This document defines key physics concepts related to work and energy. It begins by explaining that in physics, work is done only when a force causes an object to displace or move, and is calculated as work = force x distance. It then defines kinetic energy as the energy of motion, and potential energy as stored energy due to an object's position or state. The document stresses that mechanical energy, the sum of an object's kinetic and potential energies, is conserved. It introduces the work-kinetic energy theorem, and defines power as the rate at which work is done or energy is transferred.
The document summarizes key concepts about circular motion, Newton's law of universal gravitation, motion in space, and weightlessness. It discusses centripetal acceleration and force, Kepler's laws of planetary motion, and how apparent weightlessness occurs in falling elevators and orbiting spacecraft due to inertia rather than a lack of gravitational force. Examples and equations are provided to calculate values like tangential speed, centripetal force, gravitational force, and planetary orbital properties.
Heat flows from warmer objects to cooler objects until thermal equilibrium is reached where both objects have the same temperature. When materials are heated, their particles vibrate more vigorously, pushing the particles further apart causing expansion. When cooled, particles vibrate more slowly and become closer together leading to contraction. Examples of expansion and contraction include mercury in thermometers, bimetallic strips in fire alarms and thermostats, and gaps left in railways and roads to allow for expansion of materials with changes in temperature.
Energy can exist in two main forms - kinetic energy, which is the energy of motion, and potential energy, which is the energy due to an object's position or shape. Kinetic energy depends on an object's mass and speed, and can be calculated using the equation KE=1/2mv^2. Potential energy includes gravitational potential energy, which depends on an object's weight and height above the ground and can be calculated as GPE=mgh. Mechanical energy represents the total energy of an object, including both its kinetic energy and potential energy.
This document discusses different forms of energy including heat, chemical, electromagnetic, nuclear, and mechanical energy. It describes how energy can change forms through various conversions, such as chemical energy being converted to heat and motion in engines. It also discusses the differences between potential and kinetic energy, and how gravitational potential energy depends on mass and height. The document stresses that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only changed from one form to another, in line with the law of conservation of energy.
This document discusses kinetic energy, which is the energy an object possesses due to its motion. Kinetic energy depends on an object's mass, as it is directly proportional to mass, and also on an object's speed, as it is directly proportional to the square of the speed. An example is provided that an object with a mass of 1 kg moving at 1 m/s has a kinetic energy of 0.5 Joules. The document is presented by Aswathy K. at FMTC Pallimukku.
The document defines work in physics as a force causing an object to be displaced. It provides the equation for calculating work (W = F x d) where work (W) equals force (F) multiplied by displacement (d). The document gives examples of calculating work done by lifting masses over different distances and solving practice problems using the work equation.
This document provides information about work, energy, and their related concepts:
- It defines work as being done when a force causes an object to move, and lists the two conditions required for work - a force must act on the body, and the force must produce motion or change the body's shape or size.
- The amount of work done depends on the magnitude of the applied force and the distance moved by the body in the direction of the force.
- Potential energy is the energy an object possesses due to its position or state, like a stretched spring. Kinetic energy is the energy due to an object's motion.
- Examples are provided to illustrate potential and kinetic energy, and how potential
The document summarizes key concepts about circular motion, Newton's law of universal gravitation, motion in space, and weightlessness. It discusses centripetal acceleration and force, Kepler's laws of planetary motion, and how apparent weightlessness occurs in falling elevators and orbiting spacecraft due to inertia rather than a lack of gravitational force. Examples and equations are provided to calculate values like tangential speed, centripetal force, gravitational force, and planetary orbital properties.
Heat flows from warmer objects to cooler objects until thermal equilibrium is reached where both objects have the same temperature. When materials are heated, their particles vibrate more vigorously, pushing the particles further apart causing expansion. When cooled, particles vibrate more slowly and become closer together leading to contraction. Examples of expansion and contraction include mercury in thermometers, bimetallic strips in fire alarms and thermostats, and gaps left in railways and roads to allow for expansion of materials with changes in temperature.
Energy can exist in two main forms - kinetic energy, which is the energy of motion, and potential energy, which is the energy due to an object's position or shape. Kinetic energy depends on an object's mass and speed, and can be calculated using the equation KE=1/2mv^2. Potential energy includes gravitational potential energy, which depends on an object's weight and height above the ground and can be calculated as GPE=mgh. Mechanical energy represents the total energy of an object, including both its kinetic energy and potential energy.
This document discusses different forms of energy including heat, chemical, electromagnetic, nuclear, and mechanical energy. It describes how energy can change forms through various conversions, such as chemical energy being converted to heat and motion in engines. It also discusses the differences between potential and kinetic energy, and how gravitational potential energy depends on mass and height. The document stresses that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only changed from one form to another, in line with the law of conservation of energy.
This document discusses kinetic energy, which is the energy an object possesses due to its motion. Kinetic energy depends on an object's mass, as it is directly proportional to mass, and also on an object's speed, as it is directly proportional to the square of the speed. An example is provided that an object with a mass of 1 kg moving at 1 m/s has a kinetic energy of 0.5 Joules. The document is presented by Aswathy K. at FMTC Pallimukku.
The document defines work in physics as a force causing an object to be displaced. It provides the equation for calculating work (W = F x d) where work (W) equals force (F) multiplied by displacement (d). The document gives examples of calculating work done by lifting masses over different distances and solving practice problems using the work equation.
This document provides information about work, energy, and their related concepts:
- It defines work as being done when a force causes an object to move, and lists the two conditions required for work - a force must act on the body, and the force must produce motion or change the body's shape or size.
- The amount of work done depends on the magnitude of the applied force and the distance moved by the body in the direction of the force.
- Potential energy is the energy an object possesses due to its position or state, like a stretched spring. Kinetic energy is the energy due to an object's motion.
- Examples are provided to illustrate potential and kinetic energy, and how potential
Today students will conduct a lab on conservation of momentum. They will make observations and measurements of collisions between objects, recording data in a lab notebook. The key idea is that the total momentum in a system before a collision equals the total momentum after, whether the objects stick together or move off independently. Students will practice applying the conservation of momentum equations to solve problems involving collisions.
1. The document discusses different forms of energy including kinetic energy, gravitational potential energy, chemical energy, and others. It provides examples and equations for calculating kinetic energy and gravitational potential energy.
2. The principle of conservation of energy is explained as energy changing from one form to another but never being created or destroyed. Examples are given of energy conversions from one form to another.
3. Problem sets provide calculations for determining kinetic energy, gravitational potential energy, and applying the conservation of energy principle when energy is transferred between potential and kinetic forms.
This document discusses the transformation of energy between different forms. Energy can exist in many forms, such as potential, kinetic, electrical, and heat energy. The transformation or change from one type of energy to another is known as the transformation of energy. Examples provided include potential energy transforming to kinetic energy when a ball rolls down a hill or divers transforming their potential energy just before entry into water. Hydroelectric power generation involves the transformation of potential energy of water into kinetic energy as it falls, which then transforms into electrical energy. Thermal power plants similarly involve chemical energy first transforming into heat energy and then into kinetic and electrical energy forms.
Potential energy is stored energy that an object has due to its position or chemical composition, while kinetic energy is the energy of motion that an object has due to its movement. The document discusses different types of energy like chemical, light, heat, nuclear, mechanical, sound, and electrical energy and provides examples. It then explains that a roller coaster has potential energy when at the top of a hill due to its position and kinetic energy when moving down the hill due to its motion, with the potential to be converted between the two types of energy.
The document discusses the conservation of energy. It defines energy as the ability to do work and explains that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed from one form to another. The law of conservation of energy states that the total amount of energy in an isolated system remains constant over time. The document provides examples of potential energy, which depends on an object's position in a force field, and kinetic energy, which depends on an object's mass and motion. It then demonstrates how the conservation of energy applies to a falling body, where the potential energy due to gravity is transformed into kinetic energy.
This document discusses simple harmonic motion and elasticity. It begins by defining simple harmonic motion as back-and-forth motion caused by a restoring force proportional to displacement, with displacement centered around an equilibrium position. It then discusses Hooke's law, where the restoring force of an ideal spring is directly proportional to displacement. Several equations for simple harmonic motion are presented, including those relating displacement, velocity, acceleration, period, frequency, and amplitude. Examples are provided to illustrate these concepts for springs and pendulums undergoing simple harmonic motion.
This document provides an overview of force and dynamics concepts. It defines dynamics as the branch of mechanics dealing with the causes of motion. Key topics covered include forces and their effects, free body diagrams, Newton's laws of motion, momentum and its conservation, impulse, different types of forces including gravity, drag, friction, tension, and spring forces. It also discusses work, power, energy, and their transformations. Force is defined as what can change an object's state of motion. Dynamics principles are applied to examples like a man on a sloping table and collisions.
Power is defined as the rate of doing work or using energy. It can be calculated by dividing the amount of work done by the time taken to do that work. Common units of power include watts (W), kilowatts (kW), and horsepower (hp). In the example, a box is lifted 1 meter by a force of 72 newtons over 2 seconds. Calculating power as work over time gives 36 watts, the amount of power used to lift the box.
Oscillation is the repetitive variation, typically in time, of some measure about a central value (often a point of equilibrium) or between two or more different states. The term vibration is precisely used to describe mechanical oscillation. Familiar examples of oscillation include a swinging pendulum and alternating current.
Oscillations occur not only in mechanical systems but also in dynamic systems in virtually every area of science: for example the beating of the human heart (for circulation), business cycles in economics, predator–prey population cycles in ecology, geothermal geysers in geology, vibration of strings in guitar and other string instruments, periodic firing of nerve cells in the brain, and the periodic swelling of Cepheid variable stars in astronomy. Contents
This document discusses different types of energy including kinetic energy, potential energy, and mechanical energy. It defines work as the product of force and displacement, and explains that work can be positive, negative, or zero depending on the direction of force and displacement. The document also covers the law of conservation of energy, stating that the total energy in a system remains constant despite transformations between different types of energy. Finally, it defines power as the rate at which work is done or energy is transferred, with units of watts.
The document discusses the First Law of Thermodynamics regarding energy conservation. It defines kinetic energy as the energy of motion and potential energy as stored energy due to position. Examples are given of objects possessing kinetic or potential energy. The law states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only converted between forms. An example of a ball rolling down a ramp demonstrates the conversion between potential and kinetic energy, with total energy remaining constant.
1) Chapter 6 discusses work, energy, and power, defining kinetic energy as the energy of motion and potential energy as energy associated with positional forces.
2) The work-energy principle states that the net work done on an object equals its change in kinetic energy. For conservative forces only, the total mechanical energy is conserved.
3) Power is defined as the rate at which work is done or energy is transferred. Units of power include watts and horsepower.
The document defines work in physics as being done when a force causes an object to move through a displacement. It provides the mathematical formula for work as W = Fd, where W is work, F is the applied force, and d is the displacement. It also states that work is a scalar quantity and defines the SI unit of work as the joule. Examples of positive, negative, and zero work are given based on whether the force and displacement are in the same, opposite, or perpendicular directions.
The document discusses energy, work, and power, defining these concepts and how they relate. It explains that energy can be converted from one form to another but is never created or destroyed according to the law of conservation of energy. Assessment tasks are provided to evaluate understanding of energy transfer and transformation within closed systems.
Gravity is a force of attraction between objects due to their masses. Larger masses closer together experience a larger gravitational pull, while smaller masses farther apart experience a smaller pull. Weight is the amount of gravitational force exerted on an object. While mass stays constant, weight can change depending on location due to varying gravitational forces. Inertia is an object's resistance to changes in motion, where more mass means more inertia and resistance to changes in motion.
This document defines key concepts related to heat and temperature. It explains that heat is the total energy of molecular motion in a substance, while temperature is a measure of the average energy of molecular motion. Temperature does not depend on size or type of object, unlike heat, which depends on speed, number and type of particles. While heat increases or decreases temperature, temperature is a measure of how fast molecules are moving on average - higher temperatures mean faster movement. The document also defines atoms, molecules, elements and compounds.
1) The document discusses the law of conservation of momentum, which states that the total momentum of an isolated system remains constant, regardless of interactions within the system.
2) Examples are given of how conservation of momentum applies, such as a gun recoiling after firing due to an equal and opposite reaction.
3) The total momentum of a system before a collision is always equal to the total momentum after collision according to the law of conservation of momentum.
Physics - Chapter 6 - Momentum and CollisionsJPoilek
This document provides an overview of linear momentum and impulse. It defines momentum as the product of an object's mass and velocity (p=mv) and describes how momentum is a vector quantity. Impulse is defined as the change in momentum over time due to an external force (Impulse=Force x Time). The document explains how momentum is conserved in collisions and how the impulse-momentum theorem can be used to analyze collisions. It also distinguishes between perfectly elastic, perfectly inelastic, and inelastic collisions in terms of the objects' motions and changes to their kinetic energy before and after the collision.
This document discusses different forms of energy including potential, kinetic, mechanical, solar, light, heat, electrical, electromagnetic, chemical, and thermal energy. It explains key concepts such as the law of conservation of energy, potential and kinetic energy, energy transfer, renewable and non-renewable resources, and electrical circuits. Examples are provided to illustrate different types of energy at work, from cars and toys to batteries and solar panels. The document aims to build students' understanding of energy and where it comes from.
Unit 4 discusses work, energy, and power. It explains that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only changed from one form to another. The main forms of energy discussed are mechanical, chemical, electromagnetic, nuclear, heat, and sound. Work is defined as the product of the force component along the direction of displacement and the magnitude of displacement. Kinetic energy is related to an object's motion. The work-kinetic energy theorem states that the net work done on an object equals its change in kinetic energy. Potential energy is based on an object's position. Conservation of energy principles apply when analyzing problems involving work, kinetic energy, and potential energy. Nonconservative forces like friction violate conservation of energy since they convert mechanical energy
The document defines key physics concepts such as work, kinetic energy, mechanical energy, and power. It provides scientific definitions of work and kinetic energy, and discusses the work-kinetic energy theorem and the law of conservation of mechanical energy. Formulas for work, kinetic energy, mechanical energy, and power are also presented, along with example problems to demonstrate how to apply these concepts and formulas.
Today students will conduct a lab on conservation of momentum. They will make observations and measurements of collisions between objects, recording data in a lab notebook. The key idea is that the total momentum in a system before a collision equals the total momentum after, whether the objects stick together or move off independently. Students will practice applying the conservation of momentum equations to solve problems involving collisions.
1. The document discusses different forms of energy including kinetic energy, gravitational potential energy, chemical energy, and others. It provides examples and equations for calculating kinetic energy and gravitational potential energy.
2. The principle of conservation of energy is explained as energy changing from one form to another but never being created or destroyed. Examples are given of energy conversions from one form to another.
3. Problem sets provide calculations for determining kinetic energy, gravitational potential energy, and applying the conservation of energy principle when energy is transferred between potential and kinetic forms.
This document discusses the transformation of energy between different forms. Energy can exist in many forms, such as potential, kinetic, electrical, and heat energy. The transformation or change from one type of energy to another is known as the transformation of energy. Examples provided include potential energy transforming to kinetic energy when a ball rolls down a hill or divers transforming their potential energy just before entry into water. Hydroelectric power generation involves the transformation of potential energy of water into kinetic energy as it falls, which then transforms into electrical energy. Thermal power plants similarly involve chemical energy first transforming into heat energy and then into kinetic and electrical energy forms.
Potential energy is stored energy that an object has due to its position or chemical composition, while kinetic energy is the energy of motion that an object has due to its movement. The document discusses different types of energy like chemical, light, heat, nuclear, mechanical, sound, and electrical energy and provides examples. It then explains that a roller coaster has potential energy when at the top of a hill due to its position and kinetic energy when moving down the hill due to its motion, with the potential to be converted between the two types of energy.
The document discusses the conservation of energy. It defines energy as the ability to do work and explains that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed from one form to another. The law of conservation of energy states that the total amount of energy in an isolated system remains constant over time. The document provides examples of potential energy, which depends on an object's position in a force field, and kinetic energy, which depends on an object's mass and motion. It then demonstrates how the conservation of energy applies to a falling body, where the potential energy due to gravity is transformed into kinetic energy.
This document discusses simple harmonic motion and elasticity. It begins by defining simple harmonic motion as back-and-forth motion caused by a restoring force proportional to displacement, with displacement centered around an equilibrium position. It then discusses Hooke's law, where the restoring force of an ideal spring is directly proportional to displacement. Several equations for simple harmonic motion are presented, including those relating displacement, velocity, acceleration, period, frequency, and amplitude. Examples are provided to illustrate these concepts for springs and pendulums undergoing simple harmonic motion.
This document provides an overview of force and dynamics concepts. It defines dynamics as the branch of mechanics dealing with the causes of motion. Key topics covered include forces and their effects, free body diagrams, Newton's laws of motion, momentum and its conservation, impulse, different types of forces including gravity, drag, friction, tension, and spring forces. It also discusses work, power, energy, and their transformations. Force is defined as what can change an object's state of motion. Dynamics principles are applied to examples like a man on a sloping table and collisions.
Power is defined as the rate of doing work or using energy. It can be calculated by dividing the amount of work done by the time taken to do that work. Common units of power include watts (W), kilowatts (kW), and horsepower (hp). In the example, a box is lifted 1 meter by a force of 72 newtons over 2 seconds. Calculating power as work over time gives 36 watts, the amount of power used to lift the box.
Oscillation is the repetitive variation, typically in time, of some measure about a central value (often a point of equilibrium) or between two or more different states. The term vibration is precisely used to describe mechanical oscillation. Familiar examples of oscillation include a swinging pendulum and alternating current.
Oscillations occur not only in mechanical systems but also in dynamic systems in virtually every area of science: for example the beating of the human heart (for circulation), business cycles in economics, predator–prey population cycles in ecology, geothermal geysers in geology, vibration of strings in guitar and other string instruments, periodic firing of nerve cells in the brain, and the periodic swelling of Cepheid variable stars in astronomy. Contents
This document discusses different types of energy including kinetic energy, potential energy, and mechanical energy. It defines work as the product of force and displacement, and explains that work can be positive, negative, or zero depending on the direction of force and displacement. The document also covers the law of conservation of energy, stating that the total energy in a system remains constant despite transformations between different types of energy. Finally, it defines power as the rate at which work is done or energy is transferred, with units of watts.
The document discusses the First Law of Thermodynamics regarding energy conservation. It defines kinetic energy as the energy of motion and potential energy as stored energy due to position. Examples are given of objects possessing kinetic or potential energy. The law states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only converted between forms. An example of a ball rolling down a ramp demonstrates the conversion between potential and kinetic energy, with total energy remaining constant.
1) Chapter 6 discusses work, energy, and power, defining kinetic energy as the energy of motion and potential energy as energy associated with positional forces.
2) The work-energy principle states that the net work done on an object equals its change in kinetic energy. For conservative forces only, the total mechanical energy is conserved.
3) Power is defined as the rate at which work is done or energy is transferred. Units of power include watts and horsepower.
The document defines work in physics as being done when a force causes an object to move through a displacement. It provides the mathematical formula for work as W = Fd, where W is work, F is the applied force, and d is the displacement. It also states that work is a scalar quantity and defines the SI unit of work as the joule. Examples of positive, negative, and zero work are given based on whether the force and displacement are in the same, opposite, or perpendicular directions.
The document discusses energy, work, and power, defining these concepts and how they relate. It explains that energy can be converted from one form to another but is never created or destroyed according to the law of conservation of energy. Assessment tasks are provided to evaluate understanding of energy transfer and transformation within closed systems.
Gravity is a force of attraction between objects due to their masses. Larger masses closer together experience a larger gravitational pull, while smaller masses farther apart experience a smaller pull. Weight is the amount of gravitational force exerted on an object. While mass stays constant, weight can change depending on location due to varying gravitational forces. Inertia is an object's resistance to changes in motion, where more mass means more inertia and resistance to changes in motion.
This document defines key concepts related to heat and temperature. It explains that heat is the total energy of molecular motion in a substance, while temperature is a measure of the average energy of molecular motion. Temperature does not depend on size or type of object, unlike heat, which depends on speed, number and type of particles. While heat increases or decreases temperature, temperature is a measure of how fast molecules are moving on average - higher temperatures mean faster movement. The document also defines atoms, molecules, elements and compounds.
1) The document discusses the law of conservation of momentum, which states that the total momentum of an isolated system remains constant, regardless of interactions within the system.
2) Examples are given of how conservation of momentum applies, such as a gun recoiling after firing due to an equal and opposite reaction.
3) The total momentum of a system before a collision is always equal to the total momentum after collision according to the law of conservation of momentum.
Physics - Chapter 6 - Momentum and CollisionsJPoilek
This document provides an overview of linear momentum and impulse. It defines momentum as the product of an object's mass and velocity (p=mv) and describes how momentum is a vector quantity. Impulse is defined as the change in momentum over time due to an external force (Impulse=Force x Time). The document explains how momentum is conserved in collisions and how the impulse-momentum theorem can be used to analyze collisions. It also distinguishes between perfectly elastic, perfectly inelastic, and inelastic collisions in terms of the objects' motions and changes to their kinetic energy before and after the collision.
This document discusses different forms of energy including potential, kinetic, mechanical, solar, light, heat, electrical, electromagnetic, chemical, and thermal energy. It explains key concepts such as the law of conservation of energy, potential and kinetic energy, energy transfer, renewable and non-renewable resources, and electrical circuits. Examples are provided to illustrate different types of energy at work, from cars and toys to batteries and solar panels. The document aims to build students' understanding of energy and where it comes from.
Unit 4 discusses work, energy, and power. It explains that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only changed from one form to another. The main forms of energy discussed are mechanical, chemical, electromagnetic, nuclear, heat, and sound. Work is defined as the product of the force component along the direction of displacement and the magnitude of displacement. Kinetic energy is related to an object's motion. The work-kinetic energy theorem states that the net work done on an object equals its change in kinetic energy. Potential energy is based on an object's position. Conservation of energy principles apply when analyzing problems involving work, kinetic energy, and potential energy. Nonconservative forces like friction violate conservation of energy since they convert mechanical energy
The document defines key physics concepts such as work, kinetic energy, mechanical energy, and power. It provides scientific definitions of work and kinetic energy, and discusses the work-kinetic energy theorem and the law of conservation of mechanical energy. Formulas for work, kinetic energy, mechanical energy, and power are also presented, along with example problems to demonstrate how to apply these concepts and formulas.
Okay, let me break this down step-by-step:
* Spring constant (k) = 280 N/m
* Mass (m) = 0.0025 kg
* Deflection (x) = 0.03 m
* EPE = 0.5kx2 = 0.5 * 280 N/m * (0.03 m)2 = 0.81 J
* EPE converts to KE on release: KE = 0.81 J = 0.5mv2
* Solve for v: v = √(2 * 0.81 J / 0.0025 kg) = 4 m/s
* Use v to find maximum height using: h = v2/2g = (
Okay, let me break this down step-by-step:
* Spring constant (k) = 280 N/m
* Mass (m) = 0.0025 kg
* Deflection (x) = 0.03 m
* EPE = 0.5kx2 = 0.5 * 280 N/m * (0.03 m)2 = 0.81 J
* EPE converts to KE on release: KE = 0.81 J = 0.5mv2
* Solve for v: v = √(2 * 0.81 J / 0.0025 kg) = 4 m/s
* Use v to find maximum height using: h = v2/2g = (
1. This document defines and explains key concepts related to work, energy, and power, including defining work as a force causing an object to move in the direction of the force, resulting in a transfer of energy.
2. It discusses different types of energy like kinetic energy from motion, and potential energy from height or compression. Potential energy is "stored" energy that an object has due to its position or state.
3. Examples are provided to illustrate concepts like calculating work, and how potential energy is transformed into kinetic energy when an object is released. Power is also defined as the rate at which work is done or energy is used.
The document discusses work, energy, and the conservation of mechanical energy. It defines work as the product of force and displacement, and introduces kinetic energy as the energy of motion and potential energy as stored energy due to position or force interactions. The document also explains that the total mechanical energy, which is the sum of an object's kinetic and potential energies, remains constant in an isolated system according to the law of conservation of energy.
The document discusses key concepts around energy, work, and power. It defines energy as the capacity to do work, with the SI unit of joules. Work is defined as the product of the applied force and the distance moved in the direction of the force. The principle of conservation of energy states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only changed from one form to another. Power is defined as the rate of work done or energy converted, with the SI unit of watts. Two example problems are included to demonstrate calculations related to gravitational potential energy, kinetic energy, and body power.
Work energy power 2 reading assignment -revision 1sashrilisdi
The document discusses work, energy, and power. It defines work as a force causing an object to move through a distance. The amount of work done depends on the force and distance. Work is calculated as W=FΔx. It also defines kinetic energy as the energy from an object's motion, calculated as KE=1/2mv^2. Potential energy is defined as energy from an object's position. Gravitational potential energy is calculated as GPE=mgh. The law of conservation of energy states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transferred or transformed between kinetic and potential forms. Power is defined as the rate of energy transfer or transformation over time, calculated as P=ΔE/Δt
ENERGY AND POWER
This ppt is from XI class CBSE board
Energy
A body which has the capacity to do work is said to possess energy.
For example , water in a reservoir is said to possesses energy as it could be used to drive a turbine lower down the valley. There are many forms of energy e.g. electrical, chemical heat, nuclear, mechanical etc.
The SI units are the same as those for work, Joules J.
In this module only purely mechanical energy will be considered. This may be of two kinds, potential and kinetic.
Power
Power is the rate at which work is done, or the rate at which energy is used transferred.
Equation 3.6
The SI unit for power is the watt W.
A power of 1W means that work is being done at the rate of 1J/s.
Larger units for power are the kilowatt kW (1kW = 1000 W = 103 W) and
the megawatt MW (1 MW = 1000000 W = 106 W).
If work is being done by a machine moving at speed v against a constant force, or resistance, F, then since work doe is force times distance, work done per second is Fv, which is the same as power.
1) Work is done when a force causes an object to move in the direction of the force. Different types of energy include kinetic, potential, chemical and thermal.
2) The principle of conservation of energy states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only converted from one form to another.
3) Kinetic energy is defined as E_k=1/2mv^2 and gravitational potential energy as E_p=mgh. These relationships can be used to solve problems involving work, energy and power.
Potential energy is energy stored in an object due to its position or state. There are different types of potential energy including gravitational potential energy, which is the energy an object gains when lifted against the force of gravity. Gravitational potential energy is calculated as the product of mass, acceleration due to gravity, and height. Kinetic energy is the energy of motion an object has due to its mass and velocity. As an object gains potential energy, it loses kinetic energy and vice versa.
Work is defined as the displacement of an object multiplied by the component of the force acting on the object parallel to the displacement. Work can change an object's kinetic energy or potential energy, but the total energy in an isolated system remains constant. Conservative forces, like gravity, do not change the total energy and only depend on the start and end points of motion. Non-conservative forces, like friction, can change the total energy by transferring it to other forms like heat.
The document provides notes from a physics class that covered topics including friction, conservation of energy, and kinetic and potential energy. Students calculated coefficients of friction, solved problems involving sliding friction, and performed an experiment launching pennies into the air using a ruler. The class discussed forms of energy, energy transformations, and formulas for gravitational potential energy, kinetic energy, and elastic potential energy. Sample problems were worked through applying these concepts and units.
The document outlines a 7E's science lesson plan for a 9th grade physics class, where the topic is work and energy. The lesson plan details the objectives, materials, prior knowledge, and teaching method, and provides examples to help students understand the concepts of work, energy, kinetic energy and potential energy. The plan engages students through questions, examples, explanations, and assignments to reinforce their understanding of these foundational physics concepts.
The document discusses various physics concepts related to work, energy and power including:
- The definition of work in physics and the formula to calculate work.
- Kinetic energy and its formula. Kinetic energy depends on an object's mass and velocity.
- Gravitational potential energy and its formula. Gravitational potential energy depends on an object's mass, height above ground, and gravitational acceleration.
- The principles of conservation and conversion of energy. Energy cannot be created or destroyed, it can only change form.
The document discusses various concepts related to work, energy and power including:
- Energy is the ability to do work and can take different forms like kinetic, potential, etc.
- Work is the transfer of energy due to a force over a distance. It is related to energy by work-energy theorems.
- Potential energy is the stored energy an object has due to its position or state. Gravitational and spring potential energy are discussed.
- The principle of conservation of energy states that the total energy in an isolated system remains constant.
1) The document discusses different forms of energy including kinetic energy, potential energy, and gravitational potential energy.
2) Kinetic energy is the energy an object possesses due to its motion, and depends on the object's mass and velocity.
3) Potential energy is energy stored within a system due to an object's position or shape, such as energy stored when stretching a spring.
The document discusses the law of conservation of mechanical energy and provides examples of energy transfers. It states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only converted between different forms. For a roller coaster problem, it shows the steps to find the velocity at different points by equating the initial potential energy to the subsequent forms of energy, using appropriate equations.
The document discusses different types of energy:
1. Potential energy is stored energy that can be transformed into other forms of energy like kinetic energy. Potential energy exists due to an object's position or condition.
2. Gravitational potential energy is dependent on an object's mass, the acceleration of gravity, and its height. It is calculated as PE=mgh and measured in joules.
3. Elastic potential energy is the energy stored when an object like a rubber band or spring is stretched or compressed and can be released as the object returns to its original shape.
Okay, let's break this down step-by-step:
* EPE = 0.5 * k * x^2
= 0.5 * 280 N/m * (0.03 m)^2
= 0.42 J
* EPE converts to KE at the top of the trajectory
* KE = 0.5 * m * v^2
= 0.5 * 0.0025 kg * v^2
= 0.42 J
* Solve for v:
0.42 J = 0.5 * 0.0025 kg * v^2
v = √(0.42 J / 0.5 * 0.0025 kg)
= √16.8
=
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and InclusionTechSoup
Let’s explore the intersection of technology and equity in the final session of our DEI series. Discover how AI tools, like ChatGPT, can be used to support and enhance your nonprofit's DEI initiatives. Participants will gain insights into practical AI applications and get tips for leveraging technology to advance their DEI goals.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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Assessment and Planning in Educational technology.pptxKavitha Krishnan
In an education system, it is understood that assessment is only for the students, but on the other hand, the Assessment of teachers is also an important aspect of the education system that ensures teachers are providing high-quality instruction to students. The assessment process can be used to provide feedback and support for professional development, to inform decisions about teacher retention or promotion, or to evaluate teacher effectiveness for accountability purposes.
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
2. Definition of Work
So far, many of the terms we have discussed
have had similar scientific and real world
definitions
Usually when we say ‘work’, we think of doing
something that requires physical or mental
effort
In Physics, work is very different
3. Definition of Work
Consider the following:
A student holds a book at arms length for several
minutes
A student carries a bucket of water along a
horizontal path
Even though work is required for both of
these actions, no work is done on the book or
the bucket
4. Definition of Work
Only when a force displaces an object is work
done on the object
Imagine your car runs out of gas
If you push your car with a constant force to the
gas station, you are doing work on your car
Work is equal to the applied force times the length
of distance the force is applied
W=Fd
5. Definition of Work
Work is not done on an object unless the
object is moved by a force
That is why no work is done on the book in our
previous example
No work is done because the book is stationary
That is why no work is done on the chair in our
previous example
Work is done within the body to move, but none on the
chair
6. Work
Work is done ONLY when components of a
force are parallel to a displacement
When application of force and displacement are in
different directions, only the parallel component of
force to the displacement does work
Perpendicular forces do no work
7. Parallel Forces Do Work
Imagine pushing a crate across the floor
If you get very low, almost laying on the ground,
and push exactly horizontally
All of your force will go into moving the crate
If you push at an angle, only your horizontal
component will help move the crate
The vertical component ‘drives’ the crate into the
ground and does no work to help you move the crate
Only forces parallel to the displacement do
work
8. Units of Work
The SI unit of work is the Joule
Joules = Force times length
=Newton Meters
Sample pg 169
Practice pg 170
9. Sign on Work
Work is a scalar quantity and can be positive
or negative
Work is positive when the component force is in
the same direction as the displacement
Lifting a box, force and displacement in the same
direction
Work is negative when the component force is in
the opposite direction as the displacement
The force of friction between a sliding box and the
floor
10. Sign on Work
If you carried a box into the next room, what
would be the sign on the work done on the
box?
Since no work is done, sign does not matter, its
like asking “What is the sign on zero?”
11. Sign on Work
Work may result in a change in velocity
If the work is in the same direction as the
displacement, how will the velocity change?
Increase
If work is in the opposite direction, how will the
velocity change?
Decrease
13. Kinetic Energy (KE)
Kinetic Energy is energy associated with
motion
Kinetic Energy depends on the speed of an
object
As an object’s speed increases, the object’s KE
increases
14. KE
If a bowling ball and a volley ball are rolling at
the same speed, which has more KE?
You may think that they have the same amount
since they are traveling at the same speed
KE depends on speed and mass
KE = 1 mv
2
2
15. KE
KE is a scalar quantity
The SI unit is the Joule, just like work
As per the KE/Work theorem, work is a type of
energy
Sample pg 173
Practice pg 173
16. Potential Energy (PE)
A perfect example of energy is the
‘Skycoaster’ at Kennywood.
When the riders are at the top, they are not
moving, so they have no KE.
Recall, energy cannot be created or destroyed, so
the KE must go somewhere while the riders are
stationary at the top
We explain the lack of KE as Potential
Energy
17. PE
Potential energy is concerned with the
position of the object, not the speed
PE is stored energy
Describes an object’s potential to move based on
its relationship to another location
18. Gravitational PE
Gravitational PE depends on height from a zero
level
The energy associated with an object due to the object’s
position relative to a gravitational source is Gravitational
PE
If a ball falls off of a table, it gains speed.
From where does the speed come?
PE mgh g =
SI unit for PE is also the Joule
19. Gravitational PE
This concept is valid only when free-fall
acceleration is constant, such as near the
Earth’s surface
Gravitational PE depends on both height and
free fall acceleration, neither of which are
properties of an object
For that reason, PE of an object is relative
20. Gravitational PE
For instance, lets say a ball is dropped from a
second story roof and lands on a first story
roof
If PE was measured from the ground, PE is NOT
now zero
If PE was measured from the first story roof, PE
IS now zero
Is it possible to have a negative PE?
Is it possible for the same object to have both positive
and negative PE at the same time?
21. Gravitational PE
The zero level is the level where PE = 0
It can be chosen specific for each situation
The zero level should be chosen carefully so
as to make the most sense for the specific
situation
22. Elastic PE
Another type of PE is that of elasticity
Depends on the compression or stretching of an
elastic object
Examples?
Imagine a pinball machine
The plunger is pulled back, compressing a spring
When released, the plunger flies forward and
propels the ball
The ball travels because of the stored PE in the spring
23. Elastic PE
When a spring is not compressed or
stretched, it is said to be in a relaxed state or
relaxed length
When external forces compress or stretch the
spring, the spring stores PE
When the spring is released, the PE is
converted to KE
The amount of PE is directly related to the
amount the spring was stretched or compressed
24. Hooke’s Law
Named after British
Physicist Robert Hooke
Mathematically
approximates the PEelastic
of a spring
PE kx elastic = 1
2
2
25. The Spring Constant
The symbol k is called the spring constant
For a flexible spring, k is small
For a more rigid spring, k may be huge
The spring constant is measured in N/m
You will either be given k or asked to solve for k.
You are not expected to just ‘know’ what k is.
26. Mechanical Energy
Descriptions of motion of many objects
involves a more complete energy approach
For example, think of a clock with a pendulum
While the pendulum swings, it is constantly
converting PE into KE and KE into PE
Also, there is elastic PE from the many springs
helping to power the clock
27. Mechanical Energy
The expressions of these energies are
relatively simple
Energies such as nuclear and chemical are
not so simple, but often they can be ignored
because they are not directly relevant to the
situation being analyzed
28. Mechanical Energy
Mechanical energy is the total sum of kinetic
and potential energies associated with an
object or group of objects
ME = KE +åPE
Energy that is not mechanical is called non-mechanical
energy
30. Conserved Quantities
When we say something is conserved we
mean that is remains constant
That does not mean the quantity cannot change
forms during that time
But if at any given time, if we consider all
forms of the quantity, we will have the same
amount at all times.
An example of a conserved quantity is mass
31. Conservation of Energy
Energy cannot be created nor destroyed
That is to say, energy is always conserved
But when we drop a ball, the ball does not
return the original height. Why not?
Energy is lost through friction, sounds, heat
32. Conservation of Energy
If we ignore these outside types of energy,
we see that mechanical energy is totally
conserved
ME ME i f =
ME = KE + PE
KE = 1 mv
PE = mgh 2 and
2
33. Conservation of Energy
If we make the final equivalent substitutions,
we see that mechanical energy is
mathematically:
1
2
1
2
mv 2 mgh mv 2 mgh i i f f + = +
34. Conservation of Energy
Notice that mass shows in every term
Recall: all objects fall at the same rate no matter
their mass
Do you need to know the mass to work this equation?
Sample pg 181
Practice pg 182
36. The Work – KE Theorem
Imagine sliding a hockey puck across the ice
We know there exists a small amount of Fk
The puck slows and eventually stops
We also know from our study of energy that
mechanical energy is not totally conserved
There is a relationship between the energy
lost and the work done to an object
37. The Work – KE Theorem
The Work – KE Theorem is defined as
W KE net = D
Notice the type of force is not specified
because it could be any force working on any
object
The theorem is universal for all objects
38. Extension of the Work – KE
Thm.
The extension of the theorem is useful when
work is done by friction
W ME friction = D
If there is no friction then:
The equation can be simplified
DME = 0
ME ME i f =
39. Work – KE Theorem
Notice the Work – KE Theorem in any form is
a method of transferring energy
Recall that a force perpendicular to
displacement does no work
The force must be parallel to the displacement for
work to be done
If the force is perpendicular, and no work is
done
No energy is transferred
40. Distinction Between Equations
W = Fd(cosq )
Is the work done by an object on another
object
W KE net = D
Relates net work done on an object to the
change in KE
Sample 185
Practice 186
41. Power
The rate at which work is done is called
power
Power is the rate of energy transferred by any
method
P W
=
D
t
42. Power
We may also rewrite the equation substituting
the definition of work
W = Fd P F d
Therefore:
t
=
D
d
t
, and
v
D
=
P = Fv
, and recall
43. Unit of Power
The SI unit of Power is the Watt
Watts are most common in light bulbs
A dim light bulb may require 40 W to power it
A bright light bulb may require 500 W to power it
Horsepower is also a unit of power
1 HP = 746 W = 746 J/s
Sample 188
Sample 188 Explanation
Practice 188