This document provides an overview of a Latin I course, including why students take Latin, where Latin is seen in modern language and culture, basic Latin grammar concepts like nouns and verbs, sample vocabulary words, and a brief introduction to pronunciation. Key topics covered include how Latin aids in learning other languages, examples of Latin influence in medical terms, planets, and more. Basic noun declension and verb conjugation patterns are demonstrated.

1. Latin I /Intro to Latin A study of the Latin language and the history, culture and geography of Ancient Rome

2. Latin’s a dead language. It’s very plain to see. First it killed the Romans, And now it’s killing me!

3. Why take Latin? It makes learning other languages easier Knowing Latin word roots will improve your English vocabulary (and SAT scores) It improves your logic/problem-solving skills You don’t have to speak it well – it’s all on paper You want to be a lawyer/doctor You can tell your sister to get a life (“Facutvivas!”) and she won’t be able to tell your mom what you just said It’s cool!

4. Where Do I See Latin Today? You have the body I do not wish to contend In place of a parent For the good Under penalty Method of operating In absence From the law

5. Where Do I See Latin Today? Medical phrases NPO is short for “nihil per os” which means nothing through the mouth Medical conditions Cerebellum, lacrimal, pulmonary Body parts Bicep is the muscle with “two heads”, tricep is the muscle with “three heads” Adductor muscles pull to the center, abductor muscles pull away from the center

6. Where Do I See Latin Today?

7. Where Do I See Latin Today? Planets Jupiter, Venus, Mercury Moons Io, Europa, Callisto Constellations Pegasus, Andromeda, Ursa Major, Ursa Minor Astrology Taurus (bull), Gemini (twins), Sagittarius (archer)

8. Where did Latin come from? To sound impressive/snooty: A descendant of the Ancient Proto-Indo-European language. Or, to sound normal: It evolved from the languages spoken by the tribes that lived in Latium, an area in western central Italy.

9. Where did Latin Go? Ummm…it died. Medieval Latin is still used by the Catholic church. BUT…it still has lots of kids. There are 20+ Romance languages. The big 6 are: Spanish, Portuguese, French, Italian, Romanian, Catalan. Wait! What happened to English? Why am I taking this class if English didn’t come from Latin? English is a Germanic language, which is sort of a cousin Latin. English and Latin are still very heavily connected.

10. Is Latin hard? No! The hardest parts are: Understanding the concepts of declining nouns and conjugating verbs. Memorizing, memorizing, memorizing… Some Latin is ridiculously easy. Can you guess what these words mean? Dictator Gloria Rosa Elephantus Intelligentia

11. The Latin Language Latin uses (basically) the same alphabet as we do. Latin has the same parts of speech as English. Noun Verb Adjective Adverb Pronoun Preposition ConjunctionInterjection Latin is an inflected language – which means word order is not as important as the form of the words.

14. Okay, so if I suffer through this class then I’m done with Foreign Languages? Please? Well, not exactly. Talk to your parents about how many hours you need for credit on your transcript. Ideas for more hours: Memorize vocabulary Study aspect of Roman life Report/Project for class More translation practice Study ancient history Lapbooks National essay writing contests

15. Let’s Get Started! Nouns First declension, feminine nouns Singular and plural Nominative and accusative Verbs First conjugation, 3rd person, present active indicative Singular and plural

16. Latin Alphabet ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ i represents both i and j As the i represented both the vowel i and the consonant j, the v represented both the vowel u and the consonant v; but for some reason it’s more acceptable to use u and v so we’ll make it easy and let you have both. y and z occur only in words borrowed from Greek

17. Pronunciation First, you must decide which pronunciation we want: As if it were English “Church Latin” As the ancient Romans did

18. Pronunciation But how can we know how the ancient Romans spoke Latin? They didn’t leave us YouTube videos to listen to. And, remember, it’s dead! Ancient grammar books Languages derived from Latin Spelling errors Transcriptions into other alphabets (e.g., Greek)

19. Pronunciation - Vowels Short Long

20. Pronunciation - Dipthongs All other consecutive vowels are pronounced as separate syllables: debeo, habeat, audio

21. Pronunciation – Consonants BCDFGHIJKLMNPQRSTVXY

22. Pronunciation – Consonants BCDFGHIJKLMNPQRSTVXY

23. Pronunciation – Consonants BCDFGHIJKLMNPQRSTVXY

24. Pronunciation – Consonants BCDFGHIJKLMNPQRSTVXY

25. Pronunciation – Consonants BCDFGHIJKLMNPQRSTVXY

26. Pronunciation – Consonants BCDFGHIJKLMNPQRSTVXY

27. Pronunciation – Consonantal Blends

28. Accentuation and Accent Marks Next week…

29. Nouns In Latin, the form of the noun changes to indicate: Number – singular or plural (like adding –s or –es in English, but a little more complicated) Case – function in the sentence. This is rare in English, except with personal pronouns:

30. Nouns Every Latin noun is one of 3 genders: Masculine Feminine Neuter Different genders follow different patterns of word endings to indicate case and number.

31. Nouns Every Latin noun is in one of five declensions. A declension is like a word family. The nouns in a declension follow the same pattern of word endings to indicate case and number. Consider English – some words need +s to form the plural and others need +es. There are rules to govern which words need which endings.

32. Nouns For vocabulary you must memorize the nominative singular, genitive singular, gender, and meaning. puella, puellae, F, girl First declension nouns end in –a for nominative singular and –ae for genitive singular. 95% of first declension nouns are feminine.

33. Nouns The stem of a noun is the word without its case ending. puell / a(stem) (nominative singular ending) puell / ae(stem) (genitive singular ending)

34. Nouns There are 5 (actually 7-8) cases in Latin: Nominative – subject Genitive – possession Dative – indirect object Accusative – direct object Ablative Today we will learn nominative and accusative.

35. Nouns Nominative Case Subject The king ruled his subjects. The people obeyed the king. Predicative Nominative (follows a linking verb) Tom is a farmer. The escaped prisoner is a woman.

36. Nouns Accusative Case Direct Object of a verb The king ruled his subjects. The people obeyed the king. Object of certain prepositions (in a few weeks…)

37. Nouns First Declension Noun Endings

38. Nouns Puella, puellae, F, girl Stem = puell

39. Nouns Translate girl/girls into Latin in the following sentences.

40. Verbs Verbs change to reflect the following: Person: 1st (I, we), 2nd (you), 3rd (he, she, it, they) Number: Singular or plural Tense: There are 6, but for now think present, past, and future Voice Active: Subject performs the verb action. (The girl kicks the ball.) Passive: Subject receives the verb action. (The ball is kicked by the girl.) Mood: Worry about this later. 95% of first year Latin is Indicative mood. There are 4 conjugation (families) of verbs in Latin. Each has its own pattern of indicators for Person, Number, Tense, Voice, and Mood

41. Verbs Four principal parts of a verb

42. Verbs For vocabulary you must memorize the four principal parts and the meaning. First conjugation nouns end in –o for the first principal part and –are for the second principal part. Most first conjugation verbs are regular, so you only need to memorize the first two principal parts if the last two follow the pattern.

43. Verbs The stem of a verb is the infinitive with the –re dropped. voco, vocare, vocavi, vocatus, to call voca / re(stem) (Note: This is the present stem and is used for the first 3 tenses. When we get to the other tenses, we’ll talk about the other stem.)

44. Verbs Endings for 1st Conjugation Verbs ***The final “a” disappears!

45. Verbs Present Active Indicative of voco, vocare, vocavi, vocatus: to call

46. Verbs There does not have to be a subject to agree with the verb. It can be assumed. Vocat. He is calling. (or she or it; use context if possible to figure it out) However, there can be a subject. In that case, the subject and verb must agree in number. Puellavocat. The girl is calling. Puellaevocant. The girls are calling.

47. Vocabulary Nouns discipula, discipulae, F: female student femina, feminae, F: woman filia, filiae, F: daughter magistra, magistrae, F: female teacher puella, puellae, F: girl regina, reginae, F: queen serva, servae, F: female servant/slave

48. Vocabulary Verbs ambulo (1): walk amo (1): love laudo (1): praise porto (1): carry voco (1): call

49. Vocabulary Et: and Non: not Sed: but