This document provides images and descriptions of architectural and artistic works from several ancient cultures including Rome, China, the Indus Valley civilization, India, and Early Christian sites. It showcases examples of collonaded streets, city plans, sculptures, paintings and frescoes from the Roman Empire between 500 BCE to 125 CE. Similar artifacts are presented from China between the 13th century BCE to 200 CE, the Indus Valley civilization from 2600 BCE to 1900 BCE, India between the 12th century to 250 BCE, and Early Christian buildings in Rome from 306 to 313 CE. The images provide insight into the artistic and architectural achievements of these ancient civilizations over two millennia.

1. Roman. Colonnaded street in Thamugadi, North Africa. View toward the Arch of Trajan.
Late second century CE.
[Fig. 3.1]

2. Roman. City plan of Thamugadi (line drawing).
ca. 200 CE.
[Fig. 3.2]

3. Map: The Roman Empire at its greatest extent, ca. 180 CE.
[Fig. Map 3.1]

4. Etruscan. She-wolf.
500-480 BCE. Bronze, with glass-paste eyes. Height: 33".
Museo Capitolino, Rome. [Fig. 3.3]

5. Roman. Head of a Man (possibly a portrait of Lucius Junius Brutus).
ca. 300 BCE. Bronze. Height: 27-1/2".
Museo Capitolino, Palazzo dei Conservatori, Rome. [Fig. 3.4]

6. Roman. A Roman Man.
ca. 80 BCE. Marble. Height: lifesize.
The Metropolitan Museum of Art, Rogers Fund, 1912 (12.233). © The Metropolitan
Museum of Art/Art Resource, NY. [Fig. 3.5]

7. Roman. Augustus of Primaporta.
ca. 20 BCE. Marble. Height: 6' 8".
Vatican Museums, Rome. [Fig. 3.6]

8. Roman. Ara Pacis Augustae, Rome. Detail, Imperial Procession, south frieze.
13-9 BCE. Marble. Width: approx. 35'.
[Fig. 3.7]

9. Roman. Idyllic Landscape, wall painting from a villa at Boscotrecase, near Pompeii.
First century BCE. Fresco.
Museo Nazionale, Naples. [Fig. 3.8]

10. Roman. Materials & Techniques: Arches and Vaults: Pont du Gard, near Nîmes, France.
Late first century BCE - early first century CE. Height: 180’.
[Fig. 3.9]

11. Roman. Materials & Techniques: Arches and Vaults: Round arch, barrel vault, groin vault
(3 line drawings).
[Fig. 3.10]

12. Roman. Aerial view of the Colosseum, Rome.
72-80 CE.
[Fig. 3.11]

13. Roman. The Forum Romanum and Imperial Forums, Rome: Forum of Trajan, restored
view by Gilbert Gorski (color drawing).
110-112 CE.
[Fig. 3.12]

14. Roman. The Forum Romanum and Imperial Forums, Rome: Basilica Ulpia, Forum of
Trajan. Reconstruction, central hall (color drawing).
113 CE.
[Fig. 3.13]

15. Roman. Arch of Titus, Rome.
ca. 81 CE.
[Fig. 3.14]

16. Roman. Spoils from the Temple in Jerusalem.
Detail of the interior relief of the Arch of Titus.
ca. 81 CE.
[Fig. 3.15]

17. Roman. Column of Trajan, Rome.
106-113 CE.
[Fig. 3.16]

18. Roman. Column of Trajan, Forum of Trajan, Rome. Detail, lower portion.
106-113 CE.
[Fig. 3.17]

19. Roman. The Pantheon, Rome.
118-125 CE.
[Fig. 3.18]

20. Roman. The Pantheon, Rome, schematic drawing showing original forecourt.
118-125 CE.
[Fig. 3.19]

21. Roman. The Pantheon, Rome. Interior.
118-125 CE.
[Fig. 3.20]

22. Roman. Atrium, House of the Silver Wedding, Pompeii.
First century BCE.
[Fig. 3.21]

23. Roman. Plan, House of the Silver Wedding, Pompeii.
First century BCE.
[Fig. 3.22]

24. Roman. Garden Scene. Detail of a wall painting from the Villa of Livia at Primaporta,
near Rome.
Late first century BCE. Fresco.
Museo Nazionale Romano, Rome. [Fig. 3.23]

25. Chinese. The Great Wall, near Beijing, China.
Begun late third century BCE. Length approx. 4,100 miles, average height 25'.
[Fig. 3.24]

26. Map: China, 1000-200 BCE.
[Fig. Map 3.2]

27. Chinese. Yin-yang Symbol (drawing).
[Fig. 3.25]

28. Chinese. Spouted Ritual Wine Vessel (Guang).
Shang dynasty, early Anyang period, 13th century BCE. Bronze. Height: 8 1/2".
[Fig. 3.26]

29. Chinese. Soldiers and horses, from the pits near the tomb of Emperor Qin Shihuangdi,
Lintong, Shaanxi province, China.
Qin dynasty, ca. 210 BCE. Terracotta. Lifesize.
[Fig. 3-CL.1]

30. Chinese. An infantryman poised for hand-to-hand combat,from the burial mound of
Emperor Qin Shihuangdi, Lintong, Shaanxi province, China.
Qin dynasty, ca. 210 BCE. Terracotta. Height: 70".
[Fig. 3-CL.2]

31. Chinese. A kneeling archer, from the burial mound of Emperor Qin Shihuangdi, Lintong,
Shaanxi province, China.
Qin dynasty, ca. 210 BCE. Terracotta. Height: 48".
[Fig. 3-CL.3]

32. Chinese. Model of a Multi-Storied Tower.
Eastern Han dynasty (25-200 CE), 1st century CE. Painted earthenware with unfired
coloring. 52" x 33-1/2" x 27".
The Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art, Kansas City, Missouri. [Fig. 3.27]

33. Chinese. Painted banner from the tomb of the wife of the Marquis of Dai, Mawangdui,
Changsha, Hunan.
Han dynasty, ca. 160 BCE. Colors on silk. 6' 8-1/2".
Hunan Provincial Museum. [Fig. 3.28]

34. Indus Valley civilization. Large water tank, possibly a public or ritual bathing area, from
Mohenjo-Daro, Indus valley civilization.
ca. 2600–1900 BCE.
[Fig. 3.29]

35. India ca. 1500 BCE.
[Fig. Map 3.3]

36. Indus Valley civilization. Torso of a “priest-king” from Mohenjo-Daro.
ca. 2000–1900 BCE. Steatite. Height: 6-7/8".
National Museum of Pakistan, Karachi, Pakistan. [Fig. 3.30]

37. Indus Valley civilization. Seal depicting a horned animal.
ca. 2500-1900 BCE. Steatite. Approx. 1-1/4" x 1-1/4".
National Museum of Pakistan, Karachi, Pakistan. [Fig. 3.31]

38. Hindu. The Goddess Durga Killing the Buffalo Demon, Mahisha (Mahishasuramardini).
Bangladesh or India.
Pala period, twelfth century. Argillite. Height: 5-5/16".
Image copyright © The Metropolitan Museum of Art/Art Resource, NY. [Fig. 3.32]

39. Buddhist. The Great Stupa, Sanchi, Madhya Pradesh, India, view of the West Gateway.
Founded third century BCE, enlarged ca. 150–50 BCE. Stone.
Height: 50' Diameter: 105'.
[Fig. 3.33]

40. Buddhist. Elevation of the Great Stupa (line drawing).
Founded third century BCE, enlarged ca. 150–50 BCE.
[Fig. 3.34]

41. Buddhist. Lion capital, Ashokan pillar at Sarnath, Uttar Pradesh, India.
Maurya period, ca. 250 BCE. Polished sandstone. Height: 7'.
Archeological Museum, Sarnath. [Fig. 3.35]

42. Early Christian. The Basilica of Maxentius and Constantine, also known as the Basilica
Nova. Entrance. Rome.
306-313 CE.
[Fig. 3.36]

43. Early Christian. The Basilica of Maxentius and Constantine, also known as the Basilica
Nova. Plan. Rome.
306-313 CE.
[Fig. 3.37]