19 grammar i and ii
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This document covers Latin grammar concepts including the subjunctive mood and its uses. It discusses the present and imperfect subjunctive forms of verbs and how they are translated. It provides examples of the subjunctive used in purpose clauses, indirect commands, and to maintain the sequence of tenses. Exercises with translations are included to practice these subjunctive constructions.
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19 grammar I and II
This document discusses the subjunctive mood in Latin grammar. It covers the present and imperfect subjunctive forms of verbs, as well as how the subjunctive is used in purpose clauses, indirect commands, and to indicate sequence of tenses. Examples are provided to illustrate these concepts, along with exercises for students to practice subjunctive verb forms and translations.
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This document discusses the subjunctive mood in Latin grammar. It covers the present and imperfect subjunctive forms of verbs, as well as how the subjunctive is used in purpose clauses, indirect commands, and to indicate sequence of tenses. Examples are provided to illustrate these concepts, along with exercises for students to practice subjunctive verb forms and translations.
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Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptx
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
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This document provides information about Latin grammar, including:
- Personal endings in Latin verbs which correspond to person (I, you, he/she/it, we, you all, they)
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- Irregular verb "to be" (sum)
- An exercise translating Latin sentences and paying attention to verb endings
- Prepositions and how they take either the accusative or ablative case
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- The ablative case and how it expresses meanings like "by, with, from"
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1) The five cases of nouns and their usages.
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This document provides an overview of basic Latin grammar concepts, including:
- Latin has no articles and verbs are typically at the end of sentences. Everything is in the present tense.
- Latin is inflected based on endings, not word order, so changing word order changes meaning.
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27 grammar ii
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27 grammar i
This document summarizes gerunds in Latin grammar. It notes that a gerund is a verbal noun that declines like "bellum" and has no nominative or plural forms. It provides examples of how gerunds can be used with the accusative and ad, genitive and causa, dative, and ablative cases. It then provides sample sentences using gerunds and their English translations.
26 grammar
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23 grammar ii
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23 grammar i
This document summarizes the present, perfect, and future active and passive infinitives in Latin. It provides the second principal part for present active infinitives, and endings for present passive infinitives. For perfect infinitives it gives the third principal part minus "-i" plus "-isse" for active, and the fourth part plus "esse" for passive. Future infinitives are formed with the future participle plus "esse" for active, and passives are noted as not being common.
22 grammar ii
This document discusses the perfect subjunctive and sequence of tenses in Latin grammar. It provides conjugated forms of the perfect subjunctive in active and passive voice, and outlines the rules for using the subjunctive mood depending on whether the main verb is indicative or subjunctive. Examples are given to practice the perfect subjunctive and sequence of tenses. Translations of the examples are also provided.
21 grammar
This document defines and provides examples of Ablative Absolutes in Latin grammar. An Ablative Absolute uses two items in the Ablative case - a noun and a participle - to convey time or circumstance. It can use a perfect passive participle to denote an action that occurred before the main verb, or a present active participle to denote an action occurring simultaneously with the main verb. Several examples are given of Ablative Absolutes using both types of participles, along with exercises translating sample Ablative Absolute phrases into English.
20 grammar iii
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20 grammar iii
This document discusses deponent verbs in Latin. It begins by explaining that deponent verbs have passive endings but active meanings. It then covers the principal parts, conjugations, present, imperfect, future, perfect system, participles, and passive forms of deponent verbs. Examples are provided throughout to illustrate how deponent verbs function similarly to passive verbs in form but with active translations. Exercises with translations are included at the end.
20 grammar iii
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20 grammar iii
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20 grammar iii
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19 grammar iii
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Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptx
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
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Chapter 4
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Chapter 5
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Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
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- 1. Chapter 19 Grammar, Parts I and II
- 2. Subjunctive Mood • A mood is the way a verb is used in the sentence: – a fact is indicative – a command is imperative – an exhortation, wish, or possibility is subjunctive
- 3. Present Subjunctive 1st 2nd 3rd 3rd io 4th esse parem moneam regam capiam audiam sim pares moneas regas capias audias sis paret moneat regat capiat audiat sit paremus moneamus regamus capiamus audiamus simus paretis moneatis regatis capiatis audiatis sitis parent moneant regant capiant audiant sint
- 4. Exercise 19.1 1. uoco, uocare 2. dormio, dormire 3. defendo, defendere 4. festino, festinare 5. facio, facere 6. studeo, studere 7. adsum, adesse
- 5. Present Subjunctive Translations • Basic translation is ‘may ____’ • In a main clause, it can be translated 3 ways: amemus 1. let us love (exhortation) 2. may we love! (wish) 3. we may love (possibility)
- 6. Exercise 19.3 #1-2 1. fortiter pugnemus. 2. ne fugiamus.
- 7. Imperfect Subjunctive parare monēre regere capere audire esse pararem monerem regerem caperem audirem essem parares moneres regeres caperes audires esses pararet moneret regeret caperet audiret esset pararemus moneremus regeremus caperemus audiremus essemus pararetis moneretis regeretis caperetis audiretis essetis pararent monerent regerent caperent audirent essent Translate as ‘might ___’
- 8. Purpose Clauses • The subjunctive is typically used in subordinate clauses • These are usually introduced with ut (positive) or ne (negative) collem ascendimus ut templum uideamus. festinamus ne sero adueniamus.
- 9. Exercise 19.4 #1-3 1. festinamus ut te adiuuemus. 2. Horatius Delphos iter facit ut Apollinis fanum (shrine) uideat. 3. homines ab omnibus partibus Graeciae Delphos ueniunt ut dei oracular petant.
- 10. Indirect Commands • This is the report of a command • Introduced with ut/ne pater puero imperat ut domum redeat. magister pueris imperauit ne luderent.
- 11. Exercise 19.9 #1-4 1. mater filiae imperauit ne in uia luderet. 2. filia matrem rogauit ut se ad forum duceret. 3. mater filiam iussit in casa manere et se iuuare. 4. puella patri persuadet ut se ad forum ducat.
- 12. Exercise 19.10 #1-2 1. Horatius “Delphos mecum ueni, Pompei,” inquit. 2. Horatius Pompeium excitauit et “surge, Pompei,” inquit.
- 13. Sequence of Tenses • A quick word about the sequence of tenses (more in Part III): – Present and Imperfect subjunctives make the subordinate clause happen at the same time as the main clause.
- 14. Exercise Translations 19.3.1: Let us fight bravely. 19.3.2: Let us not flee. or May we not flee. 19.4.1:We are hurrying so that we may help you. 19.4.2:Horatius makes a journey to Delphi so that he may see the shrine of Apollo. 19.4.3: Men come from all parts of Greece so that they may seek the oracles of the god. 19.9.1: Mother ordered the daughter not to play in the street. 19.9.2: The daughter asked the mother to take her to the forum. 19.9.3: Mother ordered the daughter to remain in the house and to help her. 19.9.4: The girl persuades the father to take her to the forum.