This document summarizes key aspects of carbohydrate metabolism. It discusses the classification of carbohydrates including monosaccharides, oligosaccharides, and polysaccharides. It then focuses on glycolysis, describing the 10 step process by which glucose is broken down to pyruvate while producing ATP. The document next examines the three fates of pyruvate - being oxidized to acetyl-CoA, undergoing lactic acid fermentation, or ethanol fermentation. It concludes by outlining the aerobic pathway where pyruvate is converted to acetyl-CoA by the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex.
The prime cause and treatment of cancer somayeh zaminpira - sorush niknamianbanafsheh61
This meta-analysis research has gone through more than 200 studies from 1934 to 2016 to find the differences and similarities in cancer cells, mostly the cause. The most important difference between normal cells and cancer cells is how they respire. Normal cells use the sophisticated process of respiration to efficiently turn any kind of nutrient that is fat, carbohydrate or protein into high amounts of energy in the form of ATP. This process requires oxygen and breaks food down completely into harmless carbon dioxide and water. Cancer cells use a primitive process of fermentation to inefficiently turn either glucose from carbohydrates or the amino acid glutamine from protein into small quantities of energy in the form of ATP. This process does not require oxygen, and only partially breaks down food molecules into lactic acid and ammonia, which are toxic waste products. The most important result is that fatty acids or better told fats cannot be fermented by cells. This research mentions the role of ROS and inflammation in causing mitochondrial damage and answers the most important questions behind cancer cause and mentions some beneficial methods in preventing and treatment of cancer.
All living cells require energy to carry out various cellular activities.
This energy is stored in organic molecules (e.g. carbohydrates, fats, proteins) that we eat as food.
These organic molecules are broken down into smaller units: proteins into amino acids, polysaccharides into simple sugars, and fats into fatty acids and glycerol by enzymatic reactions in cells to generate energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP).
The ATP generated by these pathways in cells is used to drive fundamental cellular processes.
Glucose is utilized as a source of energy, & stored as glycogen to release glucose as & when the need arises.
Fatty acids (F.A.s) are taken up by cells.
They may serve as:
precursors in synthesis of other compounds
fuels for energy production
substrates for ketone body synthesis.
Ketone bodies may be exported to other tissues: used for energy production.
Some cells synthesize fatty acids for storage or export.
Fats are an important source of calories.
Typically 30-40% of calories in American diet are from fat.
Fat is the major form of energy storage.
Typical body fuel reserves are:
fat: 100,000 kcal.
protein: 25,000 kcal.
carbohydrate: 650 kcal
The prime cause and treatment of cancer somayeh zaminpira - sorush niknamianbanafsheh61
This meta-analysis research has gone through more than 200 studies from 1934 to 2016 to find the differences and similarities in cancer cells, mostly the cause. The most important difference between normal cells and cancer cells is how they respire. Normal cells use the sophisticated process of respiration to efficiently turn any kind of nutrient that is fat, carbohydrate or protein into high amounts of energy in the form of ATP. This process requires oxygen and breaks food down completely into harmless carbon dioxide and water. Cancer cells use a primitive process of fermentation to inefficiently turn either glucose from carbohydrates or the amino acid glutamine from protein into small quantities of energy in the form of ATP. This process does not require oxygen, and only partially breaks down food molecules into lactic acid and ammonia, which are toxic waste products. The most important result is that fatty acids or better told fats cannot be fermented by cells. This research mentions the role of ROS and inflammation in causing mitochondrial damage and answers the most important questions behind cancer cause and mentions some beneficial methods in preventing and treatment of cancer.
All living cells require energy to carry out various cellular activities.
This energy is stored in organic molecules (e.g. carbohydrates, fats, proteins) that we eat as food.
These organic molecules are broken down into smaller units: proteins into amino acids, polysaccharides into simple sugars, and fats into fatty acids and glycerol by enzymatic reactions in cells to generate energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP).
The ATP generated by these pathways in cells is used to drive fundamental cellular processes.
Glucose is utilized as a source of energy, & stored as glycogen to release glucose as & when the need arises.
Fatty acids (F.A.s) are taken up by cells.
They may serve as:
precursors in synthesis of other compounds
fuels for energy production
substrates for ketone body synthesis.
Ketone bodies may be exported to other tissues: used for energy production.
Some cells synthesize fatty acids for storage or export.
Fats are an important source of calories.
Typically 30-40% of calories in American diet are from fat.
Fat is the major form of energy storage.
Typical body fuel reserves are:
fat: 100,000 kcal.
protein: 25,000 kcal.
carbohydrate: 650 kcal
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
2. Lecture 1 Function of carbohydrate
Lecture 2 The classification of carbohydrates
Lecture 3 Glycolysis
Lecture 4 The fates of pyruvate
Lecture 5 Gluconeogenesis
Lecture 6 The pentose phosphate pathway of
glucose oxidation
Lecture 7 Citric acid cycle
4. Carbohydrate, (C-H2O)n = “Carbon + Water”
What are Carbohydrates (saccharides)?
Carbohydrate is an organic compound with the
general formula Cm(H2O)n, which consists of carbon,
hydrogen and oxygen, the last two in the 2:1 atom ratio.
Carbohydrates are hydrates of carbon, hence their name.
6. Upland cotton produces the most widely used
natural fibers, cellulose (polysaccharide)
Cellulose:
the most abundant organic
compounds in the biosphere
1015 kg of cellulose is
synthesized and degraded
on earth each year
11. Function of Carbohydrates
Source of energy
Structure (cotton fibers: cellulose )
Building blocks
Cellular recognition
12. Lecture 2 The classification of carbohydrates
（Saccharides ）
13. • The generic name of the simplest carbohydrates.
• Monosaccharides can not be hydrolysised to give
smaller carbohydrates.
1 Monosaccharide
14. Triose 3 carbons
Tetrose 4 carbons
Pentose 5 carbons
Hexose 6 carbons
Heptose 7 carbons
Monosaccharides can be classified
according to the number of carbons:
22. 3 Polysaccharide
An alternative name for glycan ;
Any linear or branched polymer consisting of
monosaccharide residues. Important polysaccharides
include glycogen, starch and cellulose .
24. Amylose
It can be made of several thousand glucose units.
In amylose, the 1st carbon on one glucose
molecule is linked to the 4th carbon on the next
glucose molecule (α(1→4) bonds).
Amylose is soluble in water.
25. Amylopectin
Glucose units are linked in a linear way with α(1→4)
glycosidic bonds. Branching takes place with α(1→6)
bonds occurring every 24 to 30 glucose units.
It is not soluble in water.
29. In glycolysis, a molecule of glucose is broken down in a
series of enzyme-catalyzed reactions to yield two
molecules of the three-carbon compound pyruvate .
During the sequential reactions of glycolysis, some of
the free energy released from glucose is conserved in
the form of ATP and NADH.
30. First stage of carbohydrate metabolism.
Glycolysis was first discovered by Gustav Embden and
Otto Meyerhof and Parnus. Glycolysis is named as
EMP
Simple sugars are broken down to pyruvate
No oxygen needed.
All life uses this process.
There are 10 steps in glycolysis.
31. 1 The Reaction of the glycolysis (Two Phases)
Preparatory phase（step①-⑤）：
Phosphorylation of glucose and its
conversion to glyceraldehyde 3-
phosphate
Payoff phase（step⑥-⑩）：
Oxidative conversion of glyceraldehyde 3-
phosphate to pyruvate and the coupled
formation of ATP and NADH
32. (1) Phosphorylation of Glucose
or glucokinase
Transfer of a phosphoryl group from ATP to glucose
42. (10) Transfer of the Phosphoryl Group from
Phosphoenolpyruvate to ADP
Transfer of a high-energy phosphoryl group to ADP, yielding ATP
43.
44.
45. For each molecule of glucose that passes
through the preparatory phase (a), two
molecules of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate are
formed; both pass through the payoff phase
(b), Pyruvate is the end product of the
second phase of glycolysis.
46. For each glucose molecule, two ATP are
consumed in the preparatory phase and four
ATP are produced in the payoff phase, giving
a net yield of two ATP per molecule of
glucose converted to pyruvate.
47. The glycolytic breakdown of glucose is the
sole source of metabolic energy in some
mammalian tissues and cell types
(erythrocytes, renal medulla, brain, and
sperm, for example).
Many anaerobic microorganisms are
entirely dependent on glycolysis.
48. ATP and NADH Formation Coupled to Glycolysis
During glycolysis some of the energy of the
glucose molecule is conserved in ATP, while
much remains in the product, pyruvate. The
overall equation for glycolysis is
49. Regulation of glycolysis
Three glycolytic reactions(the reactions catalyzed
by hexokinase, PFK-1, and pyruvate kinase) are
irreversible.
1. Phosphofructokinase （PFK）
Inhibited by：ATP，Citrate
Activated by：AMP， 2,6-bisphosphate（F-2,6-BP）
55. Lactic acid fermentation
Under anaerobic conditions, reduction of pyruvate
provides a means of reoxidizing the NADH produced
in the glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase
reaction of glycolysis converted to lactate.
