the first juvenile court opening in Illinois in 1899 based on the theory of Parens Patriae where the court has ultimate authority over children.
2. Throughout the 20th century, the Supreme Court issued rulings that expanded due process rights for juveniles, such as the right to counsel, notice of charges, confrontation of witnesses, and protection against self-incrimination.
3. Today there is debate around the appropriate treatment of juveniles, including when they should be tried as adults, the use of blended sentencing involving both juvenile and adult sanctions, and how to best address the needs of at-risk youth through community programs and institutional
Juvenile Life without Paroleerious crimes deserve seriouTatianaMajor22
Juvenile Life without Parole
erious crimes deserve serious penalties, but crimes committed by children, though sometimes resulting in serious and tragic harm, deserve special consideration. These crimes tend to be impulsive, short-sighted, and driven by fear and by childish desires to impress peers or pacify adults. New brain science confirms that teenagers have less capacity for self-control, but much greater capacity for selfimprovement, than adults. All of this suggests that children should be sentenced differently than adults and receive additional opportunities to demonstrate change
1
JLWOP statistics
In 2012, approx. 2500 individuals were serving LWOP sentenced they received as children
An additional 25,000 were serving virtual life sentences
A 50-year sentence for a 16-year old will cost upwards of $2.25 million.
The majority of these individuals are male (97%) and Black (62%)
Significant risk factors
79% witnessed violence in their homes regularly
32% grew up in public housing
Fewer than half were attending school at the time of their offense
47% were physically abused
80% of girls reported histories of physical abuse and 77% of girls reported histories of sexual abuse
How did we get here?
Super-predator scare of the 1980s/1990s
Larry Miller, at 16 shot and killed another teenager in Philadelphia in 1965
Sentence: 20 years
Abdul Lateef, at 16 participated in a robbery, which led to the ultimate death of the victim, in 1985
Sentence: Life without parole
In reaction to the growth of drug- and gang-related activity in the mid-1990s, lawmakers in Connecticut and nationally responded forcefully but, in retrospect, misguidedly. The harsh reforms were rooted in the popularization of the idea of the “superpredator,” a supposed class of teenagers who were highly violent, dangerous, and beyond redemption.19 Meanwhile, public officials worried that gangs were recruiting children to commit crimes because the juvenile justice system would not punish them harshly.20 Public fear of juvenile crime coalesced in claims that some children were so-called “Humpty Dumpty children,” perceived to be broken beyond repair.21
3
Fates in limbo
Maryland’s juvenile lifers
https://youtu.be/nSYO-YtK96A
Children are different
In 2005, the Supreme Court held in Roper v. Simmons that children who commit crimes under the age of 18 cannot be executed
Graham v. Florida that children cannot be sentenced to life in prison without the possibility of parole (“LWOP”) for non-homicide crimes.
In 2012, the Court held in Miller v. Alabama that mandatory LWOP sentences for children are unconstitutional
prevent the decisionmaker from taking into account the age and diminished culpability of juvenile offender
In several recent decisions, the U.S. Supreme Court has recognized that children are different from adults and must be treated differently in criminal sentencing. Relying on scientific studies about adolescent brain development, the Court has emphasized that ...
The Latin term meaning father of his country” which is implied as m.docxjmindy
The Latin term meaning “father of his country” which is implied as meaning the government is the true guardian of the needy and infirmed children.
2.
__________________ were a sixteenth century English set of laws which vagrants and abandoned and neglected children were bound to masters as indentured servants.
3.
Early English courts established to protect the property rights and welfare of the minor children of affluent families.
4.
Civic leaders who focused their attention on the misdeeds of poor children to control their behavior were called:
5.
In 1816, The Society for the Prevention of Pauperism was established to:
6.
When the first House of Refuge opened in New York the Society for the Prevention of Pauperism and the __________________ were influential in establishing such positive steps for juveniles.
7.
In 1853, New York philanthropist Charles Loring Brace helped developed the _______________________ as an alternative for dealing with neglected and delinquent youths.
8.
The first juvenile court was established in this state in 1899.
9.
The Juvenile Court Act of 1899 set up an independent court to handle criminal law violations by children under 16 years of age as well as created:
10.
The case of the
Kent v. United States (1966)
ruled that:
11.
The ___________________________ established the a federal office on delinquency prevention and was enacted to identify the needs of youth and to fund programs aimed at deterring juvenile crime.
12.
A noncriminal youth who falls under the jurisdiction of the courts by reason of having engaged in behavior prohibited to minors, such as truancy.
13.
The Court case of ________________ ruled that a minor has basic due process rights at trial.
14.
The Court case of ________________ ruled that the level of evidence for the finding of juvenile delinquency is proof beyond a reasonable doubt.
15.
Held that the Fourth Amendment guarantee against unreasonable searches is not violated by drug testing all students who choose to participate in interscholastic athletics.
16.
In 1974, Congress passed the ______________________, which provides funds to states to bolster their services for maltreated children and their parents.
17.
According to the shifting philosophies of juvenile justice outlined in your text, the time from 1950-1970 recognized that:
18.
There are more than 450 juvenile ________________ who focus on providing treatment for youth accused of substance abuse offenses.
19.
A program developed in Arizona in an effort to reduce adolescent involvement in criminal behavior that has since been added to school curricula in all 50 states is known as:
20.
The Supreme Court held that the _______________ protections against unreasonable search and seizures apply to students but that the need to maintain an orderly educational environment modifies the needs for warrants and probable cause.
21.
Which of the following is not a Supreme Court case dealing with searching for drugs in associatio.
Juvenile Life without Paroleerious crimes deserve seriouTatianaMajor22
Juvenile Life without Parole
erious crimes deserve serious penalties, but crimes committed by children, though sometimes resulting in serious and tragic harm, deserve special consideration. These crimes tend to be impulsive, short-sighted, and driven by fear and by childish desires to impress peers or pacify adults. New brain science confirms that teenagers have less capacity for self-control, but much greater capacity for selfimprovement, than adults. All of this suggests that children should be sentenced differently than adults and receive additional opportunities to demonstrate change
1
JLWOP statistics
In 2012, approx. 2500 individuals were serving LWOP sentenced they received as children
An additional 25,000 were serving virtual life sentences
A 50-year sentence for a 16-year old will cost upwards of $2.25 million.
The majority of these individuals are male (97%) and Black (62%)
Significant risk factors
79% witnessed violence in their homes regularly
32% grew up in public housing
Fewer than half were attending school at the time of their offense
47% were physically abused
80% of girls reported histories of physical abuse and 77% of girls reported histories of sexual abuse
How did we get here?
Super-predator scare of the 1980s/1990s
Larry Miller, at 16 shot and killed another teenager in Philadelphia in 1965
Sentence: 20 years
Abdul Lateef, at 16 participated in a robbery, which led to the ultimate death of the victim, in 1985
Sentence: Life without parole
In reaction to the growth of drug- and gang-related activity in the mid-1990s, lawmakers in Connecticut and nationally responded forcefully but, in retrospect, misguidedly. The harsh reforms were rooted in the popularization of the idea of the “superpredator,” a supposed class of teenagers who were highly violent, dangerous, and beyond redemption.19 Meanwhile, public officials worried that gangs were recruiting children to commit crimes because the juvenile justice system would not punish them harshly.20 Public fear of juvenile crime coalesced in claims that some children were so-called “Humpty Dumpty children,” perceived to be broken beyond repair.21
3
Fates in limbo
Maryland’s juvenile lifers
https://youtu.be/nSYO-YtK96A
Children are different
In 2005, the Supreme Court held in Roper v. Simmons that children who commit crimes under the age of 18 cannot be executed
Graham v. Florida that children cannot be sentenced to life in prison without the possibility of parole (“LWOP”) for non-homicide crimes.
In 2012, the Court held in Miller v. Alabama that mandatory LWOP sentences for children are unconstitutional
prevent the decisionmaker from taking into account the age and diminished culpability of juvenile offender
In several recent decisions, the U.S. Supreme Court has recognized that children are different from adults and must be treated differently in criminal sentencing. Relying on scientific studies about adolescent brain development, the Court has emphasized that ...
The Latin term meaning father of his country” which is implied as m.docxjmindy
The Latin term meaning “father of his country” which is implied as meaning the government is the true guardian of the needy and infirmed children.
2.
__________________ were a sixteenth century English set of laws which vagrants and abandoned and neglected children were bound to masters as indentured servants.
3.
Early English courts established to protect the property rights and welfare of the minor children of affluent families.
4.
Civic leaders who focused their attention on the misdeeds of poor children to control their behavior were called:
5.
In 1816, The Society for the Prevention of Pauperism was established to:
6.
When the first House of Refuge opened in New York the Society for the Prevention of Pauperism and the __________________ were influential in establishing such positive steps for juveniles.
7.
In 1853, New York philanthropist Charles Loring Brace helped developed the _______________________ as an alternative for dealing with neglected and delinquent youths.
8.
The first juvenile court was established in this state in 1899.
9.
The Juvenile Court Act of 1899 set up an independent court to handle criminal law violations by children under 16 years of age as well as created:
10.
The case of the
Kent v. United States (1966)
ruled that:
11.
The ___________________________ established the a federal office on delinquency prevention and was enacted to identify the needs of youth and to fund programs aimed at deterring juvenile crime.
12.
A noncriminal youth who falls under the jurisdiction of the courts by reason of having engaged in behavior prohibited to minors, such as truancy.
13.
The Court case of ________________ ruled that a minor has basic due process rights at trial.
14.
The Court case of ________________ ruled that the level of evidence for the finding of juvenile delinquency is proof beyond a reasonable doubt.
15.
Held that the Fourth Amendment guarantee against unreasonable searches is not violated by drug testing all students who choose to participate in interscholastic athletics.
16.
In 1974, Congress passed the ______________________, which provides funds to states to bolster their services for maltreated children and their parents.
17.
According to the shifting philosophies of juvenile justice outlined in your text, the time from 1950-1970 recognized that:
18.
There are more than 450 juvenile ________________ who focus on providing treatment for youth accused of substance abuse offenses.
19.
A program developed in Arizona in an effort to reduce adolescent involvement in criminal behavior that has since been added to school curricula in all 50 states is known as:
20.
The Supreme Court held that the _______________ protections against unreasonable search and seizures apply to students but that the need to maintain an orderly educational environment modifies the needs for warrants and probable cause.
21.
Which of the following is not a Supreme Court case dealing with searching for drugs in associatio.
1).Over the last few centuries numerous historical events have t.docxcroftsshanon
1).Over the last few centuries numerous historical events have taken place that resulted in a major impact on the contemporary juvenile justice network in the United States. The notion of age of responsibility and maturity level has been the central focus since the inception of recorded history. The question remains today of when and under what circumstances children are capable of forming criminal intent ("Juvenile Justice", p. 5) which has led to continuous debates still occurring today.
Up until the early 1800s juvenile offenders in the United States received the same treatment and punishment as adult offenders. It was very common for juveniles to be housed with adults as well. In 1818, a New York City commission initiated the term "juvenile delinquency", and brought to the attention of the public eye and identified pauperism, or poverty, as a root cause of misbehavior amongst juveniles. In 1825, the Society for the Prevention of Juvenile Delinquency began to campaign for the separation of juveniles from adults. Over the course of the next few years, numerous juvenile institutions were established. These institutions, known as houses of refuge, primarily focused on education and treatment, instead of solely focusing on punishment ("Juvenile Justice", pp. 6-7).
With public warning from the New York City police chief, that violent juvenile offenses were steadily increasing, in 1849 the United States transitioned from houses of refuge to concentrating on reform schools and preventive agencies ("Juvenile Justice", p. 7) Industrial Schools for dependent children were founded in 1879, as a result of the Industrial School Act, preceded by the Chicago Reform School Act, but were later held unconstitutional. As a result of unsuccessful reform schools , the child savers movement developed during the post-Civil War era, with high and genuine concern for the welfare of children, leading to the establishment of the first juvenile/family court in 1899 ("Juvenile Justice", p. 8).
By 1932 the number of independent juvenile courts across the United States, exceeded 600. All states had enacted laws developing separate juvenile courts by 1945. Because juvenile courts were not criminal courts , juvenile offenders did not possess the same constitutional rights as accused adult offenders. Historical U.S. Supreme Court cases such as
Holmes
,
Kent v. United
States
, Gault
, and
McKeiver v. Pennsylvania
, mentioned in this week's reading, and their holdings, have all had a dramatic impact on the contemporary juvenile justice network in America ("Juvenile Justice", pp. 9-10).
A few other major historical legislative acts that dramatically impacted the contemporary juvenile justice network in the United States have been enacted by Congress over the years. The Juvenile Justice and Delinquency act of 1974, which established the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention to support efforts - local and state - in delinquency prevention and juvenil.
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Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
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- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
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These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
2. Age crime curve: peak
18 violent
16 property
½ by 32
½ by 21
59%-violent juveniles=adults
3. 1899-1st juvenile court-Illinois
-1500-1600’s –discovery of childhood
-”ideal” child produced
-”undesirable” prevented from developing
17th Century France: duels, mutinies, brawls, assaults on teachers
Student required to leave weapons at door
4. Ideal:
-educators, clergy, psychologists
Undesirable:
-no distinction for age
19th Century
-1st attempt social control
5. 1825:
NY House of Refuge
1826:
Boston
1828:
Philadelphia
Set standards for 25 years:
-ball & chain/handcuffs/whipping/work
6. Work:
-exploited kids
-rented out to industry
1850’s:
-”child saving organizations
7. Juvenile Court:
Illinois 1899
-Dependent
-Neglected
Theory of Parens Patriae
-court has ultimate authority over kids
-superseded parental rights
8. Due Process and Juveniles:
-non existent why?
1. Not criminal (statutory)
2. No determination of guilt (adjudicated)
3. Treatment versus punishment (not relevant)
9. 1960’s: Supreme Court
-In Re Gault (1967):
-arrested obscene call
-parents not notified
-no witnesses
-15 year old sentenced until 21
1. Fair notice of charges to prepare defense
2. Counsel
3. Face accusers
4. No self-incrimination
10. In re Winship (1970):
-preponderance of evidence changed to reasonable doubt
McKeiver v. PA:
-no right to jury
-states free to experiment
11. Teen (peer) Courts:
-Comprised of other teens
-admitted to offense
-low recidivism rates
13. Transfers:
-More severe sentences
Blended sentences:
-juvenile/adult time
Criminal Blended sentences:
-juvenile/criminal sanctions but juvenile system supervises.
14. Status Offenses:
-offenses only because of age
-MIP
-Truancy
-running away
-curfew
-Females 60% runaways
-Males 70% alcohol
Detention?:
-protect jurisdiction of court process
-protect community
-protect juvenile
16. Girls in a boy’s system:
-Substance abuse: psychosocial development interrupted
-Pregnancy: higher sexual activity v. non-offenders
-Academic performance: learning disabilities
-Societal factors: community-based program for girls rare
Editor's Notes
Age crime curve is the tendency for crime to be committed during a person's younger years and decline as they get older.
